{"id":108,"date":"2023-12-13T17:52:49","date_gmt":"2023-12-13T16:52:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=108"},"modified":"2024-02-27T12:31:06","modified_gmt":"2024-02-27T11:31:06","slug":"metalotermicke-zvaranie","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=108","title":{"rendered":"Metalotermick\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2>Hist\u00f3ria metalotermick\u00e9ho zv\u00e1rania<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>V roku 1893 za\u010dal Nemec Hans Goldschmidt experimentova\u0165 s\u00a0aluminotermick\u00fdmi reakciami za \u00fa\u010delom v\u00fdroby vysoko \u010dist\u00e9ho chr\u00f3mu a\u00a0mang\u00e1nu. T\u00e1to pr\u00e1ca viedla v&nbsp;roku 1895 k&nbsp;patentovej prihl\u00e1\u0161ke na proces nazvan\u00fd Thermit a\u00a0k\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00e9mu zv\u00fd\u0161eniu predaja chr\u00f3mu. Kv\u00f4li ve\u013ek\u00e9mu mno\u017estvu tepla, ktor\u00e9 sa pri reakcii uvo\u013e\u0148ovalo a \u00a0v\u0161estrannosti procesu vznikli r\u00fdchlo jeho \u010fal\u0161ie aplik\u00e1cie a Goldschmidt v&nbsp;roku 1897 zalo\u017eil priemyseln\u00fa spolo\u010dnos\u0165. Do konca 19.&nbsp;storo\u010dia bol aluminotermick\u00fd proces \u00faspe\u0161ne pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd na opravy ve\u013ek\u00fdch odlievan\u00fdch a kovan\u00fdch oce\u013eov\u00fdch dielov, teplo generovan\u00e9 exotermickou reakciou sa vyu\u017e\u00edvalo na ohrev zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov pri ich nasledovnom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed tlakom. \u00a0Ke\u010f koncom 90.&nbsp;rokov 19.&nbsp;storo\u010dia do\u0161lo na eur\u00f3pskych \u017eelezniciach k\u00a0n\u00e1hrade konskej sily za elektrick\u00fa, vy\u0161\u0161ie prepravn\u00e9 r\u00fdchlosti a\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161ie hmotnosti si vy\u017eiadali lep\u0161\u00ed sp\u00f4sob sp\u00e1jania ko\u013eajn\u00edc. V\u00a0roku 1899 boli v\u00a0Essene, kde v\u00a0tom \u010dase s\u00eddlila spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Goldsmith, prv\u00fd raz osaden\u00e9 ko\u013eajnice zvaren\u00e9 aluminotermick\u00fdm zv\u00e1ran\u00edm. \u017deleznice okam\u017eite pochopili v\u00fdhody tejto r\u00fdchlej a relat\u00edvne jednoduchej met\u00f3dy a\u00a0tak sa postupne roz\u0161\u00edrila do cel\u00e9ho Nemecka. V\u00a0roku 1904 bola v\u00a0New Yorku zalo\u017een\u00e1 spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Goldschmidt Thermit Company a\u00a0met\u00f3da sa za\u010dala intenz\u00edvne vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 po cel\u00fdch Spojen\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch americk\u00fdch [1].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2>Princ\u00edp technol\u00f3gie<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Goldsmith na v\u00fdrobu vysoko\u010dist\u00e9ho chr\u00f3mu a\u00a0mang\u00e1nu vyu\u017e\u00edval chemick\u00fa reakciu oxidu chromit\u00e9ho, resp.\u00a0manganato-manganit\u00e9ho s\u00a0hlin\u00edkom. Preto\u017ee hlin\u00edk m\u00e1 vysok\u00fa afinitu ku kysl\u00edku, doch\u00e1dza k\u00a0viazaniu kysl\u00edka pr\u00edtomn\u00e9ho v\u00a0oxide kovu hlin\u00edkom (oxid\u00e1cia hlin\u00edka) a\u00a0z\u00e1rove\u0148 k\u00a0redukcii kovu pr\u00edtomn\u00e9ho v\u00a0p\u00f4vodnom oxide (redukcia chr\u00f3mu, resp. mang\u00e1nu). T\u00e1to oxida\u010dno-reduk\u010dn\u00e1 reakcia je ve\u013emi intenz\u00edvna a\u00a0generuje sa pri jej ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo tepla \u2013 je exotermick\u00e1. Vyredukovan\u00fd kov a\u00a0vzniknut\u00fd oxid hlin\u00edka s\u00fa preto po\u010das reakcie roztaven\u00e9. Okrem hlin\u00edka je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 v\u00a0oxida\u010dno-redu\u010dnej reakcii aj in\u00fd kov s\u00a0vysokou afinitou ku kysl\u00edku, napr. antim\u00f3n. Vo v\u0161eobecnosti preto reakciu oxidu kovu s\u00a0in\u00fdm kovom, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 vysok\u00fa afinitu ku kys\u00edku naz\u00fdvame metalotermickou reakciou. V\u00a0pr\u00edpade pou\u017eitia hlin\u00edka sa pou\u017e\u00edva term\u00edn aluminotermick\u00e1 reakcia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Je zn\u00e1mych viacero termodynamicky stabiln\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov vytv\u00e1raj\u00facich metalotermick\u00fa reakciu:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Mn<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub>\u00a0+ Al:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>3 Mn<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub>\u00a0+ 8 Al \u2192 4 Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0+ 9 Mn<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Cr<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3\u00a0<\/sub>+ Al:\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>Cr<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2 Al \u2192 Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2 Cr<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">MoO<sub>3\u00a0<\/sub>+ Al:\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>MoO<sub>3\u00a0<\/sub>+ 2Al \u2192 Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3\u00a0<\/sub>+ Mo<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">CuO + Al:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>3CuO + 2Al \u2192 3Cu + Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>FeO+ Al:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><em>3 FeO + 2 Al \u2192 Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0<\/em><em>+3 Fe<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">KMnO<sub>4<\/sub>+ Sb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>KMnO<sub>4<\/sub>+ Sb \u2192 K<\/em><em>SbO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0+ MnO<sub>2<\/sub><\/em><em>; 3MnO<sub>2<\/sub><\/em><em>+4Sb \u2192\u00a0<\/em><em>2Sb<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3\u00a0<\/sub>+\u00a0<\/em><em>3Mn<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">KMnO<sub>4<\/sub>\u00a0+ Al:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>KMnO<sub>4<\/sub>\u00a0+ Al \u2192 KAlO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0+ MnO<sub>2<\/sub><\/em><em>; 3MnO<sub>2<\/sub><\/em><em>+4Al \u2192\u00a0<\/em><em>2Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3\u00a0<\/sub>+\u00a0<\/em><em>3M<\/em><em>n<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Bi<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3\u00a0<\/sub>+ Al:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>Bi<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3\u00a0<\/sub>+ 2Al \u2192 Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2 Bi<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">WO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0+ Al:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>WO<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2Al \u2192 Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3\u00a0<\/sub>+ W<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Ti+B:\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<em>Ti+2B\u00a0<\/em><em>\u2192<\/em><em>\u00a0Ti<\/em><em>B<sub>2<\/sub><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00a0metalotermick\u00fdch reakci\u00e1ch je mo\u017en\u00e9 namiesto hlin\u00edka pou\u017ei\u0165 aj hor\u010d\u00edk, av\u0161ak jeho pou\u017eitie je obmedzen\u00e9 kv\u00f4li vysokej teplote tavenia oxidu hore\u010dnat\u00e9ho (2852&nbsp;\u00b0C), ktor\u00fd z\u00a0podstatnej \u010dasti tvor\u00ed trosku. Pri danej teplote zv\u00e1rania nem\u00e1 potom troska dostato\u010dn\u00fa tekutos\u0165. Pri pou\u017eit\u00ed hlin\u00edka je vznikaj\u00facu oxid dostato\u010dne tekut\u00fd, preto\u017ee jeho teplota tavenia je podstatne ni\u017e\u0161ia (2072&nbsp;\u00b0C).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V pr\u00edpade pou\u017eitia oxidov \u017eeleza (FeO, Fe<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>, Fe<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub>) s\u00fa termochemick\u00e9 reakcie nasledovn\u00e9:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>3 FeO + 2 Al = Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0+ 3 Fe + 783,95 kJ<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>Fe<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2 Al = Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0+ 2 Fe + 760,48 kJ<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>3 Fe<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub>\u00a0+ 8 Al = 4 Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0+ 9 Fe + 3\u00a0013,86 kJ<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nako\u013eko \u017eelezo je z\u00e1kladnou zlo\u017ekou ocele, reakcia oxidov \u017eeleza s\u00a0hlin\u00edkom sa vyu\u017e\u00edva na zv\u00e1ranie ocel\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ak zvarov\u00fd kov tvor\u00ed me\u010f, redukuje sa z&nbsp;jej oxidov:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>3 CuO + 2Al\u00a0= 3 Cu + Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0+ 1210 kJ<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>3 Cu<sub>2<\/sub>O + 2Al\u00a0= 6 Cu + Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>\u00a0+ 1060 kJ<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tieto reakcie je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017ei\u0165 na zv\u00e1ranie medi a\u00a0jej zliatin, napr\u00edklad zemniacich vodi\u010dov.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Metalotermick\u00e1 zmes je zlo\u017een\u00e1 z\u00a0nasledovn\u00fdch zlo\u017eiek:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Oxidy kovov :\n<ul>\n<li>Cu oxidy ( CuO, Cu<sub>2<\/sub>O),<\/li>\n<li>Fe oxidy ( FeO, Fe<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>, Fe<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub>),<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Redukovadl\u00e1: hlin\u00edk, krem\u00edk,<\/li>\n<li>Leguj\u00face prvky: mang\u00e1n, van\u00e1r, chr\u00f3m molybd\u00e9n<\/li>\n<li>Dezoxida\u010dn\u00e9 pr\u00edsady: krem\u00edk, hor\u010d\u00edk, zinok, fosfor, stopov\u00fd obsah l\u00edthia a ber\u00fdlia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Principi\u00e1lne je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017ei\u0165 teplo vygenerovan\u00e9 exotermickou rekciou na tavn\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie, tlakov\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie a tvrd\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie. Pri tavnom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed vyredukovan\u00fd kov reprezentuje zvarov\u00fd kov, ktor\u00fd vypln\u00ed zvarov\u00fa medzeru. Tento sp\u00f4sob metalotermick\u00e9ho zv\u00e1rania sa pou\u017e\u00edva naj\u010dastej\u0161ie. Pri tlakovom metalotermickom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed sa vyu\u017eije teplo vygenerovan\u00e9 exotermickou reakciou na ohrev zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov. Tie s\u00fa pred zv\u00e1ran\u00edm pevne upnut\u00e9 vo forme a \u010delami pritla\u010den\u00e9 k&nbsp;sebe. Metalotermick\u00e1 reakcia pebieha v&nbsp;oddelenom kel\u00edmku, pri\u010dom sa pou\u017eije termit s&nbsp;troskou, ktor\u00e1 r\u00fdchlo tuhne. Po jej naliat\u00ed do formy tak obal\u00ed zv\u00e1ran\u00e9 meteri\u00e1ly a chr\u00e1ni ich pred priamym kontaktom s&nbsp;vysoko prehriatym kovom.\u00a0 Teplo sa v\u0161ak vyu\u017eije na zohriatie zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov na kovaciu teplotu a aplikovan\u00edm tlaku d\u00f4jde k&nbsp;vzniku zvarov\u00e9ho spoja. Pri metalotermickom tvrdom sp\u00e1jkovan\u00ed \u00a0sa termit vyu\u017e\u00edva tie\u017e iba na ohrev sp\u00e1jan\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed. Na sp\u00e1jan\u00e9 \u010dasti sa umiestni sp\u00e1jka s&nbsp;tavivom a po ich exotermickom ohreve na sp\u00e1jkovaciu teplotu tavivo o\u010dist\u00ed sp\u00e1jan\u00e9 povrchy a kapil\u00e1rnymi silami medzi ne \u00a0vnikne tekut\u00e1 sp\u00e1jka. Exotermick\u00e1 zmes tvor\u00ed pr\u00e1\u0161ok, alebo je vopred vytvarovan\u00e1 do po\u017eadovan\u00e9ho tvaru [2]. Princ\u00edp technol\u00f3gie a uk\u00e1\u017eku aluminotermickej reakcie dokumentuj\u00fa nasleduj\u00face vide\u00e1.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-0 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:360px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:60%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 1\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/pZ4-na5JxNw?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-1 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:360px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:60%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 2\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/o8gapa8ibK0?