{"id":104,"date":"2023-12-13T17:51:23","date_gmt":"2023-12-13T16:51:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=104"},"modified":"2024-03-19T12:34:06","modified_gmt":"2024-03-19T11:34:06","slug":"hybridne-sposoby-zvarania","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=104","title":{"rendered":"Hybridn\u00e9 sp\u00f4soby zv\u00e1rania"},"content":{"rendered":"
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V\u00fdrobn\u00e9 procesy maj\u00fa \u010dasto komplexn\u00e9 probl\u00e9my, ktor\u00fdch rie\u0161enie vy\u017eaduje nutnos\u0165 pou\u017eitia kombin\u00e1cie r\u00f4znych v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed. V\u00a0oblasti zv\u00e1rania s\u00fa aplikovan\u00e9 naraz viacer\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie, ktor\u00e9 kombinuj\u00fa ich v\u00fdhody. Tak\u00e9to kombin\u00e1cie sa ozna\u010duj\u00fa pojmom hybridn\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie.<\/p>\n

L\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie maj\u00fa v\u00a0pr\u00edpade zv\u00e1rania bez pr\u00eddavn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu \u010dasto probl\u00e9m s\u00a0kresbou zvarovej h\u00fasenice na povrchu. Z toho d\u00f4vodu sa pou\u017e\u00edva pr\u00eddavn\u00fd materi\u00e1l, av\u0161ak v\u00fdsledok nemus\u00ed by\u0165 uspokojiv\u00fd, ke\u010f\u017ee pridan\u00edm zv\u00e1racieho dr\u00f4tu sa m\u00ed\u0148a teplo potrebn\u00e9 na tavenie z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, \u010d\u00edm kles\u00e1 h\u013abka prievaru. Pre tieto pr\u00edpady je u\u017e v\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnosti be\u017enou praxou nasadenie hybridnej technol\u00f3gie v\u00a0kombin\u00e1cii zv\u00e1rania laserov\u00fdm l\u00fa\u010dom umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00facim dosiahnutie hlbok\u00e9ho prievaru a\u00a0obl\u00fakov\u00e9ho zv\u00e1rania zabezpe\u010duj\u00faceho vysok\u00fd v\u00fdkon navarenia. Z\u00a0obl\u00fakov\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed s\u00fa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie nasadzovan\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie MIG\/MAG kv\u00f4li ich produktivite, ale je mo\u017en\u00e9 n\u00e1js\u0165 aj in\u00e9. Technol\u00f3gia MIG\/MAG sa pou\u017e\u00edva hlavne v\u00a0pr\u00edpadoch ke\u010f je nutn\u00e9 vyplnenie kr\u00e1tera vznikaj\u00faceho po zv\u00e1ran\u00ed laserov\u00fdm l\u00fa\u010dom a\u00a0naopak, ak je materi\u00e1lu dostatok a\u00a0je vytl\u00e1\u010dan\u00fd na povrch, pou\u017e\u00edva sa tzv. TIG dressing. Obl\u00fak hor\u00ed medzi volfr\u00e1movou elektr\u00f3dou a\u00a0z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom bez pou\u017eitia pr\u00eddavn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu,\u00a0 \u010d\u00edm vytvor\u00ed \u0161irok\u00fd zvarov\u00fd k\u00fape\u013e ktor\u00fd \u201evy\u017eehl\u00ed\u201c pr\u00edpadn\u00e9 nerovnosti na povrchu zvaru. V\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnosti sa tie\u017e pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa hybridn\u00e9 sp\u00f4soby aj pri odporov\u00fdch sp\u00f4soboch zv\u00e1rania v\u00a0kombin\u00e1cii s\u00a0mechanick\u00fdmi sp\u00f4sobmi sp\u00e1jania. Existuje tie\u017e viacero aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed na tavn\u00e9 sp\u00f4soby zv\u00e1rania s\u00a0podporou ultrazvuku. Hybridn\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie zv\u00e1rania za\u010dali by\u0165 \u0161ir\u0161ie nasadzovan\u00e9 hlavne od za\u010diatku 21. storo\u010dia v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku vysok\u00fdch po\u017eiadaviek na produktivitu pr\u00e1ce a\u00a0kvalitu zvarov\u00fdch spojov.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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Hybridn\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie Laser \u2013 MAG<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n
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Najzn\u00e1mej\u0161ou a asi naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edvanou hybridnou technol\u00f3giou je kombin\u00e1cia zv\u00e1rania laserov\u00fdm l\u00fa\u010dom a zv\u00e1rania MIG\/MAG (obr. 1, obr. 2). Medzi \u010dasto pozorovan\u00e9 chyby pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed laserom patr\u00ed tzv. spiking (nepravideln\u00e1 h\u013abka prietavu), preh\u013abenie povrchu zvaru a nespr\u00e1vne napojenie zvarov\u00e9ho kovu do z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Pr\u00e1ve kv\u00f4li tomu sa technol\u00f3gia MIG\/MAG ve\u013emi dobre kombinuje s laserom, ke\u010f\u017ee zna\u010dn\u00fdm mno\u017estvom nataven\u00e9ho pr\u00eddavn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu dop\u013a\u0148a ch\u00fdbaj\u00faci materi\u00e1l.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>

