{"id":102,"date":"2023-12-13T17:48:56","date_gmt":"2023-12-13T16:48:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=102"},"modified":"2024-02-21T13:51:09","modified_gmt":"2024-02-21T12:51:09","slug":"difuzne-zvaranie-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=102","title":{"rendered":"Dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ranie"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\" style=\"--awb-content-alignment:justify;\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ranie v\u00a0tuhom stave definujeme ako sp\u00f4sob dosiahnutia monolitn\u00e9ho spojenia vznikom v\u00e4zieb na at\u00f3movej \u00farovni. Spoj vznik\u00e1 v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku lok\u00e1lnej plastickej deform\u00e1cie pri zv\u00fd\u0161enej teplote, zaru\u010duj\u00facej vz\u00e1jomn\u00fa dif\u00faziu v\u00a0povrchov\u00fdch vrstv\u00e1ch zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov [1].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je t\u00e1to technol\u00f3gia zv\u00e1rania \u0161iroko rozvinut\u00e1 vo v\u0161etk\u00fdch priemyselne vyspel\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><u>Dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ranie mo\u017eno rozdeli\u0165 na:<\/u><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>zv\u00e1ranie rovnak\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov bez medzivrstvy,<\/li>\n<li>zv\u00e1ranie rovnak\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov s\u00a0medzivrstvou,<\/li>\n<li>zv\u00e1ranie kombinovan\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov bez medzivrstvy,<\/li>\n<li>zv\u00e1ranie kombinovan\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov s\u00a0medzivrstvou.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dif\u00fazia at\u00f3mov je termodynamick\u00fd proces, kde teplota a\u00a0difuzivita materi\u00e1lu s\u00fa v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 parametre. Aktiva\u010dn\u00e1 energia pre at\u00f3mov\u00fa dif\u00faziu na povrchu, rozhranie a\u00a0rast hran\u00edc s\u00fa relat\u00edvne n\u00edzke v\u00a0porovnan\u00ed s\u00a0objemovou dif\u00faziou v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku vo\u013enej\u0161ej v\u00e4zby at\u00f3mov a\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161ej oscila\u010dnej frekvencie difundovan\u00fdch at\u00f3mov. To zvy\u0161uje \u0161\u00edrenie dif\u00fazie a\u00a0tak u\u013eah\u010duje dif\u00fazne sp\u00e1janie dvoch kovov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov s\u00a0predpokladom vytvorenia kontaktu v\u00a0rozhran\u00ed. Kontakt na rozhran\u00ed m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 optimalizovan\u00fd o\u0161etren\u00edm povrchu, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 by\u0165 spojen\u00fd prostredn\u00edctvom s\u00e9rie procesov, ako mechanick\u00e9 obr\u00e1banie a\u00a0le\u0161tenie, \u010distenie, n\u00e1tery a\u00a0te\u010denie za vysokej teploty a\u00a0za\u0165a\u017eenia. Mechanizmus te\u010denia umo\u017e\u0148uje tok materi\u00e1lu na vytvorenie objemov\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1dia na rozhran\u00ed spojov, ako je po\u017eadovan\u00e9 pre dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ranie. Preto povrchov\u00e1 \u00faprava a\u00a0v\u00fdber zv\u00e1racej teploty a\u00a0za\u0165a\u017eenia s\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdmi faktormi pre proces dif\u00fazneho zv\u00e1rania. In\u00e9 faktory ako tepeln\u00e1 vodivos\u0165, tepeln\u00e1 roz\u0165a\u017enos\u0165 a\u00a0zv\u00e1racie prostredie, maj\u00fa tie\u017e vplyv na proces, hlavne pri vysokej teplote zv\u00e1rania [2].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vzh\u013eadom k\u00a0tomu, \u017ee dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ranie je riaden\u00e9 dif\u00faziou at\u00f3mov, je mo\u017en\u00e9 tento proces pou\u017ei\u0165 na zv\u00e1ranie rozdielnych materi\u00e1lov ako je zobrazen\u00e9 na obr. 1.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-1 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image149.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image149\" title=\"image149\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"284\" height=\"189\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image149.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-411\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image149-200x133.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image149.png 284w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 284px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 1 Mikro\u0161trukt\u00fara zvarov\u00e9ho spoja Al zliatina-Mg zliatina [3]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Te\u00f3ria dif\u00faznych procesov<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>Dif\u00fazia\u00a0je jav, pri ktorom tok at\u00f3mov ur\u010dit\u00e9ho druhu spravidla smeruje z\u00a0oblasti s\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161ou koncentr\u00e1ciou do oblasti s&nbsp;ni\u017e\u0161ou koncentr\u00e1ciou t\u00fdchto at\u00f3mov resp. \u010dastice jednej l\u00e1tky prenikaj\u00fa medzi \u010dastice druhej l\u00e1tky. Je to proces, ktor\u00fdm sa vo vn\u00fatri viaczlo\u017ekovej s\u00fastavy dosahuje rovnomern\u00e9 rozdelenie at\u00f3mov.<\/p>\n<p>Fyzik\u00e1lne a\u00a0chemick\u00e9 vlastnosti s\u00fa v\u00a0izotropn\u00fdch l\u00e1tkach nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 na smere, zatia\u013e \u010do v\u00a0anizotropn\u00fdch l\u00e1tkach je z\u00e1vislos\u0165 od smeru d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1. Dif\u00fazia je izotropn\u00e1 v\u00a0plynoch, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine tekut\u00edn, v\u00a0sklen\u00fdch pevn\u00fdch l\u00e1tkach, v\u00a0polykry\u0161talick\u00fdch l\u00e1tkach bez text\u00fary, v\u00a0kubick\u00fdch kry\u0161t\u00e1loch a\u00a0v\u00a0ikosahedr\u00e1lnych kv\u00e1zikry\u0161t\u00e1loch.<\/p>\n<p>Rie\u0161enie rovn\u00edc dif\u00faznych procesov sa popisuje viacer\u00fdmi z\u00e1konitos\u0165ami. Tieto z\u00e1kony a\u00a0ich pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 vz\u0165ahy s\u00fa fenomenologick\u00e9. Popisuj\u00fa dif\u00fazny prestup hmoty z\u00a0jedn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu do druh\u00e9ho. Hlb\u0161ie fyzik\u00e1lne pochopenie dif\u00fazie v\u00a0pevn\u00fdch l\u00e1tkach je zalo\u017een\u00e9 na mechanizmoch dif\u00fazie [4].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h3><strong>Fickove z\u00e1kony<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>P\u00f4vodn\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca\u00a0<em>A. Ficka<\/em>\u00a0bola vydan\u00e1 v\u00a0roku 1855 a\u00a0popisovala dif\u00faziu medzi so\u013eou a vodou. Fick predstavil koncept dif\u00fazneho koeficientu a\u00a0navrhol line\u00e1rny vz\u0165ah medzi koncentra\u010dn\u00fdm gradientom a\u00a0zmesou soli a\u00a0vody. U\u017e v\u00a0roku 1807\u00a0<em>J. Fourier<\/em>\u00a0vyna\u0161iel podobn\u00fd vz\u0165ah medzi tepeln\u00fdm tokom a\u00a0teplotn\u00fdm gradientom. Fickove z\u00e1kony popisuj\u00fa dif\u00faznu prepravu hmoty ako empirick\u00fd fakt [4].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h5>I. Fickov z\u00e1kon<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dif\u00fazny tok J<sub>A<\/sub>\u00a0at\u00f3mov prvku A za jednotku \u010dasu v&nbsp;smere osi a cez jednotku plochy je priamo \u00famern\u00fd gradientu\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-409\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image004-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"29\" height=\"37\" \/>,\u00a0naz\u00fdvan\u00fd ako I. Fickov z\u00e1kon.\u00a0Uva\u017eujeme tok difundovan\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc v\u00a0jednom smere (v&nbsp;smere osi\u00a0<em>x<\/em>). \u010castice m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 at\u00f3my, molekuly, alebo i\u00f3ny. Prv\u00fd Fickov z\u00e1kon je stanoven\u00fd nasledovne:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-0 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-2 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"109\" height=\"37\" title=\"image006\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image006-1.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-397\"\/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-1 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><p style=\"text-align: right;\">(2)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde\u00a0<em>J<sub>A<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0znamen\u00e1 tok \u010dast\u00edc\u00a0<em>A<\/em>\u00a0(dif\u00fazny tok) a\u00a0<em>C<sub>A<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0je hodnota ich koncentr\u00e1cie. Jednotka\u00a0<em>D<\/em>, je ozna\u010dovan\u00e1 ako dif\u00fazny koeficient alebo ako difuzivita \u010dast\u00edc. Z\u00e1kon je empirick\u00fd v\u00a0tom, \u017ee predpoklad\u00e1 \u00famernos\u0165 medzi dif\u00faznym tokom a\u00a0koncentra\u010dn\u00fdm gradientom (obr. 2). Dif\u00fazia prebieha pri minimaliz\u00e1cii vo\u013enej energie.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-3 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image152.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image152\" title=\"image152\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"539\" height=\"483\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image152.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-412\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image152-200x179.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image152-400x358.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image152.png 539w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 539px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 2 Zobrazenie I. Fickovho z\u00e1kona [4]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\">\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\">II. Fickov z\u00e1kon<\/h5>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">II. Fickov z\u00e1kon popisuje objemov\u00e9 zmeny koncentr\u00e1cie difunduj\u00facej l\u00e1tky v&nbsp;z\u00e1vislosti na \u010dase a polohe. V\u00fdsledn\u00fd vz\u0165ah z\u00e1kona je kombin\u00e1ciou I. Fickovho z\u00e1kona a rovnice kontinuity v&nbsp;tvare:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-2 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-4 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"141\" height=\"38\" title=\"image010\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image010-1.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-398\"\/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-3 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\"><p style=\"text-align: right;\">(2)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\"><p>Kde <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-399\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image011-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"19\" height=\"37\" \/>\u00a0je r\u00fdchlos\u0165 zmeny koncentr\u00e1cie. Z\u00a0matematick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska je druh\u00fd Fickov z\u00e1kon diferenci\u00e1lna rovnica druh\u00e9ho r\u00e1du. Ak je dif\u00fazia z\u00e1visl\u00e1 na koncentr\u00e1cii, napr. v\u00a0chemicky homog\u00e9nnych syst\u00e9moch, alebo v\u00a0ide\u00e1lnom roztoku, zjednodu\u0161\u00ed sa na tvar:<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-4 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-5 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"94\" height=\"40\" title=\"image014\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image014-1.