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Druhy termitov<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 metalotermick\u00e9 zmesi s\u00fa ur\u010den\u00e9 na zv\u00e1ranie uhl\u00edkov\u00fdch ocel\u00ed, zliatinov\u00fdch ocel\u00ed, liatin, ko\u013eajn\u00edc a\u00a0elektrick\u00e9 spojenia. Z\u00e1kladom ka\u017edej z\u00a0t\u00fdchto zmes\u00ed je \u010dist\u00fd termit tvoren\u00fd oxidmi \u017eeleza a\u00a0hlin\u00edkovou krupicou, ktor\u00fd vytv\u00e1ra maxim\u00e1lnu reak\u010dn\u00fa teplotu [2].<\/p>\n<p>Termit ur\u010den\u00fd na zv\u00e1ranie uhl\u00edkov\u00fdch ocel\u00ed obsahuje \u010dist\u00fd termit s\u00a0pr\u00edsadou oce\u013eov\u00fdch triesok a\u00a0uhl\u00edka s\u00a0mang\u00e1nom na dosiahnutie predp\u00edsan\u00e9ho chemick\u00e9ho zlo\u017eenia, ktor\u00e9 zospoved\u00e1 n\u00edzkouhl\u00edkov\u00fdm oceliam ISO C25, resp. ISO C40 [2].<\/p>\n<p>Termit ur\u010den\u00fd na zv\u00e1ranie liatiny obsahuje \u010dist\u00fd termit doplnen\u00fd o fero-sil\u00edcium a triesky z&nbsp;uhl\u00edkovej ocele za \u00fa\u010delom zv\u00fd\u0161enia mno\u017estva tvoren\u00e9ho zvarov\u00e9ho kovu. Ak sa po zvaren\u00ed neaplikuje dohrev, \u00a0v\u00fdsledn\u00fd zvarov\u00fd kov je obtia\u017ene obrobite\u013en\u00fd. Z&nbsp;d\u00f4vodu rozdielnej roz\u0165a\u017enosti zvarov\u00e9ho kovu a zv\u00e1ranej sivej liatiny sa pou\u017eitie odpor\u00fa\u010da iba pre \u010dasti, ktor\u00fdch d\u013a\u017eka je men\u0161ia ako osemn\u00e1sobok ich \u0161\u00edrky [2].<\/p>\n<p>Na renov\u00e1ciu oce\u013eov\u00fdch ru\u017e\u00edc \u010dapov valcov sa pou\u017e\u00edva \u010dist\u00fd termit obohaten\u00fd\u00a0ve\u013ek\u00fdm podielom mang\u00e1nu a\u00a0uhl\u00edka za \u00fa\u010delom vytvorenia tvrdej, opotrebeniu odolnej ocele [2].<\/p>\n<p>Termity ur\u010den\u00e9 na zv\u00e1ranie ko\u013eajn\u00edc s\u00fa zalo\u017een\u00e9 na b\u00e1ze \u010dist\u00e9ho termitu s\u00a0pr\u00eddavkom uhl\u00edka a\u00a0mang\u00e1nu na dosiahnutie rovnakej tvrdosti zvarov\u00e9ho kovu, ak\u00fa maj\u00fa zv\u00e1ran\u00e9 ko\u013eajnice. Okrem nich sa v\u00a0aluminotermickej d\u00e1vke vyskytuj\u00fa \u010fal\u0161ie leguj\u00face prvky, ktor\u00fdch \u00falohou je zabezpe\u010di\u0165 odolnos\u0165 vo\u010di abraz\u00edvnemu opotrebeniu a\u00a0sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 zjemnenie zrna [2].<\/p>\n<p>Termit ur\u010den\u00fd na zv\u00e1ranie elektrick\u00fdch vodi\u010dov je tvoren\u00fd oxidmi medi a\u00a0hlin\u00edkom. Intenzita procesu umo\u017e\u0148uje vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 spoje aj tenk\u00fdch meden\u00fdch vodi\u010dov s&nbsp;piemerom 1,6 mm. Na druhej strane bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 vytvori\u0165 spoje vodi\u010dov s&nbsp;celkov\u00fdm prierezom a\u017e 2500 mm<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0mm ku kontaktn\u00e9mu kol\u00edku s&nbsp;rozmermi 25\u00d7100 mm. Celkov\u00fd tepeln\u00fd pr\u00edkon je zvy\u010dajne men\u0161\u00ed ako pri pou\u017eit\u00ed tvrd\u00e9ho, alebo m\u00e4kk\u00e9ho sp\u00e1jkovania a t\u00e1to met\u00f3da m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 aplikovan\u00e1 aj v&nbsp;miestach s&nbsp;intenz\u00edvnym magnetick\u00fdm po\u013eom, ako napr. elektrolyz\u00e9ry, kde \u0161tandardn\u00e9 obl\u00fakov\u00e9 met\u00f3dy zv\u00e1rania zlyh\u00e1vaj\u00fa [2].<\/p>\n<p>Na vytv\u00e1ranie spojov hlin\u00edk-hlin\u00edk, alebo me\u010f-hlin\u00edk sa pou\u017e\u00edva c\u00ednovo-hlin\u00edkov\u00fd termit, v&nbsp;ktorom je oxid c\u00ednu redukovan\u00fd hlin\u00edkom. Pr\u00eddavn\u00fd hlin\u00edk vytv\u00e1ra zliatinu c\u00ednu a hlin\u00edka. Pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed medi sa me\u010f sa pokr\u00fdva vrstvou \u010dist\u00e9ho c\u00ednu, ktor\u00e1 br\u00e1ni jej \u010fal\u0161ej kor\u00f3zii [2].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2>Druhy foriem<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>Typ formy pou\u017e\u00edvanej v\u00a0procese metalotermick\u00e9ho zv\u00e1rania z\u00e1vis\u00ed na tom, \u010di je forma ur\u010den\u00e1 na vyhotovenie jedn\u00e9ho, alebo viacer\u00fdch zvarov, a\u00a0\u010di je potrebn\u00e9 zv\u00e1ran\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly pred zv\u00e1ran\u00edm predria\u0165.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h3>Jednorazov\u00e9 formy<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>Pri oprav\u00e1ch vy\u017eaduj\u00facich predhrev sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa jednorazov\u00e9 formy. Opotrebovan\u00e9, alebo po\u0161koden\u00e9 miesto sa vymodeluje pomocou voskov\u00e9ho modelu met\u00f3dou tzv. straten\u00e9ho vosku. Voskov\u00fd model tak vytv\u00e1ra ch\u00fdbaj\u00facu, alebo opotrebovan\u00fa \u010das\u0165 s\u00fa\u010diatky.\u00a0 Z\u00a0neho sa potom vytvor\u00ed pieskov\u00e1 forma. Pri vyp\u00e1len\u00ed formy vosk z\u00a0dudiny vyte\u010die a\u00a0dutina tak vytvor\u00ed priestor pre tekut\u00fd kov, ktor\u00fd ju zapln\u00ed po\u010das metalotermickej reakcie [2].<\/p>\n<p>Pre \u0161tandardn\u00e9 typy polotovarov zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov, napr. ko\u013eajnice, beton\u00e1rske v\u00fdstu\u017ee a\u00a0pod. sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa prefabrikovan\u00e9 formy vyroben\u00e9 z\u00a0piesku a\u00a0syntetick\u00fdch \u017eiv\u00edc [2].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h3>Formy pre viacn\u00e1sobn\u00e9 pou\u017eitie<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>Tieto formy s\u00fa vyroben\u00e9 z\u00a0piesku a\u00a0vodn\u00e9ho skla (vodn\u00fd roztok kremi\u010ditanu sodn\u00e9ho), pri\u010dom na ur\u00fdchlenie vytvrdenia sa pou\u017e\u00edva oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd. Tieto formy obsahuj\u00fa ve\u013emi m\u00e1lo, alebo dokonca \u017eiadne organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, ktor\u00e9 by sa pri pou\u017eit\u00ed tepla degradovali. Formy na viacn\u00e1sobn\u00e9 pou\u017eitie ur\u010den\u00e9 na metalotermick\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie medi sa vyr\u00e1baj\u00fa z\u00a0grafitu. Tento typ foriem v\u0161ak nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 pri metalotermick\u00fdch reakci\u00e1ch oxidov \u017eeleza s\u00a0hlin\u00edkom, nako\u013eko grafit je rozpustn\u00fd v\u00a0\u017eeleze [2].