<\/a><\/span><\/div>
Obr. 1 Principi\u00e1lna sch\u00e9ma Laser-MAG hybridn\u00e9ho zv\u00e1rania [1]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>
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Obr. 2 3D model zv\u00e1racej hlavy na Laser-MAG hybridn\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie [2]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>
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Laserov\u00fd l\u00fa\u010d sa pohybuje spravidla prv\u00fd v\u00a0smere zv\u00e1rania vzh\u013eadom na po\u017eiadavku hlbok\u00e9ho prievaru. N\u00e1sledne za n\u00edm nasleduje zv\u00e1rac\u00ed hor\u00e1k MAG, ktor\u00fd dop\u013a\u0148a ch\u00fdbaj\u00faci materi\u00e1l. Obr. 3 dokumentuje prierez hybridn\u00fdm zvarov\u00fdm spojom ocele s\u00a0hr\u00fabkou 6\u00a0mm. Proces m\u00e1 rovnako ako in\u00e9 hybridn\u00e9 procesy dobr\u00fa produktivitu pr\u00e1ce a\u00a0automatizovate\u013enos\u0165, av\u0161ak nev\u00fdhodou je nutnos\u0165 korekcie trajekt\u00f3ri\u00ed zv\u00e1rac\u00edch dr\u00e1h s\u00a0oh\u013eadom na mo\u017enosti oto\u010denia automatizovanej hlavy tak, aby hor\u00e1k smeroval v\u017edy za laserov\u00fdm l\u00fa\u010dom.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>

<\/a><\/span><\/div>
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Obr. 3 Prierez zvarov\u00fdm spojom vyhotoven\u00fdm hybridn\u00fdm zv\u00e1ran\u00edm Laser \u2013 MAG [1]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>

Tento hybridn\u00fd proces tie\u017e poskytuje rozli\u010dn\u00e9 mo\u017enosti nastavenia procesu, nako\u013eko laser m\u00f4\u017ee pracova\u0165 v\u00a0kontinu\u00e1lnom aj pulznom re\u017eime podobne ako technol\u00f3gia MAG. Pri nastaven\u00ed procesu MAG bolo vyvinut\u00fdch viacero re\u017eimov od r\u00f4znych v\u00fdrobcov zabezpe\u010duj\u00facich zn\u00ed\u017een\u00fd rozstrek a kontrolu h\u013abky prievaru. V\u0161etky tieto mo\u017enosti je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017ei\u0165, ke\u010f\u017ee zdroje s\u00fa nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 od seba a\u00a0v\u00a0procese zv\u00e1rania s\u00fa iba aktivovan\u00e9 programom. To poskytuje \u010fal\u0161ie mo\u017enosti na dosiahnutie po\u017eadovan\u00e9ho v\u00fdsledku a\u00a0vzh\u013eadu v\u00fdslednej zvarovej h\u00fasenice.<\/p>\n

Hlavn\u00e9 benefity hybridn\u00e9ho zv\u00e1rania Laser \u2013 MAG predstavila aj firma\u00a0Cloos vo svojom videu<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>