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-400\"\/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-5 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\"><p style=\"text-align: right;\">(3)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">T\u00e1to forma druh\u00e9ho Fickovho z\u00e1kona je niekedy naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 aj line\u00e1rna dif\u00fazna rovnica. Na z\u00e1klade II. Fickovho z\u00e1kona mo\u017eno ur\u010di\u0165 \u010das potrebn\u00fd na vytvorenie dif\u00fazneho spoja [4].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-19\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h3><strong>Mechanizmy dif\u00fazie<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-20\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kry\u0161t\u00e1lov\u00e1 mrie\u017eka obmedzuje poz\u00edcie a\u00a0pohybov\u00e9 cesty at\u00f3mov a\u00a0umo\u017e\u0148uje jednoduch\u00fd opis ka\u017ed\u00e9ho konkr\u00e9tneho at\u00f3mov\u00e9ho posunu. Pri plynoch sa predpoklad\u00e1 n\u00e1hodn\u00fd posun at\u00f3mov, ale pri kvapalin\u00e1ch a\u00a0amorfn\u00fdch pevn\u00fdch l\u00e1tkach nie je posun at\u00f3mov ani \u00faplne n\u00e1hodn\u00fd, ani presne stanoven\u00fd. Podrobn\u00e9 vlastnosti preskoku at\u00f3mov z\u00e1visia na r\u00f4znych faktoroch ako kry\u0161talick\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara, ve\u013ekos\u0165 a\u00a0chemick\u00e1 povaha difunduj\u00faceho at\u00f3mu a\u00a0\u010di je dif\u00fazia sprev\u00e1dzan\u00e1 chybami alebo nie. V\u00a0niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch je proces skoku at\u00f3mu \u00faplne n\u00e1hodn\u00fd, v\u00a0in\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch existuje korel\u00e1cia s\u00a0nasleduj\u00facim skokom. Korela\u010dn\u00fd jav je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd, ke\u010f pravdepodobnos\u0165 at\u00f3mov\u00e9ho skoku z\u00e1vis\u00ed na smere predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faceho skoku [4].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hlavn\u00fdm mechanizmom dif\u00fazie je tzv.\u00a0<strong><em>individu\u00e1lny mechanizmus<\/em><\/strong>, ktor\u00fd sa \u010falej del\u00ed na\u00a0<strong><em>interstici\u00e1lny<\/em><\/strong><em>\u00a0a\u00a0<\/em><strong><em>vakan\u010dn\u00fd<\/em><\/strong><em>\u00a0<strong>mechanizmus<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/em>\u010eal\u0161\u00edm je\u00a0<strong><em>skupinov\u00fd mechanizmus<\/em><\/strong>, ktor\u00fd sa del\u00ed na\u00a0<strong><em>v\u00fdmenn\u00fd, kruhov\u00fd\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><em>a\u00a0<strong>nepriamy interstici\u00e1lny<\/strong>.\u00a0<\/em>Dif\u00fazne procesy \u013eah\u0161ie prebiehaj\u00fa v\u00a0jemnozrnnom materi\u00e1li, preto\u017ee tento m\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed mern\u00fd povrch hran\u00edc z\u0155n [5].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zauj\u00edmav\u00fdm javom pri vakan\u010dnom mechanizme dif\u00fazie je\u00a0<strong><em>Kirkendallov efekt<\/em><\/strong>. Opisuje \u010do sa stane, ak doch\u00e1dza k\u00a0dif\u00fazii at\u00f3mov dan\u00e9ho prvku vplyvom rozdielnych r\u00fdchlost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00a0roku 1947, Ernest Kirkendall ozn\u00e1mil v\u00fdsledky svojich experimentov pri interdif\u00fazii medzi Cu a\u00a0Zn v\u00a0mosadzi. Pozoroval pohyb rozhrania medzi r\u00f4znymi f\u00e1zami vplyvom vysokej teploty heterog\u00e9nnej dif\u00fazie. Tento jav sa v\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnosti naz\u00fdva Kirkendallov efekt. Podporoval my\u0161lienku, \u017ee at\u00f3mov\u00e1 dif\u00fazia nast\u00e1va prostredn\u00edctvom v\u00fdmeny vakanci\u00ed. Od tohto objavu bol Kirkendallov efekt pozorovan\u00fd v\u00a0r\u00f4znych zliatin\u00e1ch a\u00a0v\u00fdrazne ovplyvnil \u0161t\u00fadium dif\u00fazie a\u00a0mrie\u017ekov\u00fdch por\u00fach. Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd v\u00a0s\u00favislosti so sp\u00e1jan\u00edm r\u00f4znych materi\u00e1lov, vyvol\u00e1va obavy o\u00a0kontrole a\u00a0potl\u00e1\u010dan\u00ed vzniku dut\u00edn, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa vytv\u00e1ran\u00e9 v\u00a0oblasti rozhrania sp\u00e1jan\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov [6].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kirkendallov efekt je charakterizovan\u00fd presunom at\u00f3mov, ktor\u00fd nastane, ak s\u00fa umiestnen\u00e9 na rozhran\u00ed medzi sp\u00e1jan\u00fdmi materi\u00e1lmi a zohriat\u00edm na teplotu, pri ktorej doch\u00e1dza k&nbsp;dif\u00fazii. At\u00f3my sa bud\u00fa pohybova\u0165 smerom k\u00a0oblasti zliatiny. Napr. pri pou\u017eit\u00ed molybd\u00e9nu medzi me\u010fou a\u00a0mosadzou, at\u00f3my molybd\u00e9nu sa bud\u00fa pohybova\u0165 smerom do mosadze. Vysvet\u013euje sa to t\u00fdm, \u017ee zinok v&nbsp;mosadzi difunduje r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie ako me\u010f, a\u00a0tak sa pohybuje von zo zliatiny zn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm jeho koncentra\u010dn\u00e9ho gradientu. Tak\u00fdto postup je nemo\u017en\u00fd ak doch\u00e1dza k&nbsp;dif\u00fazii priamou v\u00fdmenou at\u00f3mov [7].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na obr. 3 je zn\u00e1zornen\u00fd Kirkendallov efekt. Na rozhran\u00ed medzi dvoma pevn\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami napr. zinku a\u00a0medi difunduj\u00fa navz\u00e1jom at\u00f3my r\u00f4znymi r\u00fdchlos\u0165ami. Ich zliatina (mosadz) rastie r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie v\u00a0smere pohybuj\u00facich sa \u010dast\u00edc zinku. Nevyplnen\u00e9 dutiny s\u00fa ponechan\u00e9 vzadu a\u00a0splyn\u00fa do ve\u013ek\u00fdch p\u00f3rov [8].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-6 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image156.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image156\" title=\"image156\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"232\" height=\"390\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image156.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-413\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image156-200x336.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image156.png 232w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 232px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-21\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3 Kirkendallov efekt [8]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri\u00a0<strong><em>skupinovom mechanizme<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0ide o\u00a0organizovan\u00fd pohyb viacer\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed [4]:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>a)\u00a0<em>v\u00fdmenn\u00fd<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 doch\u00e1dza pri \u0148om ku v\u00fdmene miesta medzi dvoma susedn\u00fdmi rovnako ve\u013ek\u00fdmi at\u00f3mami. Zd\u00e1 sa by\u0165 jednoduch\u0161\u00ed, ale pri priechode at\u00f3mov cez polovicu medzirovninnej vzdialenosti doch\u00e1dza k\u00a0ve\u013ekej deform\u00e1cii mrie\u017eky. Pre uskuto\u010dnenie v\u00fdmenn\u00e9ho mechanizmu je potreba nieko\u013ekon\u00e1sobne vy\u0161\u0161ej energie ako pri preskoku at\u00f3mu do vakancie.<\/li>\n<li>b)\u00a0<em>kruhov\u00fd<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 jedn\u00e1 sa o\u00a0v\u00fdmenu miesta medzi nieko\u013ek\u00fdmi susedn\u00fdmi rovnako ve\u013ek\u00fdmi at\u00f3mami. Energetick\u00e1 n\u00e1ro\u010dnos\u0165 tohto mechanizmu je v\u00a0porovnan\u00ed s\u00a0energiou potrebnou pre preskok at\u00f3mov do vakancie vy\u0161\u0161ia len o\u00a0asi jednu tretinu.<\/li>\n<li>c)\u00a0<em>nepriamy<\/em>\u00a0<em>interstici\u00e1lny<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 predstavuje postupn\u00fd presun at\u00f3mov z\u00a0jednej uzlovej polohy do polohy interstici\u00e1lnej a\u00a0do \u010fal\u0161ej uzlovej.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Stacion\u00e1rna dif\u00fazia<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dif\u00fazia je proces z\u00e1visl\u00fd od \u010dasu. V&nbsp;makroskopickom zmysle to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee mno\u017estvo predifundovan\u00e9ho prvku je funkciou \u010dasu. \u010casto je potrebn\u00e9 pozna\u0165 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 dif\u00fazie, alebo r\u00fdchlos\u0165 presunu hmoty. T\u00e1to r\u00fdchlos\u0165 je vyjadren\u00e1 ako dif\u00fazny tok (J), definovan\u00fd ako mno\u017estvo hmoty (alebo po\u010det at\u00f3mov), prech\u00e1dzaj\u00facich kolmo cez jednotku plochy pevnej l\u00e1tky za jednotku \u010dasu. M\u00f4\u017ee to by\u0165 vyjadren\u00e9 v&nbsp;matematickej podobe ako:<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-6 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-7 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"54\" height=\"36\" title=\"image018\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image018.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-401\"\/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-7 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\"><p style=\"text-align: right;\">(4)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-24\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde\u00a0<em>A<\/em>\u00a0ozna\u010duje oblas\u0165, cez ktor\u00fa dif\u00fazia prech\u00e1dza,\u00a0<em>t<\/em>\u00a0je \u010das dif\u00fazie a\u00a0<em>M<\/em> je mno\u017estvo hmoty (po\u010det at\u00f3mov). V&nbsp;diferenci\u00e1lnom stave dostaneme tento v\u00fdraz v&nbsp;podobe:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-8 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-8 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"74\" height=\"37\" title=\"image019\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image019.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-402\"\/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-9 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16\"><p style=\"text-align: right;\">(5)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-17\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde jednotkou dif\u00fazneho toku J s\u00fa kilogramy alebo at\u00f3my na meter \u0161tvorcov\u00fd za sekundu (kg\/m<sup>2<\/sup>.s alebo at\u00f3my\/m<sup>2<\/sup>.s). Stacion\u00e1rne podmienky platia ak sa dif\u00fazny tok v&nbsp;\u010dase nemen\u00ed. Schematick\u00e9 zobrazenie je na obr. 4 a).