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2>Parametre zv\u00e1rania<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>Parametre zv\u00e1rnia s\u00fa ur\u010den\u00e9 metalotermickou d\u00e1vkou. Po\u010das prebiehaj\u00facej exotermickej reakcie preto nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 regulova\u0165 mno\u017estvo zvarov\u00e9ho kovu, jeho teplotu ani \u010das zv\u00e1rania. Pred zv\u00e1ran\u00edm je potrebn\u00e9 venova\u0165 patri\u010dn\u00fa pozornos\u0165 spr\u00e1vnemu zostaveniu zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov a\u00a0ich o\u010disteniu, spr\u00e1vnemu zostaveniu a utesneniu formy a\u00a0kontrole teploty predhrevu.<\/p>\n<p>Pricipi\u00e1lne technol\u00f3gia umo\u017e\u0148uje vyhotovenie tup\u00fdch zvarov\u00fdch spojov, ve\u013ekos\u0165 sty\u010dnej medzery sa pohybuje v\u00a0rozmedz\u00ed 20-80 mm. Tvar prierezu zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 do ve\u013ekej miery komplexn\u00fd. Literat\u00fara ud\u00e1va minim\u00e1lnu hr\u00fabku zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov 10 mm, maxim\u00e1lna hr\u00fabka sa pohybuje okolo 1&nbsp;m [3].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2>Zv\u00e1ranie ko\u013eajn\u00edc<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vyhotovenie zvarov\u00e9ho spoja pripom\u00edna technologick\u00fa oper\u00e1ciu liatia tekut\u00e9ho kovu do formy. Pred samotn\u00fdm zv\u00e1ran\u00edm sa zv\u00e1ran\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly umiestnia do poz\u00edcie, aby vytvorili tup\u00fd zvarov\u00fd spoj so zachovan\u00edm medzery medzi \u010deln\u00fdmi plochami. Potom sa k&nbsp;nim pripevn\u00ed forma (naj\u010dastej\u0161ie jednorazov\u00e1) pozost\u00e1vaj\u00faca z&nbsp;dvoch \u010dast\u00ed. Medzera pri vstupe zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov do formy sa utesn\u00ed \u017eiaruvzdorn\u00fdm tmelom. Pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed ko\u013eajn\u00edc je kv\u00f4li vy\u0161\u0161iemu obsahu uhl\u00edka v&nbsp;porovnan\u00ed s&nbsp;beton\u00e1rskymi v\u00fdstu\u017eami potrebn\u00e9 konce zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov predhria\u0165 kysl\u00edkovo-acetyl\u00e9nov\u00fdm plame\u0148om. Po\u010das predhrievania sa do \u017eiaruvzdorn\u00e9ho kel\u00edmka nasype aluminotermick\u00e1 d\u00e1vka \u2013 aluminotermick\u00e1 zmes, ktorej mno\u017estvo zodpoved\u00e1 rozmerom zvarov\u00e9ho spoja a formy. \u010castokr\u00e1t b\u00fdva kel\u00edmok s&nbsp;aluminotermickou d\u00e1vkou u\u017e dodan\u00fd v\u00fdrobcom. Aluminotermick\u00e1 d\u00e1vka sa v&nbsp;kel\u00edmku zap\u00e1li \u0161peci\u00e1lnou \u017eiarovou z\u00e1palkou (zmes hlin\u00edkov\u00e9ho, hor\u010d\u00edkov\u00e9ho, krem\u00edkov\u00e9ho alebo tit\u00e1nov\u00e9ho pr\u00e1\u0161ku a oxidovadiel na b\u00e1ze peroxidov, chlore\u010d\u0148anov a chr\u00f3manov) alebo hor\u010d\u00edkov\u00fdm p\u00e1sikom, ktor\u00fdch teplota pri horen\u00ed dosahuje a\u017e 1200 \u00b0C, v&nbsp;d\u00f4sledku \u010doho sa za\u010dne exotermick\u00e1 reakcia termitu. Tekut\u00fd kov sa kv\u00f4li jeho vy\u0161\u0161ej hustote hromad\u00ed postupne v&nbsp;dolnej \u010dasti kel\u00edmka, tekut\u00e1 troska tvoren\u00e1 preva\u017ene oxidom hlinit\u00fdm pl\u00e1va na jeho povrchu. V&nbsp;spodnej \u010dasti kel\u00edmka je umiestnen\u00e1 kovov\u00e1 platni\u010dka, ktorej hr\u00fabka je stanoven\u00e1 tak, aby k&nbsp;jej pretaveniu do\u0161lo po ukon\u010den\u00ed aluminotermickej reakcie. N\u00e1sledne tak za\u010dne tekut\u00fd kov pr\u00fadi\u0165 cez vtokov\u00fa s\u00fastavu do formy, ktor\u00fa postupne vypln\u00ed. Aby vo zvarovom kove pri jeho tuhnut\u00ed nevzikli stiahnutiny, musia by\u0165 s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou formy n\u00e1liatky, podobne ako je tomu pri zlievarensk\u00fdch form\u00e1ch. Objem vyredukovan\u00e9ho kovu z&nbsp;metalotermickej d\u00e1vky mus\u00ed by\u0165 preto v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed ako je objem zvarov\u00e9ho kovu.\u00a0 Po stuhnut\u00ed zvarov\u00e9ho kovu e\u0161te za hor\u00faca sa forma odstr\u00e1ni a spolu s&nbsp;\u0148ou aj vtokov\u00fd syst\u00e9m a n\u00e1liatky. Po \u00faplnom vychladnut\u00ed sa hotov\u00fd zvar opracuje, naj\u010dastej\u0161ie obr\u00fasen\u00edm. Princ\u00edp metalotermick\u00e9ho zv\u00e1rania ko\u013eajn\u00edc je na obr. 1 a v&nbsp;nasleduj\u00facom videu.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-2 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-1 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image375.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image375\" title=\"image375\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1132\" height=\"489\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image375.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-592\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image375-200x86.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image375-400x173.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image375-600x259.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image375-800x346.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image375.png 1132w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1 Princ\u00edp metalotermick\u00e9ho zv\u00e1rania ko\u013eajn\u00edc [3]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-3 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:360px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:60%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 3\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5uxsFglz2ig?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hotov\u00fd zvar ko\u013eajnice po jeho pracovan\u00ed je na obr. 2 a jeho makro\u0161trukt\u00fara na obr. 3.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-4 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-2 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image376.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image376\" title=\"image376\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"388\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image376.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-593\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image376-200x152.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image376-400x303.