\u00a0\u00a0Zn\u00e1zornen\u00edm koncentr\u00e1cie C v&nbsp;z\u00e1vislosti od polohy (vzdialenosti) v&nbsp;pevnej l\u00e1tke x, dostaneme v\u00fdsledn\u00fa krivku, ktor\u00e1 sa naz\u00fdva koncentra\u010dn\u00fd profil. Sklon na konkr\u00e9tny bod tejto krivky je koncentra\u010dn\u00fd gradient:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">koncentra\u010dn\u00fd gradient =\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-403\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image021.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"20\" height=\"37\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Koncentra\u010dn\u00fd profil je line\u00e1rny, ako je zobrazen\u00e9 na obr. 4 b), pri\u010dom:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">koncentra\u010dn\u00fd gradient =\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-404\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image023.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"98\" height=\"40\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-9 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image159.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image159\" title=\"image159\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"476\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image159-800x476.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-414\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image159-200x119.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image159-400x238.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image159-600x357.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image159-800x476.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image159.png 1130w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-27\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 4 Zn\u00e1zornenie a) stacion\u00e1rnej dif\u00fazie cez tenk\u00fa dosku; b) line\u00e1rny koncentra\u010dn\u00fd profil [9]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-19\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pre dif\u00faziu je vhodn\u00e9 vyjadri\u0165 koncentr\u00e1ciu v\u00a0podmienkach mno\u017estva difunduj\u00facich \u010dast\u00edc na jednotku objemu pevnej l\u00e1tky (kg\/m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0alebo g\/cm<sup>3<\/sup>). Matematick\u00e9 vyjadrenie stacion\u00e1rnej dif\u00fazie je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyjadri\u0165 v&nbsp;podobe I. Fickovho z\u00e1kona [9].<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Nestacion\u00e1rna dif\u00fazia<\/strong><\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nestacion\u00e1rna dif\u00fazia hovor\u00ed o\u00a0tom, \u017ee dif\u00fazny tok a\u00a0koncentra\u010dn\u00fd gradient sa v\u00a0ur\u010ditom mieste pevnej l\u00e1tky v\u00a0\u010dase men\u00ed. Na obr. 5 s\u00fa zobrazen\u00e9 koncentra\u010dn\u00e9 profily pri troch r\u00f4znych \u010dasoch dif\u00fazie. V\u00a0podmienkach nestacion\u00e1rnej dif\u00fazie, pou\u017eitie rovnice I. Fickovho z\u00e1kona u\u017e nie je vhodn\u00e9. V\u00a0t\u00fdchto podmienkach je nutn\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 parci\u00e1lnu diferenci\u00e1lnu rovnicu II. Fickovho z\u00e1kona. Rie\u0161enie tejto rovnice (koncentr\u00e1cia z\u00a0h\u013eadiska polohy a\u00a0\u010dasu) je mo\u017en\u00e9, ak s\u00fa \u0161pecifikovan\u00e9 okrajov\u00e9 podmienky [9].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-10 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image162.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image162\" title=\"image162\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"516\" height=\"439\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image162.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-415\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image162-200x170.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image162-400x340.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image162.png 516w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 516px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-20\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-29\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5 Koncentra\u010dn\u00e9 profily nestacion\u00e1rnej dif\u00fazie pre tri r\u00f4zne \u010dasy t<sub>1<\/sub>, t<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0a\u00a0t<sub>3<\/sub> [9]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-21\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-30\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Z\u00e1vislos\u0165 dif\u00fazie od teploty a\u00a0tlaku<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-31\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">R\u00fdchlos\u0165 dif\u00fazie v\u00fdrazne ovplyv\u0148uje teplota. Experiment\u00e1lne sa dok\u00e1zalo, \u017ee dif\u00fazny koeficient rastie s&nbsp;teplotou pod\u013ea vz\u0165ahu (naz\u00fdvan\u00fd ako Arrheniova rovnica, obr. 6):<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-10 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-11 hover-type-none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image029.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image029\" title=\"image029\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"107\" height=\"36\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image029.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-405\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-11 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-22\"><p style=\"text-align: right;\">(6)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-23\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">pri\u010dom koeficient<strong><em>\u00a0D<sub>0<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0naz\u00fdvan\u00fd ako frekven\u010dn\u00fd faktor z\u00e1visl\u00fd na frekvencii tepeln\u00fdch kmitov at\u00f3mov, \u00a0<strong><em>Q\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>je aktiva\u010dn\u00e1 energia dif\u00fazie (niekedy sa pou\u017e\u00edva symbol\u00a0<strong><em>\u0394H<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0ktor\u00fd ozna\u010duje entalpiu dif\u00fazie),\u00a0<strong>k<\/strong>\u00a0je Boltzmannova kon\u0161tanta a\u00a0<strong>T\u00a0<\/strong>je absol\u00fatna teplota. Veli\u010diny\u00a0<strong><em>Q (\u0394H)<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0a\u00a0<strong><em>D<sub>0<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>, sa naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa aktiva\u010dn\u00e9 parametre dif\u00fazie. Fyzik\u00e1lna interpret\u00e1cia aktiva\u010dn\u00fdch parametrov\u00a0<strong><em>Q (\u0394H)<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0a\u00a0<strong><em>D<sub>0<\/sub><\/em><\/strong><sub>\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub>z\u00e1vis\u00ed od mechanizmu dif\u00fazie, na type dif\u00fazneho procesu a\u00a0na druhu kry\u0161t\u00e1lovej mrie\u017eky [4].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-12 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image164.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image164\" title=\"image164\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"697\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image164-800x697.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-416\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image164-200x174.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image164-400x349.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image164-600x523.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image164-800x697.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image164.jpg 880w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-24\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-34\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 6 Arrheniov diagram, z\u00e1vislos\u0165 dif\u00fazie od teploty [10]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-25\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-35\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Spolo\u010dn\u00fdm znakom v\u0161etk\u00fdch f\u00e1zov\u00fdch premien je tendencia s\u00fastavy dosiahnu\u0165 pri zmene vonkaj\u0161\u00edch podmienok rovnov\u00e1\u017eny stav s\u00a0minim\u00e1lnou hodnotou Gibbsovej vo\u013enej energie<strong>,\u00a0<\/strong>ktor\u00e1 je definovan\u00e1 ako:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\">\n<div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-12 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\">\n<div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\">\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-36\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-12 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-26\"><p>G = H &#8211; T \u00d7 S<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-13 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-27\"><p style=\"text-align: right;\">(7)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-28\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zmena difuzivity v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti od tlaku je hlavne kv\u00f4li tomu, \u017ee Gibbsova vo\u013en\u00e1 energia aktiv\u00e1cie sa l\u00ed\u0161i pod\u013ea tlaku v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na \u0394G = \u0394H \u2013 T\u0394S = \u0394E \u2013 T\u0394S + p\u0394V . \u0394H znamen\u00e1 zmenu entalpie, T je teplota v\u00a0kelvinoch, \u0394S\u00a0znamen\u00e1 zmena entropie, \u0394E znamen\u00e1 aktiva\u010dn\u00fa energiu a\u00a0\u0394V aktiva\u010dn\u00fa hodnotu dif\u00fazie. Z&nbsp;termodynamiky vypl\u00fdva , \u017ee<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-14 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-13 hover-type-none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image034.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image034\" title=\"image034\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"117\" height=\"44\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image034.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-406\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-15 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-29\"><p style=\"text-align: right;\">(8)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-30\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-40\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tento vz\u0165ah m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 pova\u017eovan\u00fd za defin\u00edciu aktiva\u010dnej hodnoty dif\u00fazie. Aktiva\u010dn\u00fa hodnotu mo\u017eno z\u00edska\u0165 z\u00a0merania tlaku v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na dif\u00faznom koeficiente pri kon\u0161tantnej teplote [4].