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image376.jpg 512w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 2 Hotov\u00fd zvar ko\u013eajnice [4]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-5 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-3 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image377.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image377\" title=\"image377\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"830\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image377.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-594\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image377-200x120.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image377-400x241.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image377-600x361.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image377-800x482.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image377.png 830w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3 Makro\u0161trukt\u00fara zvarov\u00e9ho spoja ko\u013eajnice vyhotoven\u00e9ho aluminotermick\u00fdm zv\u00e1ran\u00edm [5]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-21\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na obr.\u00a0 4 je mikro\u0161trukt\u00fara t\u00fdchto oblast\u00ed vo zvarovom spoji ko\u013eajn\u00edc vyhotoven\u00fdch aluminotermick\u00fdm zv\u00e1ran\u00edm pre oce\u013e EN 13674-1-2006 (0,62-0,8 %C, 0,7-1,2&nbsp;% Mn, 0,15-0,58&nbsp;% Si) [6].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-4 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image378.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image378\" title=\"image378\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"429\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image378-600x429.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-595\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image378-200x143.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image378-400x286.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image378-600x429.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image378.jpg 784w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 4 Mikro\u0161trukt\u00fara jednotliv\u00fdch oblast\u00ed zvarov\u00e9ho spoja ko\u013eajnice vyhotoven\u00e9ho aluminotermick\u00fdm zv\u00e1ran\u00edm [6]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jednotliv\u00e9 oblasti zvarov\u00e9ho spoja je mo\u017en\u00e9 charakterizova\u0165 nasledovne:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">1) Oblas\u0165 zvarov\u00e9ho kovu (obr. 4 A, B) \u2013 t\u00e1to oblas\u0165 zasahuje pribli\u017ene do vzdialenosti 19 mm od osi zvaru. Vyzna\u010duje sa najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou hr\u00fabkou zrna v&nbsp;porovnan\u00ed s&nbsp;ostatn\u00fdmi z\u00f3nami, pri\u010dom ve\u013ekos\u0165 zrna sa smerom k&nbsp;okrajom zvaru zmen\u0161uje [6].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">2) Oblas\u0165 stavenia (obr. 4 C) \u2013 jedn\u00e1 sa o hrani\u010dn\u00fa oblas\u0165, kde doch\u00e1dza k&nbsp;staveniu zvarov\u00e9ho kovu so z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom.\u00a0 T\u00e1to oblas\u0165 je pomerne \u00fazka a nach\u00e1dza sa vo vzdialenosti 19-21 \u00a0mm od osi zvaru, pri\u010dom ve\u013ekos\u0165 zrna je men\u0161ia ako ve\u013ekos\u0165 zrna zvarov\u00e9ho kovu, ale v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia ako v&nbsp;teplom ovplyvnenej oblasti. Podrobnej\u0161ie anal\u00fdzy uk\u00e1zali, \u017ee sa v&nbsp;nej nach\u00e1dza ve\u013ea inkl\u00fazi\u00ed a mal\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc, ktor\u00e9 zni\u017euj\u00fa h\u00fa\u017eevnato\u0165 spoja [6].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">3) Tepelne ovplyvnen\u00e1 oblas\u0165 (TOO) \u2013 v\u00a0tejto oblasti teplo generovan\u00e9 procesom zv\u00e1rania sp\u00f4sobilo transform\u00e1cie v\u00a0z\u00e1kladnom materi\u00e1li (ko\u013eajnici). Miro\u0161trukt\u00fara v\u00a0tejto oblasti z\u00e1vis\u00ed od maxim\u00e1lnej dosiahnutej teploty a\u00a0od \u00a0r\u00fdchlosti ochladzovania a\u00a0je v\u00a0nej mo\u017en\u00e9 rozl\u00ed\u0161i\u0165 tri podoblasti [6]:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Oblas\u0165 so zhrubnut\u00fdm zrnom (obr. 4 D) \u2013 pomal\u00e9 ochladzovanie sp\u00f4sobuje, \u017ee z\u00e1kladn\u00fd kov je vplyvom tepla \u017e\u00edhan\u00fd, \u010do m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledok rekry\u0161taliz\u00e1ciu a rast z\u0155n. Ve\u013ekos\u0165 z\u0155n je v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia ako p\u00f4vodn\u00e1 ve\u013ekos\u0165 z\u0155n, av\u0161ak men\u0161ia ako ve\u013ekos\u0165 z\u0155n vo zvarovom kove. Oblas\u0165 sa nach\u00e1dza vo vzdialenosti pribli\u017ene 21-37 mm od osi zvaru.<\/li>\n<li>Oblas\u0165 s&nbsp;jemn\u00fdm zrnom (obr. 4 E) \u2013 z&nbsp;d\u00f4vodu \u010diasto\u010dnej prekry\u0161taliz\u00e1cie doch\u00e1dza k&nbsp;zjemneniu zrna. Oblas\u0165 sa nach\u00e1dza vo vzdialenosti pribli\u017ene 37-46 mm od osi zvaru.<\/li>\n<li>Interkritick\u00e1 oblas\u0165 (obr. 4 F) \u2013 teplota v&nbsp;tejto oblasti dosiahla v&nbsp;priebehu zv\u00e1rania teplotu o nie\u010do ni\u017e\u0161iu ako 723 \u00b0 C, ale napriek tomu m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 ur\u010dit\u00e9 zmeny v&nbsp;z\u00e1kladnom materi\u00e1li v&nbsp;d\u00f4sledku pomal\u00e9ho chladnutia, naj\u010dastej\u0161ie sferoidiz\u00e1cia perlitu. Oblas\u0165 je vzdialen\u00e1 pribli\u017ene 46-56 mm od osi zvaru.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">4) Z\u00e1kladn\u00fd materi\u00e1l (ko\u013eajnica) (obr. 4 G) \u2013 v&nbsp;tejto oblasti nedo\u0161lo k&nbsp;\u017eiadnej zmene v&nbsp;\u0161trukt\u00fare materi\u00e1lu vplyvom zv\u00e1rania [6].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zmeny mikro\u0161trukt\u00fary pozorovan\u00e9 v\u00a0jednotliv\u00fdch oblastiach zvarov\u00e9ho spoja sa prejavuj\u00fa aj na priebehu tvrdosti vo zvarovom spoji (obr.\u00a0 5). Po\u010diatok poklesu tvrdosti na za\u010diatku TOO zodpoved\u00e1 vy\u017e\u00edhanej \u0161trukt\u00fare, ktor\u00e1 je m\u00e4k\u0161ia. \u010eal\u0161\u00ed pokles tvrdosti je pozorovate\u013en\u00fd\u00a0na hranici stavenia a\u00a0v\u00a0interktitickej oblasti [6].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-5 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image379.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image379\" title=\"image379\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"243\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image379-600x243.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-596\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image379-200x81.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image379-400x162.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image379-600x243.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image379.jpg 764w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-24\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5 Priebeh tvrdosti vo zvarovom spoji ko\u013eajnice vyhotovenom aluminotermick\u00fdm zv\u00e1ran\u00edm [6]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-25\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zv\u00e1ranie elektrick\u00fdch vodi\u010dov<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-26\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Metalotermick\u00fdm zv\u00e1ran\u00edm je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyhotovova\u0165 spoje kovov\u00fdch elektrick\u00fdch vodi\u010dov \u2013 dr\u00f4tov, alebo k\u00e1blov, pri\u010dom sa nemus\u00ed jedna\u0165 iba o tup\u00e9 zvarov\u00e9 spoje a T-spoje ale aj in\u00e9 typy spojov (obr. 6).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-6 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image380.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image380\" title=\"image380\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"594\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image380-600x594.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-597\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image380-200x198.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image380-400x396.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image380-600x594.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image380.jpg 750w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-27\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 6 Pr\u00edklady spojov me\u010f-me\u010f a me\u010f-oce\u013e vyhotoven\u00fdch metalotermick\u00fdm zv\u00e1ran\u00edm [8]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-28\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Technol\u00f3giu je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017ei\u0165 aj na tavn\u00e9 spojenie k\u00e1bla s&nbsp;potrub\u00edm, alebo inou kovovou kon\u0161trukciou na zebezpe\u010denie jej uzemnenia, alebo katodickej ochrany. Metalotermick\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie tak nahr\u00e1dza nespo\u013eahliv\u00e9 mechanick\u00e9 sp\u00e1janie, pri ktorom doch\u00e1dza v&nbsp;priebehu \u010dasu k&nbsp;uvo\u013eneniu, alebo k&nbsp;zmene prechodov\u00e9ho odporu medzi sp\u00e1jan\u00fdmi vodi\u010dmi, ale i sp\u00e1jkovanie a obl\u00fakov\u00e9 \u010di plame\u0148ov\u00e9 met\u00f3dy zv\u00e1rania, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa n\u00e1ro\u010dnej\u0161ie na pr\u00edpravu zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov a kvalifik\u00e1ciu person\u00e1lu. Na metalotermick\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie zv\u00e1ranie sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa grafitov\u00e9 formy, v&nbsp;ktor\u00fdch je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyhotovi\u0165 50 i viac zvarov (obr. 7). Vn\u00fatorn\u00fd tvar formy ur\u010duje v\u00fdsledn\u00fa geometriu zvarov\u00e9ho spoja [8]. Uk\u00e1\u017eky priv\u00e1rania vodi\u010da katodickej ochrany a zv\u00e1rania meden\u00fdch vodi\u010dov s\u00fa v&nbsp;nasleduj\u00facich vide\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-7 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image381.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image381\" title=\"image381\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"597\" height=\"599\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image381.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-598\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image381-200x201.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image381-400x401.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image381.jpg 597w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 597px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\"><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-5 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\">\n<div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start\">\n<div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-6 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\">\n<div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\">\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-29\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 7 Pr\u00edklad situovania meden\u00fdch vodi\u010dov do grafitovej formy pred zv\u00e1ran\u00edm [9]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-6 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:360px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:60%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 4\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OybPeVq4umE?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-7 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:360px;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:60%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 5\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/OFs1yKg6JvU?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\"><p>Postup zv\u00e1rania elektrick\u00fdch vodi\u010dov pozost\u00e1va z&nbsp;nasledovn\u00fdch krokov [8]:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Vysu\u0161enie formy plame\u0148om pred jej pou\u017eit\u00edm (obr. 8),<\/li>\n<li>O\u010distenie sp\u00e1jan\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov pred ich vlo\u017een\u00edm do formy, uzatvorenie a zafixovanie formy (obr. 9)<\/li>\n<li>Vlo\u017eenie pretavovacej platni\u010dky (obr. 10)<\/li>\n<li>Nasypanie metalotermickej d\u00e1vky (obr. 11)<\/li>\n<li>Uzatvorenie horn\u00e9ho veka formy a nasypanie inicia\u010dnej zmesi na horn\u00fa plochu veka (obr. 12)<\/li>\n<li>Zap\u00e1lenie inicia\u010dnej zmesi (obr. 13)<\/li>\n<li>Prebehnutie metalotermickej reakcie<\/li>\n<li>O\u010distenie zvaru a vn\u00fatra formy od trosky (obr. 14)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-8 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-8 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image382.