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-41\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h3><strong>Dif\u00fazia ako \u0161trukt\u00farne citliv\u00fd jav<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-42\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00davahy o\u00a0dif\u00fazii v\u00a0ide\u00e1lnych \u0161trukt\u00farach s\u00fa podstatne odli\u0161n\u00e9 od podobn\u00fdch \u00favah pre re\u00e1lne s\u00fastavy, ktor\u00e9 v\u017edy obsahuj\u00fa ur\u010dit\u00e9 mno\u017estvo por\u00fach ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek druhu, vr\u00e1tane hran\u00edc z\u0155n. Aktiva\u010dn\u00e1 energia dif\u00fazie v\u00a0oblastiach nedokonal\u00e9ho kry\u0161t\u00e1lu bude in\u00e1 ako kry\u0161t\u00e1lu s\u00a0ide\u00e1lnou stavbou. Z\u00a0toho vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee dif\u00fazia by mala z\u00e1visie\u0165 od \u0161trukt\u00fary. V\u00a0ur\u010ditej oblasti sa d\u00e1 koeficient dif\u00fazie definova\u0165 pohybom at\u00f3mov pozd\u013a\u017e vo\u013en\u00fdch pl\u00f4ch, hran\u00edc z\u0155n alebo jednotliv\u00fdch disloka\u010dn\u00fdch \u010diar a\u00a0mo\u017eno o\u010dak\u00e1va\u0165, \u017ee v\u0161etky tieto koeficienty bud\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie ako koeficient objemovej dif\u00fazie. Meran\u00fd koeficient dif\u00fazie by mal by\u0165 hlavne funkciou ve\u013ekosti zrna z\u00e1visl\u00e9ho od ur\u010dit\u00e9ho mno\u017estva hran\u00edc z\u0155n za jednotku objemu. Anal\u00fdzu koncentra\u010dn\u00fdch diagramov, ktor\u00e9 vznikli z\u00a0pozorovan\u00ed a\u00a0experiment\u00e1lnych meran\u00ed koeficientov dif\u00fazie pozd\u013a\u017e hran\u00edc z\u0155n podal prv\u00fd kr\u00e1t\u00a0<strong><em>Fisher<\/em><\/strong>, ktor\u00fd predpokladal hranicu z\u0155n rovnakej hr\u00fabky \u03b4<sup>B<\/sup>\u00a0s\u00a0dif\u00faznym koeficientom D<sup>B<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fisher uva\u017eoval, \u017ee koncentr\u00e1cia difunduj\u00facej l\u00e1tky\u00a0<strong><em>C<sub>0<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0v\u00a0uva\u017eovanom priestore sa v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti od \u010dasu nemen\u00ed a\u00a0t\u00e1to rovnov\u00e1\u017ena koncentr\u00e1cia je rovnak\u00e1 vn\u00fatri aj na hranici zrna. \u010eal\u0161ie predpoklady Fishera s\u00fa: koncentr\u00e1cia bude rovnak\u00e1 v\u00a0celej \u0161\u00edrke hranice, oba dif\u00fazne koeficienty s\u00fa z\u00e1visl\u00e9 od dif\u00fazie, dif\u00fazia po hraniciach z\u0155n neovplyv\u0148uje dif\u00faziu vn\u00fatri zrna. Na z\u00e1klade dan\u00fdch predpokladov autor na\u0161iel pribli\u017en\u00e9 rie\u0161enie koncentr\u00e1cie vo v\u0161eobecnom bode (x, y) a\u00a0\u010dase t.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-16 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-14 hover-type-none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image034.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image034\" title=\"image036\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"275\" height=\"65\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image036-1.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-407\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image036-1-200x47.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image036-1.png 275w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 275px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-17 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-31\"><p style=\"text-align: right;\">(9)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-32\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-44\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Integrovan\u00edm danej rovnice sa z\u00edska vz\u0165ah medzi koncentr\u00e1ciou difunduj\u00facej hmoty v\u00a0tenkej vrstve vo vzdialenosti \u02f6\u00a0<strong>y<\/strong>\u00a0\u02dd od p\u00f4vodnej plochy. Koncentr\u00e1cia pozd\u013a\u017e osi y prebieha exponenci\u00e1lne. Rovnicu treba rie\u0161i\u0165 oddelene vn\u00fatri a\u00a0zvonku okolia zrna za predpokladu, \u017ee koncentr\u00e1cia\u00a0<strong><em>C<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0a dif\u00fazny tok\u00a0<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-408\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image037-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"43\" height=\"37\" \/>\u00a0\u00a0maj\u00fa spojit\u00fd charakter.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Le Claire navrhol jednoduch\u0161\u00ed sp\u00f4sob merania koeficientov dif\u00fazie po hraniciach z\u0155n, a\u00a0to meran\u00edm uhla orient\u00e1cie z\u0155n \u02f6\u00a0<strong><em>\u03c8<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u02dd, ktor\u00e9 tvoria hranicu. Uk\u00e1zalo sa, \u017ee hodnota dif\u00fazie po hraniciach z\u0155n z\u00e1vis\u00ed od \u03b4<sup>B\u00a0<\/sup>a D<sup>B<\/sup>, pri\u010dom \u03b4<sup>B<\/sup>\u00a0je hr\u00fabka hranice zrna s\u00a0dif\u00faznym koeficientom D<sup>B<\/sup>. Z\u00a0toho vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee priebeh dif\u00fazneho procesu ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 faktory. Okrem nich treba bra\u0165 do \u00favahy aj vonkaj\u0161ie faktory \u2013 teplotu T<sub>zv.<\/sub>\u00a0a\u00a0tlak p<sub>zv.<\/sub>\u00a0[1].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-45\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h3><strong>Vplyv plastickej deform\u00e1cie na r\u00fdchlos\u0165 dif\u00fazie<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-46\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>Pozorovania zaznamenali zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161enie r\u00fdchlosti dif\u00fazie v\u00a0kovoch, ktor\u00e9 boli podroben\u00e9 kr\u00fateniu a\u00a0stl\u00e1\u010daniu v\u00a0procese dif\u00fazie. Toto zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161enie je v\u00a0niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch ston\u00e1sobn\u00e9 a\u017e tis\u00edcn\u00e1sobn\u00e9. Z\u00e1vislos\u0165 deform\u00e1cie nie je jednozna\u010dn\u00e1, lebo v\u00a0in\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch nemo\u017eno pozorova\u0165 nijak\u00e9 zmeny v\u00a0r\u00fdchlosti dif\u00fazie a\u00a0to dokonca ani pri ve\u013ek\u00fdch deform\u00e1ci\u00e1ch a\u00a0vysok\u00fdch r\u00fdchlostiach deformovania. Pri malej pru\u017ene plastickej deform\u00e1cii koeficient samodif\u00fazie (samodif\u00fazia znamen\u00e1 samovo\u013en\u00fd transport \u010dast\u00edc ur\u010ditej f\u00e1zy, ak ju tvor\u00ed jedno chemick\u00e9 idiv\u00edduum) vzrastie viac ako dva razy. Zr\u00fdchlenie samodif\u00fazie je podmienen\u00e9 zmen\u0161en\u00edm energetick\u00fdch bari\u00e9r v\u00a0at\u00f3movej mrie\u017eke, \u010do sp\u00f4sobuje zn\u00ed\u017eenie aktiva\u010dnej energie samodif\u00fazie pri deform\u00e1cii. So zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ovan\u00edm deform\u00e1cie mrie\u017eky sa zmen\u0161uje \u00faloha dif\u00fazie po hraniciach z\u0155n. Deform\u00e1cia zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161uje objemov\u00fa dif\u00faziu, preto\u017ee na hraniciach z\u0155n je \u0161trukt\u00fara materi\u00e1lu naru\u0161en\u00e1. Z\u00a0uveden\u00e9ho vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee teplota a\u00a0tlak vo ve\u013ekej miere ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa priebeh dif\u00fazneho procesu. Spr\u00e1vna vo\u013eba t\u00fdchto veli\u010d\u00edn m\u00f4\u017ee nato\u013eko ovplyvni\u0165 dif\u00faziu, aby po kontaktovan\u00ed dvoch materi\u00e1lov vznikol medzi nimi za ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010das dif\u00fazny spoj vy\u017eadovan\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed [1].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-47\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2><strong>Mechanizmus vzniku spoja<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-48\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>Mechanizmus vzniku spoja sa pod\u013ea\u00a0<strong>N. F. Kazakova<\/strong>\u00a0del\u00ed na tri \u0161t\u00e1di\u00e1:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>vznik po\u010diato\u010dn\u00e9ho kontaktu povrchov \u2013 v\u00a0tomto \u0161t\u00e1diu nast\u00e1va deform\u00e1cia nerovnost\u00ed a\u00a0tenk\u00fdch vrstiev povrchu potrebn\u00e1 na uskuto\u010dnenie mechanick\u00e9ho kontaktu;<\/li>\n<li>vz\u00e1jomn\u00e1 dif\u00fazia at\u00f3mov a\u00a0pohyb vakanci\u00ed a\u00a0dislok\u00e1ci\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00face z\u00e1nik p\u00f4vodn\u00e9ho rozhrania medzi povrchmi;<\/li>\n<li>intenz\u00edvne dif\u00fazne pochody \u2013 ke\u010f vo vhodn\u00fdch kombin\u00e1ci\u00e1ch doch\u00e1dza k\u00a0vymiznutiu p\u00f4vodn\u00e9ho rozhrania medzi spojovan\u00fdmi povrchmi v\u00a0snahe o\u00a0vyrovnanie energi\u00ed rovnov\u00e1\u017enej \u0161trukt\u00fary.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pri dif\u00faznych javoch sa jedn\u00e1 predov\u0161etk\u00fdm o\u00a0objemov\u00fa\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 dif\u00faziu,\u00a0 dif\u00faziu po hraniciach z\u0155n a\u00a0v\u00a0men\u0161ej miere o\u00a0povrchov\u00fa dif\u00faziu.<\/p>\n<p><strong>S. Ge\u013eman<\/strong>\u00a0a\u00a0<strong>M.V. Bo\u013e\u0161akov<\/strong>\u00a0uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa, \u017ee po kontaktovan\u00ed zvarov\u00fdch pl\u00f4ch vznikaj\u00fa pri dif\u00faznom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed akt\u00edvne centr\u00e1 a\u00a0v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku atermick\u00e9ho procesu pohybu dislok\u00e1ci\u00ed pri p\u00f4soben\u00ed plastickej deform\u00e1cie a\u00a0procesov spojen\u00fdch s\u00a0tepelnou aktiv\u00e1ciou (dif\u00fazie, samodif\u00fazie, vakanci\u00ed a\u00a0pod.).<\/p>\n<p><strong>S. Kasatkin<\/strong>\u00a0a\u00a0<strong>G. N. Korab<\/strong>\u00a0uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa, \u017ee na optim\u00e1lne spojenie pri dif\u00faznom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed treba zabezpe\u010di\u0165 vhodn\u00e9 podmienky na priebeh rekry\u0161taliz\u00e1cie. V\u00fdskum uk\u00e1zal, \u017ee premiestnenie hran\u00edc z\u0155n je spojen\u00fd s\u00a0niektor\u00fdm \u0161pecifick\u00fdm mechanizmom, odli\u0161n\u00fdm od zvy\u010dajn\u00e9ho dif\u00fazneho.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kopylov a\u00a0kol.<\/strong>\u00a0uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa tieto \u0161t\u00e1di\u00e1 v\u00a0procese dif\u00fazneho zv\u00e1rania:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>mechanick\u00e9 interakcie sved\u010diace o\u00a0tvorbe skuto\u010dn\u00e9ho kontaktu zvarov\u00fdch pl\u00f4ch,<\/li>\n<li>chemick\u00e9 interakcie prejavuj\u00face sa pri ur\u010ditom stupni aktiv\u00e1cie povrchov zvarov\u00fdch pl\u00f4ch,<\/li>\n<li>rozvoj objemov\u00e9ho \u0161t\u00e1dia v\u00a0z\u00f3ne styku zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>A. Alov<\/strong>\u00a0na rozdiel od N. F. Kazakova uv\u00e1dza, \u017ee dif\u00fazne procesy v\u00a0pr\u00edpade, \u017ee s\u00fa mo\u017en\u00e9, sa javia druhotn\u00fdm procesom pri dif\u00faznom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed prebiehaj\u00facom po vzniku chemickej v\u00e4zby [1].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-49\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Mechanizmus vzniku spoja pod\u013ea\u00a0<\/strong><strong>TWI<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na obr. 7 s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 jednotliv\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1di\u00e1 mechanizmu vzniku spoja pod\u013ea TWI [11].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-15 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image169.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image169\" title=\"image169\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"310\" height=\"441\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image169.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-417\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image169-200x285.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image169.png 310w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 310px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-33\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Obr. 7 Vznik spoja dif\u00faznym zv\u00e1ran\u00edm pod\u013ea TWI [11]<\/em><br \/><em>a) po\u010diato\u010dn\u00fd kontakt, vykazuje ne\u010distotu vo forme vrstvy zvy\u0161kov\u00e9ho oxidu;<\/em><br \/><em>b) poddajnos\u0165 a\u00a0te\u010denie, \u010do vedie k\u00a0zmen\u0161eniu dut\u00edn a\u00a0zmen\u0161eniu vrstvy ne\u010dist\u00f4t;<\/em><br \/><em>c) kone\u010dn\u00e1 poddajnos\u0165 a\u00a0te\u010denie, niektor\u00e9 dutiny zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa s\u00a0ve\u013emi tenkou vrstvou ne\u010dist\u00f4t;<\/em><br \/><em>d) pokra\u010dovanie vo\u013enej dif\u00fazie, odstra\u0148ovanie oxidickej vrstvy, zanechanie nieko\u013ek\u00fdch mal\u00fdch dut\u00edn;<br \/><\/em><em>e) vyhotovenie spoja<\/em><\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-34\"><h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Mechanizmus vzniku spoja pod\u013ea Vaacum Process Engineering (VPE)<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Obr. 8 zobrazuje jednotliv\u00e9 \u0161t\u00e1di\u00e1 mechanizmu vzniku spoja pod\u013ea VPE [12].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-16 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image170.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image170\" title=\"image170\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"440\" height=\"539\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image170.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-418\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image170-200x245.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image170-400x490.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image170.png 440w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 440px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-35\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 8 Vznik spoja dif\u00faznym zv\u00e1ran\u00edm pod\u013ea VPE [12] (1) aplik\u00e1cia dynamick\u00e9ho za\u0165a\u017eenia a ohrievania v&nbsp;riadenej atmosf\u00e9re; (2, 3) postupn\u00e9 zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ovanie z\u0155n, dif\u00fazia, uzatv\u00e1ranie medzier v&nbsp;rozhran\u00ed; (4) vytvorenie pevn\u00e9ho zvarov\u00e9ho spoja<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-36\"><h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ranie s&nbsp;tekutou medzivrstvou<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">T\u00e1to met\u00f3da je pou\u017eite\u013en\u00e1 pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed kombinovan\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov. Dif\u00fazne procesy ved\u00fa k&nbsp;zmene chemick\u00e9ho zlo\u017eenia vo zvarovom rozhran\u00ed a teplota zv\u00e1rania je zvolen\u00e1 ako teplota, pri ktorej sa t\u00e1to medzivrstva roztav\u00ed. Medzivrstva sa roztav\u00ed pri ni\u017e\u0161ej teplote ako je teplota tavenia zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov. Rozklad\u00e1 sa pozd\u013a\u017e rozhrania a tvor\u00ed spoj. Tento proces je zobrazen\u00fd na obr. 9.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-17 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image171.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image171\" title=\"image171\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"122\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image171-800x122.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-419\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image171-200x30.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image171-400x61.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image171-600x91.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image171-800x122.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image171-1200x183.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image171.png 1234w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-37\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-54\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 9 Dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ranie s&nbsp;tekutou medzivrstvou [13]\u00a0<br \/><em>1) Vlo\u017eenie medzivrstvy; 2) Tavenie medzivrstvy; 3) Izotermick\u00e9 tuhnutie heterog\u00e9nneho spoja; 4) Spoj po homogeniz\u00e1cii<\/em><\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-38\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-55\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00a0procese zv\u00e1rania sa vytvor\u00ed dif\u00fazny spoj. Medzivrstva vymizne (predifunduje do zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov). Medzivrstvy alebo aktivuj\u00face materi\u00e1ly sa zvy\u010dajne pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v\u00a0tvare f\u00f3li\u00ed, striekan\u00fdch povlakov alebo pr\u00e1\u0161kov. Druh, kvalita a\u00a0hr\u00fabka medzivrstvy vpl\u00fdvaj\u00fa na pevnos\u0165 zvarov\u00e9ho spoja. Geometrick\u00e9 rozmery medzivrstvy ur\u010duj\u00fa nielen pevnos\u0165, ale aj h\u00fa\u017eevnatos\u0165 zvarov\u00e9ho spoja [1].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-56\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Zariadenia na dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ranie<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Prv\u00e9 zariadenia na dif\u00fazne\u00a0 zv\u00e1ranie vo v\u00e1kuu SDVU-1 a\u00a0SDVU-2 zhotovil v\u00a0roku 1957 Moskovsk\u00fd kombin\u00e1t tvrd\u00fdch zliatin. S\u00e9riovo sa zariadenia na dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ranie za\u010dali vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 v\u00a0roku 1965 v\u00a0<em>Saratove<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a0v\u00a0<em>Tbilisi<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na dif\u00fazne zariadenia sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa viacer\u00e9 zariadenia s\u00a0rozli\u010dn\u00fdmi druhmi ohrevu. V\u00a0praxi prevl\u00e1daj\u00fa zariadenia s\u00a0odporov\u00fdm a\u00a0induk\u010dn\u00fdm ohrevom. Zv\u00e1ra sa vo v\u00e1kuu alebo ochrannej atmosf\u00e9re plynov. S\u00fa pr\u00edpady zv\u00e1rania aj na vo\u013enej atmosf\u00e9re. Osobitn\u00fdm pr\u00edpadom dif\u00fazneho zv\u00e1rania je zv\u00e1ranie v\u00a0kvapaln\u00fdch prostrediach.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zv\u00e1racie zariadenie sa zvy\u010dajne sklad\u00e1 zo zv\u00e1racej komory, zdroja ohrevu zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch s\u00fa\u010diastok, hydraulick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu na vyvodenie zv\u00e1racieho tlaku, v\u00e1kuov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu alebo in\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu (ochrann\u00e1 atmosf\u00e9ra, kvapaln\u00e9 prostredie), chladiaceho syst\u00e9mu, merac\u00edch, regula\u010dn\u00fdch, ovl\u00e1dac\u00edch, bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdch a\u00a0in\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed [1].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zariadenie na dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ranie SU 450 spolo\u010dnosti INDUTHERM (obr. 10) umo\u017e\u0148uje zv\u00e1ra\u0165 materi\u00e1ly v&nbsp;tvare kruhov\u00e9ho medzikru\u017eia. Ohrev zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov sa realizuje v&nbsp;grafitovom kel\u00edmku a ochrannom plyne a je zabezpe\u010den\u00fd induk\u010dn\u00fdm gener\u00e1torom. Tlak je vyvodzovan\u00fd pneumaticky prostredn\u00edctvom pr\u00edtla\u010dn\u00e9ho piesta.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-18 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image050.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image050\" title=\"image050\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"214\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image050.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-440\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image050-200x374.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image050.png 214w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 214px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-39\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-57\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 10 Zv\u00e1racie zariadenie INDUTHERM SU 450 [14]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-40\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00fdhoda induk\u010dn\u00e9ho ohrevu spo\u010d\u00edva v&nbsp;r\u00fdchlom dosiahnut\u00ed zv\u00e1racej teploty. Termo\u010dl\u00e1nok in\u0161talovan\u00fd v\u00a0stene kel\u00edmka presne meria teplotu a\u00a0riadi v\u00fdkon gener\u00e1tora tak, \u017ee nadstaven\u00e1 teplota sa po\u010das zv\u00e1rania nemen\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pre optim\u00e1lny v\u00fdsledok je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 dodr\u017ea\u0165 pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 parametre zv\u00e1rania \u2013 zv\u00e1raciu teplotu, tlak a \u010das. Zv\u00e1rac\u00ed tlak mus\u00ed zabezpe\u010di\u0165 spojenie na celej ploche zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch povrchov, ale na druhej strane nesmie zv\u00e1ran\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly pri vysokej teplote zv\u00e1rania deformova\u0165 [14].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zariadenie (obr. 9) pozost\u00e1va zo stavebn\u00fdch skup\u00edn, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9 v\u00a0spolo\u010dnom kryte. Technick\u00e9 \u00fadaje zariadenia SU 450 od spolo\u010dnosti INDUTHERM s\u00fa uveden\u00e9<br \/>v tab. 1.<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><u>Vo vn\u00fatri krytu s\u00fa vstavan\u00e9 nasleduj\u00face komponenty:<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>mikroprocesorom riaden\u00fd induk\u010dn\u00fd gener\u00e1tor,<\/li>\n<li>regul\u00e1tor teploty,<\/li>\n<li>strednofrekven\u010dn\u00fd transform\u00e1tor,<\/li>\n<li>bat\u00e9rie kondenz\u00e1torov,<\/li>\n<li>pneumatick\u00e9 ventily,<\/li>\n<li>riadenie tlaku pre pr\u00edtla\u010dn\u00fd valec,<\/li>\n<li>riadenie tlaku pre ochrann\u00fd plyn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"2\">\n<li><u>Na \u010delnej strane s\u00fa:<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>obslu\u017en\u00e9 prvky pre riadenie zv\u00e1racieho procesu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"3\">\n<li><u>Zv\u00e1racia jednotka pozost\u00e1va z:<\/u><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">krytu vodou chladen\u00e9ho induktora,<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">induktora, kel\u00edmka, tepelnej izol\u00e1cie a termo\u010dl\u00e1nku,<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">vodu chladen\u00e9ho poklopu,<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">pneumatick\u00e9ho valca.