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image382\" title=\"image382\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"731\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image382.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-599\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image382-200x146.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image382-400x292.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image382-600x438.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image382.jpg 731w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 8 Vysu\u0161enie formy pred jej pou\u017eit\u00edm [8]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-9 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-9 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image383.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image383\" title=\"image383\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"730\" height=\"526\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image383.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image383-200x144.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image383-400x288.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image383-600x432.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image383.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-17\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 9 O\u010distenie sp\u00e1jan\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov pred ich vlo\u017een\u00edm do formy [8]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-10 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-10 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image384.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image384\" title=\"image384\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"724\" height=\"536\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image384.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-601\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image384-200x148.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image384-400x296.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image384-600x444.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image384.jpg 724w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 10 Vlo\u017eenie pretavovacej platni\u010dky [8]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-11 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-11 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image384.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image384\" title=\"image385\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"729\" height=\"532\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image385.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-602\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image385-200x146.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image385-400x292.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image385-600x438.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image385.jpg 729w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-19\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 11 Nasypanie metalotermickej d\u00e1vky [8]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-12 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-12 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image386.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image386\" title=\"image386\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"722\" height=\"543\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image386.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-603\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image386-200x150.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image386-400x301.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image386-600x451.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image386.jpg 722w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-20\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 12 Uzatvorenie horn\u00e9ho veka formy a nasypanie inicia\u010dnej zmesi na horn\u00fa plochu veka [8]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-13 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-13 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image387.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image387\" title=\"image387\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"730\" height=\"525\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image387.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-604\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image387-200x144.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image387-400x288.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image387-600x432.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image387.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-21\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 13 Zap\u00e1lenie inicia\u010dnej zmesi [8]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-14 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-14 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image388.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image388\" title=\"image388\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"732\" height=\"531\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image388.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-605\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image388-200x145.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image388-400x290.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image388-600x435.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image388.jpg 732w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-22\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 14 O\u010distenie zvaru a vn\u00fatra formy od trosky [8]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-15 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-15 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image389.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image389\" title=\"image389\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"734\" height=\"535\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image389.