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-41\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-59\">\n<p><em>Tab. 1 Technick\u00e9 \u00fadaje zariadenia Induterm SU 450 [14]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"table-2\">\r\n<table width=\"100%\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>N\u00e1zov zariadenia<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><em>SU 450<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Kapacita<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><em>Max. 6 vzoriek<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Teplota t\u00e9glika<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><em>Max. 1400 \u00baC s\u00a0termo\u010dl\u00e1nkom typu N<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>V\u00fdkon<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><em>4,9 kW<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Sie\u0165ov\u00fd pr\u00edvod<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><em>3 x 400 V\/3x 16 A, 50 alebo 60 Hz<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Pr\u00edpojka chladiaceho okruhu<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><em>0,25 a\u017e 0,6 MPa \/ min. 200 l\/h<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>V\u00fdstup chladiacej vody<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><em>Beztlakov\u00fd<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Vstupn\u00e1 teplota chladiacej vody<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><em>15 a\u017e 30 \u00baC<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Teplota okolia<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><em>10 a\u017e 35 \u00baC<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Relat\u00edvna vzdu\u0161n\u00e1 vlhkos\u0165<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><em>20 a\u017e 80&nbsp;%<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Pr\u00edpojka stla\u010den\u00e9ho vzduchu<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><em>0,7 a\u017e 0,8 MPa<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Pr\u00edpojka ochrann\u00e9ho plynu<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><em>0,15 a\u017e 0,2 MPa, \u010dist\u00fd N<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0alebo Ar<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>V\u00e1kuum<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><em>0 a\u017e 0,002 MPa absol\u00fatne min. 21&nbsp;m<sup>3<\/sup>\/h<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Hmotnos\u0165<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><em>cca. 60&nbsp;kg<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td><strong>Rozmery<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td><em>500 mm x 680 mm x 810 mm<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-42\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na ovl\u00e1danie zv\u00e1racieho procesu je zariadenie vybaven\u00e9 displejom s&nbsp;kl\u00e1vesnicou na nastavenie parametrov a podmienok zv\u00e1rania. Na obr. 11 je zn\u00e1zornen\u00fd 3D model pracovnej komory zariadenia INDUTHERM SU 450. Skuto\u010dn\u00e9 zobrazenie komory zariadenia je uveden\u00e9 na obr. 12.\u00a0 Na videu ni\u017e\u0161ie je dokumentovan\u00fd postup pri dif\u00faznom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed oce\u013eov\u00fdch kr\u00fa\u017ekov na zariaden\u00ed INDUTHERM SU 450.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-18 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:33.333333333333%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:5.76%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:5.76%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:right;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-19 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image173.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image173\" title=\"image173\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"513\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image173-400x513.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-420\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image173-200x257.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image173-400x513.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image173.jpg 492w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-19 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:33.333333333333%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:5.76%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:5.76%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-20 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image174.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image174\" title=\"image174\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"356\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image174-400x356.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-421\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image174-200x178.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image174-400x356.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image174-600x533.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image174.jpg 748w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-20 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:33.333333333333%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:5.76%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:5.76%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-21 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image175.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image175\" title=\"image175\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"391\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image175-400x391.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-422\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image175-200x195.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image175-400x391.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image175-600x586.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image175.jpg 692w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-43\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-61\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 11 Model 3D pracovnej komory zariadenia na dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ranie INDUTHERM<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-22 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Capture-600x470-1.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"Capture-600&#215;470\" title=\"Capture-600&#215;470\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"470\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Capture-600x470-1.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-445\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Capture-600x470-1-200x157.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Capture-600x470-1-400x313.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Capture-600x470-1.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-44\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-62\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Obr. 12 Re\u00e1lne zobrazenie zariadenia na dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ranie INDUTHERM<br \/>a) ulo\u017eenie grafitov\u00e9ho kel\u00edmku spolu s&nbsp;termo\u010dl\u00e1nkom do zariadenia; b) oce\u013eov\u00fd t\u0155\u0148 pre vkladanie zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov do grafitov\u00e9ho puzdra; c) riadiaca jednotka zariadenia<\/em><\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:360px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:60%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 1\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/nIm1MdAYvKc?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-45\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-63\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ranie v&nbsp;priemysle<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-64\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ranie predstavuje progres\u00edvnu met\u00f3du sp\u00e1jania materi\u00e1lov, ktor\u00fa vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa priemyselne vyspel\u00e9 krajiny po celom svete. V&nbsp;tab. 2 je uveden\u00fdch nieko\u013eko zahrani\u010dn\u00fdch spolo\u010dnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa technol\u00f3giu dif\u00fazneho zv\u00e1rania.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-46\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-65\">\n<p><em>Tab. 2 Spolo\u010dnosti zaoberaj\u00face sa dif\u00faznym zv\u00e1ran\u00edm<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"table-2\">\r\n<table width=\"100%\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"13%\"><strong><em>P.\u010c.<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"53%\"><strong><em>N\u00c1ZOV SPOLO\u010cNOSTI<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"33%\"><strong><em>KRAJINA<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"13%\"><strong><em>1<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"53%\"><em>VSMPO-AVISMA CORPORATION<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"33%\"><em>RUSKO<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"13%\"><strong><em>2<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"53%\"><em>PATON ELECTRIC WELDING INSTITUTE<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"33%\"><em>UKRAJINA<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"13%\"><strong><em>3<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"53%\"><em>Company BK Inzhstroy<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"33%\"><em>KAZACHSTAN<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"13%\"><strong><em>4<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"53%\"><em>HITACHI POWDERED METALS CO., LTD.<\/em><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"33%\"><em>JAPONSKO<\/em><\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"13%\"><strong><em>5<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"53%\">METAL TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD.<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"33%\">JAPONSKO<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"13%\"><strong>6<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"53%\">VACUUM PROCES ENGINEERING<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"33%\">USA<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"13%\"><strong>7<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"53%\">PRESSURE TECHNOLOGY, INC.<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"33%\">USA<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"13%\"><strong>8<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"53%\">ROLLS-ROYCE<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"33%\">USA<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"13%\"><strong>9<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"53%\">VACUUM FURNACE ENGINEERING LTD.