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-606\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image389-200x146.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image389-400x292.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image389-600x437.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/image389.jpg 734w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-23\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 15 Hotov\u00fd spoj [8]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-24\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-39\">\n<p>Hotov\u00fd spoj je zobrazen\u00fd na obr. 15\u00a0 [8]. Videouk\u00e1\u017eka postupu zv\u00e1rania je dostupn\u00e1 na nasleduj\u00facom videu.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:338px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:56.33%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 6\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/KkuXsrhtyAY?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-25\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-40\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pou\u017eitie technol\u00f3gie<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-41\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>Technol\u00f3gia metalotermick\u00e9ho zv\u00e1rania nach\u00e1dza svoje vyu\u017eitie pri stavbe lod\u00ed, oprave po\u0161koden\u00fdch s\u00fa\u010dast\u00ed, zv\u00e1ran\u00ed rozmern\u00fdch s\u00fa\u010diastok, v\u00fdrobe r\u00e1mov strojov a\u00a0zv\u00e1ran\u00ed hrub\u00fdch k\u00e1blov. Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie uplatnenie v\u0161ak na\u0161la pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed ko\u013eajn\u00edc, beton\u00e1rskych v\u00fdstu\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0zemniacich vodi\u010dov [3].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-42\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00fdhody a\u00a0nev\u00fdhody technol\u00f3gie<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Medzi v\u00fdhody procesu patr\u00ed prenosnos\u0165, relat\u00edvna \u013eahkos\u0165 a r\u00fdchlos\u0165 in\u0161tal\u00e1cie, flexibilita procesu na zv\u00e1ranie takmer v\u0161etk\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed ko\u013eajnice a\u00a0finan\u010dn\u00e1 nen\u00e1ro\u010dnos\u0165.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hlavn\u00fdmi nev\u00fdhodami procesu je ve\u013ek\u00fd po\u010det oper\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 je potrebn\u00e9 uskuto\u010dni\u0165 na spr\u00e1vne vyhotovenie zvaru a\u00a0ktor\u00e9 spolu s\u00a0poveternostn\u00fdmi podmienkami zvy\u0161uj\u00fa riziko vniku ch\u00fdb. Pri yv\u00e1ran\u00ed ko\u011bajn\u00edc sa jedn\u00e1 napr. o zarovnanie konca ko\u013eajnice, nes\u00falad ve\u013ekosti profilu ko\u013eajnice, medzeru medzi ko\u013eajnicami, kvalitu obalu formy, doby predhrievania, predhrievanie t\u00e9glika a z\u00e1tky, pr\u00edtomnosti vlhkosti vo vzduchu, \u010das do odstr\u00e1nenia foriem, nadmern\u00fd pohyb ko\u013eajnice po\u010das tuhnutia zvaru at\u010f [3].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-26\"><h2>Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literat\u00fara<\/h2>\n<p>[1] Longsdale, C.P. Thermite Rail Welding: history, process developments, current practices and outlook for the 21st century. AREMA (American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association) Conference Proceedings, Baltimore, MD \u2013 August 29, \u2013 September 1, 1999.<\/p>\n<p>[2] American Welding Society (1971). Welding Handbook: Welding, cutting and related processes. 4 Little Essex Street, London, W. C. 2: MACMILLAN &amp; CO., LTD.<\/p>\n<p>[3] Swift, K.D.\u00a0 Booker, J.D. Manufacturing Process Selection Handbook. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 14.&nbsp;5.&nbsp;2021, z&nbsp;https:\/\/industri.fatek.unpatti.ac.id\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/062-Manufacturing-Process-Selection-Handbook-K.G.-Swift-J.D.-Booker-Edisi-1-2013.pdf<\/p>\n<p>[ 4] Thermit Welding (GB) Ltd. Process Manuals. Section five. Supplementary information. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 14.&nbsp;5.&nbsp;2021, z&nbsp;http:\/\/thermit-welding.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/12\/MANUAL-SECTION-5-SUPPLEMENTARY-INFORMATION.pdf\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>[5] Saita K. Trends in rail welding technologies and our future approach\/ K. Saita, K. Karimine, M. Ueda, K. Iwano, T. Yamamoto, K. Hiroguchi \/\/ Nippon steel &amp; sumitomo metal technical report. \u20132013. \u2013No 105. \u2013P. 84 \u201392. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 22.&nbsp;apr\u00edla 2021, z<br \/>https:\/\/www.nipponsteel.com\/en\/tech\/report\/nssmc\/pdf\/105-14.pdf<\/p>\n<p>[6] Y. Liu\u00a0et al., \u201eMechanical Properties and Microstructural Analysis of Rail Thermite Welding Joints,\u201c\u00a02018 International Conference on Intelligent Rail Transportation (ICIRT), 2018, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109\/ICIRT.2018.8641675.<\/p>\n<p>[7] Tur\u0148a, M. (1989). \u0160peci\u00e1lne met\u00f3dy zv\u00e1rania. Bratislava: Alfa.<\/p>\n<p>[8] Ultraweld Ultrashot. Installers and Inspectors Guide formaking Exothermic Connections \u2013 Grounding, Lightning Protection, Cathodic Protection, Rail. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 22.&nbsp;apr\u00edla 2021, z&nbsp;https:\/\/www.harger.com\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/ig_brochure.pdf<\/p>\n<p>[9] CADWELD Molds &amp; Clamps. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 22.&nbsp;apr\u00edla 2021, z&nbsp;https:\/\/etscablecomponents.com\/erico-cadweld\/cadweld-molds-clamps-mold.html<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":43,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-108","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/108","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=108"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/108\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":617,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/108\/revisions\/617"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/43"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=108"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}