<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"33%\">ANGLICKO<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"13%\"><strong>10<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"53%\">REFRAC SYSTEMS<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"33%\">USA<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"13%\"><strong>11<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"53%\">LASERTEC<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"33%\">\u010c\u00cdNA<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"13%\"><strong>12<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"53%\">IJ RESEARCH, INC.<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"33%\">USA<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"13%\"><strong>13<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"53%\">HIRAI<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"33%\">JAPONSKO<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"13%\"><strong>14<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"53%\">INDUTHERM<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"33%\">NEMECKO<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"13%\"><strong>15<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"53%\">CONSARC<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"33%\">\u0160K\u00d3TSKO<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"13%\"><strong>16<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"53%\">MIDLANDS AEROSPACE ALLIANCE<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"33%\">ANGLICKO<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"13%\"><strong>17<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"53%\">VACOO<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"33%\">USA<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td width=\"13%\"><strong>18<\/strong><\/td>\r\n<td width=\"53%\">AVURE<\/td>\r\n<td width=\"33%\">\u0160V\u00c9DSKO<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-47\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-66\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Indutherm<\/em><\/strong>,\u00a0<strong><em>W\u0151ssingen (Nemecko)<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-67\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nemeck\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 INDUTHERM sa zaober\u00e1 v\u00fdvojom a kon\u0161trukciou tavn\u00fdch a odlievac\u00edch strojov a dif\u00faznych zv\u00e1ra\u010diek. Na obr. 13 s\u00fa zn\u00e1zornen\u00e9 bimetaly a trimetaly z&nbsp;r\u00f4znorod\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov v&nbsp;tvare prstencov vyhotoven\u00e9 pomocou zariadenia INDUTHERM SU 450 [14].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-23 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image179-e1708440083987.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image179\" title=\"image179\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"279\" height=\"218\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image179-e1708440083987.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-426\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image179-e1708440083987-200x156.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image179-e1708440083987.png 279w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 279px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-48\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-68\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 13 Bimetaly a trimetaly vyhotoven\u00e9 dif\u00faznym zv\u00e1ran\u00edm [14]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-49\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-69\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Metal Technology Co., Ltd., Tokio (Japonsko)<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-70\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 sa zaober\u00e1 tepeln\u00fdm spracovan\u00edm, napra\u0161ovan\u00edm, \u0161peci\u00e1lnymi procesmi s&nbsp;materi\u00e1lmi a dif\u00faznym zv\u00e1ran\u00edm. Ich produkty sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa v&nbsp;automobilovom priemysle, v&nbsp;leteckom priemysle, pri v\u00fdrobe \u010dast\u00ed gener\u00e1torov (obr. 14), v&nbsp;elektronike a podobne. Be\u017en\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom s\u00fa zliatiny Mg, Cu, Al a Ti komponenty, preto ich zv\u00e1ranie vy\u017eaduje ve\u013emi \u0161pecifick\u00e9 podmienky ako s\u00fa napr. povrchov\u00e1 rovinnos\u0165. Typick\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 parametre zv\u00e1rania s\u00fa: T<sub>zv.<\/sub>\u00a0= do 1350 \u00b0C, zv\u00e1rac\u00ed tlak p<sub>zv.<\/sub>\u00a0= 30 MPa a zv\u00e1rac\u00ed \u010das t<sub>zv.\u00a0<\/sub>= 15 a\u017e 100 min [15].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-24 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image180.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image180\" title=\"image180\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"353\" height=\"238\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image180.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image180-200x135.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image180.jpg 353w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 353px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-50\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-71\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 14 Kon\u0161trukcia z&nbsp;Ti zliatiny vyhotoven\u00e1 dif\u00faznym zv\u00e1ran\u00edm [15]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-51\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-72\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Refrac Systems, Oakland (USA<\/em><\/strong><em>)<\/em><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-73\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Americk\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 v&nbsp;Oaklande bola zalo\u017een\u00e1 v&nbsp;roku 1984. V&nbsp;s\u00fa\u010dasnosti poskytuje tepeln\u00e9 spracovanie, sp\u00e1jkovanie, tlakov\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie za tepla vo v\u00e1kuu a dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ranie (obr. 15). Ohrev pri dif\u00faznom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed sa zabezpe\u010duje induk\u010dn\u00fdm alebo odporov\u00fdm ohrevom. Tlak je aplikovan\u00fd vodou chladen\u00fdmi hydraulick\u00fdmi rampami s&nbsp;n\u00edzkym tlakom, z&nbsp;d\u00f4vodu, aby sa zabr\u00e1nilo makrodeform\u00e1cii dielov. Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 vyu\u017e\u00edva mnohoro\u010dn\u00e9 poznatky v&nbsp;spracovan\u00ed materi\u00e1lov ako s\u00fa ocele, zliatiny \u013eahk\u00fdch kovov, Al, Ti, \u010falej\u00a0 Cu, Mg, Mo, W a ich zliatiny. Maxim\u00e1lna teplota ohrevu, ktor\u00fa mo\u017eno dosiahnu\u0165 v&nbsp;zariaden\u00ed na dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ranie je a\u017e 3890&nbsp;\u00b0C [16].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-25 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image064.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image064\" title=\"image064\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"264\" height=\"246\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image064.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-446\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image064-200x186.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image064.jpg 264w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 264px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-52\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-74\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 15 Pracovn\u00e1 komora na dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ranie [16]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-53\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-75\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Vacoo, South El Monte, Kalifornia (USA)<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-76\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Vacoo p\u00f4sob\u00ed desiatky rokov na trhu s&nbsp;v\u00fdrobkami vyhotoven\u00fdmi technol\u00f3giou dif\u00fazneho zv\u00e1rania. Zv\u00fd\u0161enie pevnosti, vytvorenie dokonal\u00e9ho vzh\u013eadu alebo vytvorenie elektrick\u00e9ho pripojenia sp\u00e1jan\u00edm materi\u00e1lov s\u00fa prednosti, ktor\u00fdmi firma disponuje. Ich technol\u00f3gie s\u00fa \u0161iroko pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pri v\u00fdrobe senzorov\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed, chladiacich zariaden\u00ed, palivov\u00fdch \u010dl\u00e1nkov, odhlu\u010d\u0148ovac\u00edch zariaden\u00ed a komponentov v&nbsp;biomedic\u00edne (obr. 16). Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 je vybaven\u00e1 v\u00e1kuovou pecou ktor\u00e1 ma rozmery 310 x 310 x 310 mm a je schopn\u00e1 dosiahnu\u0165 teploty zv\u00e1rania T<sub>zv<\/sub>\u00a0a\u017e 1315 \u00b0C, zv\u00e1rac\u00ed tlak p<sub>zv.<\/sub>\u00a0=10 MPa a\u00a0\u010das zv\u00e1rania t<sub>zv<\/sub>\u00a0= 20 a\u017e 120 min [17].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-26 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image182.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image182\" title=\"image182\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image182.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-428\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image182-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image182.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-54\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-77\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 16 Komponenty vyroben\u00e9 dif\u00faznym zv\u00e1ran\u00edm\u00a0 pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 v&nbsp;biomedic\u00edne [17]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-55\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-78\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>PTi ( Pressure Technology, Inc.), Warminster (USA)<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-79\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Pressure Technology, Inc. bola zalo\u017een\u00e1 v\u00a0roku 1977. Zaober\u00e1 sa v\u00fdvojom a\u00a0v\u00fdrobu HIP (Hot Isostatic Pressing) zariaden\u00ed. Zakladate\u013e PTi navrhol a\u00a0sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165al cel\u00fa \u0161k\u00e1lu HIP po cel\u00fdch Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch, Eur\u00f3pe a\u00a0Japonsku.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-27 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image183.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image183\" title=\"image183\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image183.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-429\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image183-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image183.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-56\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-80\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 17 Dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ran\u00e1 Fe-Cu pr\u00edruba PTi [18]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-81\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-57\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-81\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na zariadeniach HIP sa vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa dif\u00fazne zvary podobn\u00e9 materi\u00e1lom ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa zv\u00e1ran\u00e9 pri teplot\u00e1ch T<sub>zv<\/sub>\u00a0= 630 a\u017e 1450 \u00b0C, tlaku p<sub>zv<\/sub>\u00a0= 7 a\u017e 20 MPa a\u00a0\u010dase t<sub>zv\u00a0<\/sub>= 10 a\u017e 120 min. Z\u00a0uveden\u00e9ho d\u00f4vodu sa t\u00e1to technol\u00f3gia vyu\u017e\u00edva v\u00a0leteckom a\u00a0vesm\u00edrnom odvetv\u00ed, biomedic\u00edne, pr\u00e1\u0161kovej metalurgii a\u00a0energetickom priemysle.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 PTi pracuje s&nbsp;radom r\u00f4znych materi\u00e1lov od zliatin Fe (obr. 17), \u013eahk\u00fdmi kovmi ako s\u00fa Ti , Al, Li a ich zliatiny, Mg, Cu, Ni a ich zliatiny, drah\u00e9 kovy ako Ag, Au, Ir, rovnako aj kompozitn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly na b\u00e1ze keramiky \u010di skla [18].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-82\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h3><strong><em>Solar Atmospheres, Souderton (USA)<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-83\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Solar Atmospheres je popredn\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 zaoberaj\u00faca sa sp\u00e1jkovan\u00edm kovov\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed a\u00a0 tepeln\u00fdm spracovan\u00edm, cementovan\u00edm a\u00a0nitridovan\u00edm, dif\u00faznym zv\u00e1ran\u00edm a\u00a0taktie\u017e aj v\u00fdvojom a\u00a0v\u00fdskumom nov\u00fdch technol\u00f3gii v\u00a0oblasti v\u00e1kuovej techniky. Komponenty spolo\u010dnosti Solar Atmospheres maj\u00fa zast\u00fapenie vo viacer\u00fdch odvetviach priemyslu vr\u00e1tane medec\u00ednskeho, leteck\u00e9ho, vojensk\u00e9ho a\u00a0energetick\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Solar Atmosphere sa zameriava na materi\u00e1ly ako CrNi austenitick\u00e9 ocele (obr. 18), W, Ti, Cu, Al a ich zliatiny, Mg zliatiny a drah\u00e9 kovy ku ktor\u00fdm patr\u00ed Ag a Ir. Za hlavn\u00e9 parametre pova\u017euj\u00fa: \u010distotu dielov, zv\u00e1raciu teplotu T<sub>zv<\/sub>\u00a0= 890 a\u017e 1530 \u00b0C, zv\u00e1rac\u00ed tlak p<sub>zv<\/sub>\u00a0= 5 a\u017e 35 MPa\u00a0 a\u00a0kvalitu povrchu R<sub>a<\/sub>\u00a0= 0,2 \u00b5m [19].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-28 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image184.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image184\" title=\"image184\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"350\" height=\"286\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image184.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-430\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image184-200x163.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image184.jpg 350w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 350px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-58\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-84\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 18 Dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ranie CrNi austenitickej r\u00farky a Al zliatiny [19]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-85\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-59\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-85\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Vacuum Proces Engineering, Sacramento, Kalifornia (USA)<\/em><\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-86\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Vacuum Proces Engineering je v\u00a0\u010dele technologickej kreativity v\u00a0oblasti zv\u00e1rania, \u0161pecializovan\u00fdch n\u00e1terov, tepelnom spracovan\u00ed a\u00a0\u0161peci\u00e1lnych sp\u00f4sobov mont\u00e1\u017ee.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Produkty vyr\u00e1ban\u00e9 dif\u00faznym zv\u00e1ran\u00edm spolo\u010dnos\u0165ou VPE s\u00fa r\u00f4zne ako napr. v\u00fdmenn\u00edky tepla, tepeln\u00e9 popruhy pre chladenie, umel\u00e9 implant\u00e1ty pre kardiochirurgiu a in\u00e9 [20].\u00a0 Pr\u00edklad vytvorenia kvalitn\u00e9ho spoja medzi kovov\u00fdmi do\u0161ti\u010dkami je na obr. 19. Za hlavn\u00e9 parametre sa pova\u017euj\u00fa: teplota zv\u00e1rania T<sub>zv<\/sub>\u00a0= 650 a\u017e 1500 \u00b0C, zv\u00e1rac\u00ed tlak p<sub>zv\u00a0<\/sub>= 5 MPa, \u010das zv\u00e1rania t<sub>zv<\/sub>\u00a0= 30 a\u017e 120 min.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-29 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image185.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[difuzne]\" data-title=\"image185\" title=\"image185\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"455\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image185-600x455.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-410\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image185-200x152.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image185-400x303.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image185-600x455.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image185.png 682w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-60\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-87\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 19 Dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ran\u00e1 zostava zlo\u017een\u00e1 z&nbsp;jednotliv\u00fdch do\u0161ti\u010diek pre vstrekovanie paliva do turb\u00edn [20]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-88\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-61\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-88\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Zoznam bibliografick\u00fdch odkazov<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-89\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[1] TUR\u0147A, M., R.1989.&nbsp;\u0160peci\u00e1lne Met\u00f3dy Zv\u00e1rania. In: Dif\u00fazne zv\u00e1ranie. Bratislava: STU. ISBN 80-05-00097-9<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[2] NGUYENTAT, T., Diffusion Bonding \u2013 An Advanced Material Process For Aerospacce\u00a0\u00a0 Technology. Sacramento, California. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: http:\/\/www.vacets.org\/vtic97\/ttnguyen.htm<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[3] MAHENDRAN, G., BALASUBRAMANIAN, V., SENTHILVELAN, T., Developing Diffusion Bonding Windows for Joining AZ 31B Magnesium-AA2024 a Aluminium Alloys. Materials &amp; Design. 2009. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0261306908002744<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[4] MEHRER, H. Diffusion in Solids. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. ISBN 0171-1873<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[5] MORAV\u010c\u00cdK, R., HAZLINGER, M., HUD\u00c1KOV\u00c1, M., MARTINKOVI\u010c, M., \u010cI\u010cKA, R. 2010. N\u00e1uka o Materi\u00e1loch 1. Trnava, 249 s. ISBN 978\u201380\u20138096\u2013123-7<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[6] NAKAJIMA, H. The Discovery and Accteptance of the Kirkendall Effect: The Result od a Short Research Career. The Minerals, Metals &amp; Materials Society, Osaka University, 1997<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[7] Universit of Princeton. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: http:\/\/www.princeton.edu\/~achaney\/tmve\/wiki100k\/docs\/Kirkendall_effect.html<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[8] PREUSS, P., Hollow Nanocrystals and How to Mass Produce Them. Berkelley, 2004. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: http:\/\/www.lbl.gov\/Science-Articles\/Archive\/sb\/May-2004\/02-MSD-hollow-nanocrystals.html<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[9] CALLISTER, W. D., RETHWISH, D. G., Materials Science And Engineering, 8th edition, USA, 2009. ISBN 978-0-470-41997-7 (Main Book)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[10] Lecture on Diffusion in Solids. Dostupn\u00e9 na ineternete: http:\/\/people.clarkson.edu\/~drasmuss\/ES260\/Lecture%20on%20%20DIFFUSION%20IN%20SOLIDS.ppt<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[11] The Welding Institute (TWI). United Kingdom, Cambridge. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: http:\/\/materialteknologi.hig.no\/Lettvektdesign\/joining%20methods\/joiningdiffusion%20bonding.htm<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[12] Vacuum Proces Engineering. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: http:\/\/www.vpei.com\/technologies-processes<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[13] V. JALILVAND, H. OMIDVAR, H. R. SHAKERI, M. R. RAHIMIPOUR, Microstructural evolution during transient liquid phase bonding of Inconel 738LC using AMS 4777 filler alloy, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran), University of Toronto (Canada), Materialsand Energy Reasearch Center (Iran)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[14] Indutherm Erwarmungsanlagen GmbH. Germany. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: http:\/\/www.indutherm.de\/share\/PDFengl_de\/Indu_SU%20450_Flyer_en.pdf<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[15] Metal Technology Company Ltd. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: http:\/\/www.kinzoku.co.jp\/english\/eng\/setsugo.html?lid=2<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[16] Refrac Systems, Arizona. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: http:\/\/www.refrac.com\/<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[17] VACCO Industries. California. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: http:\/\/vaccoetch.thomasnet-navigator.com\/item\/all-categories\/diffusion bonding\/item-1002<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[18] Presure Technology, IMC. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: http:\/\/www.pressuretechnology.com\/hip-applications-cladding.php<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[19] Solar Atmospheres. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete http:\/\/www.solaratm.com\/vacuum-furnace-services\/diffusion-bonding\/<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[20] Vacuum Proces Engineering. Sacramento, USA. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: http:\/\/www.vpei.com\/about-vpe<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":37,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-102","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/102","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=102"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/102\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":451,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/102\/revisions\/451"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/37"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=102"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}