{"id":112,"date":"2023-12-13T17:54:03","date_gmt":"2023-12-13T16:54:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=112"},"modified":"2024-09-10T15:43:01","modified_gmt":"2024-09-10T13:43:01","slug":"spajkovanie","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=112","title":{"rendered":"Sp\u00e1jkovanie"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\">\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Hist\u00f3ria sp\u00e1jkovania<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>Sp\u00e1jkovanie patr\u00ed k&nbsp;najstar\u0161\u00edm tepeln\u00fdm spojovac\u00edm met\u00f3dam. U\u017e v&nbsp;starom Egypte sa sp\u00e1jkovali zlat\u00e9, strieborn\u00e9 a nesk\u00f4r bronzov\u00e9, meden\u00e9 a potom \u017eelezn\u00e9 predmety. Ve\u013ek\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00edrenie sp\u00e1jkovania nastalo po\u010das druhej svetovej vojny v&nbsp;USA, nesk\u00f4r vo Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nii a v\u00a0\u010fal\u0161\u00edch z\u00e1padn\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch. V&nbsp;b\u00fdval\u00fdch \u0161t\u00e1toch sovietskeho zv\u00e4zu, v&nbsp;priemyselnom meste Togliatti, sa koncom 60-tych rokov na tamoj\u0161ej Vysokej \u0161kole za\u010dalo trojro\u010dn\u00fdm komplexn\u00fdm vyu\u010dovan\u00edm technol\u00f3gie sp\u00e1jkovania spolu so zv\u00e1ran\u00edm. V&nbsp;z\u00e1padnej Eur\u00f3pe venuj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00fa pozornos\u0165 sp\u00e1jkovaniu v&nbsp;Nemecku na technick\u00fdch univerzit\u00e1ch ako aj vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch v\u00fdrobn\u00fdch koncernoch.<\/p>\n<p>Sp\u00e1jkovanie je roz\u0161\u00edren\u00e9 aj vo Ve\u013ekej Brit\u00e1nii, Holandsku a Franc\u00fazsku, ale aj v&nbsp;\u010ceskej republike. Predstavuje jednu z&nbsp;vysokoprogres\u00edvnych technol\u00f3gi\u00ed napr. v&nbsp;elektrotechnickom, elektronickom alebo automobilovom priemysle. V\u00fdvoj tejto technol\u00f3gie je poznamenan\u00fd prudk\u00fdm rozvojom poznatkov v&nbsp;oblasti aplikovanej fyziky, materi\u00e1lov\u00e9ho in\u017einierstva, ch\u00e9mie ako aj \u010fal\u0161\u00edch vedn\u00fdch odborov. Sp\u00e1jkovanie m\u00e1 v&nbsp;mnoh\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch v&nbsp;porovnan\u00ed so zv\u00e1ran\u00edm v\u00fdhody. Sp\u00e1jkuj\u00fa sa nielen drobn\u00e9 a tenkostenn\u00e9 dielce, ale aj hrubostenn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobky, najm\u00e4 zlo\u017eit\u00e9ho tvaru, s\u00a0vysokou v\u00e1kuovou tesnos\u0165ou spoja. Mo\u017eno sp\u00e1jkova\u0165 aj keramick\u00e9 a niektor\u00e9 nekovov\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly [1].<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnej dobe sa dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa do popredia met\u00f3dy sp\u00e1jkovania, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa sp\u00e1jkova\u0165 \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum materi\u00e1lov (kovy, nekovy, keramika, kompozity) s\u00fa\u010dasne. Rovnako sa preferuje sp\u00f4sob beztavivov\u00e9ho a\u00a0bezolovnat\u00e9ho sp\u00e1jkovania, \u010do v\u00fdrazne ovplyv\u0148uje zn\u00ed\u017eenie vstupn\u00fdch n\u00e1kladov na v\u00fdrobu s\u00fa\u010diastok. Na to, aby bola dodr\u017ean\u00e1 podmienka univerz\u00e1lnosti a\u00a0beztavivov\u00e9ho bezolovnat\u00e9ho sp\u00e1jkovania dodr\u017ean\u00e1, musia sa pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 \u0161peci\u00e1lne technol\u00f3gie a\u00a0\u0161peci\u00e1lne sp\u00e1jkovacie zliatiny.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00a0tejto kapitole bud\u00fa okrem be\u017en\u00fdch sp\u00f4sobov sp\u00e1jkovania uveden\u00e9 aj niektor\u00e9 \u0161peci\u00e1lne modern\u00e9 progres\u00edvne sp\u00f4soby a\u00a0technol\u00f3gie, ktor\u00e9 ve\u013ekou mierou prispievaj\u00fa k\u00a0moderniz\u00e1cii a\u00a0technologick\u00e9mu pokroku spolo\u010dnosti.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2><strong>Rozdelenie sp\u00e1jkovania<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sp\u00e1jkovanie sa del\u00ed pod\u013ea viacer\u00fdch h\u013ead\u00edsk.\u00a0<u>Pod\u013ea v\u00fd\u0161ky teploty tavenia sp\u00e1jky sa del\u00ed na (obr. 1):<\/u><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">m\u00e4kk\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie (soldering) do 450 \u00b0C,<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">tvrd\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie (brazing) od 450 do 950 \u00b0C,<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">vysokoteplotn\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie (high temperature brazing) nad 950&nbsp;\u00b0C.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-1 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image001.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[spajka]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1 Rozdelenie sp\u00e1jkovania pod\u013ea teploty tavenia sp\u00e1jky [2]\" data-title=\"image001\" title=\"image001\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image001-600x360.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-620\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image001-200x120.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image001-400x240.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image001-600x360.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image001-800x480.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image001.png 990w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 1 Rozdelenie sp\u00e1jkovania pod\u013ea teploty tavenia sp\u00e1jky [2]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><u>Pod\u013ea \u00fa\u010delu pou\u017eitia sa sp\u00e1jkovanie del\u00ed na (Obr. 2):<\/u><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>spojovacie \u2012 vz\u00e1jomn\u00e9 spojovanie jednotliv\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed,<\/li>\n<li>n\u00e1nosov\u00e9 (building up brazing\/soldering) \u2012 vytvorenie povrchovej vrstvy: sp\u00e1jkovanie, pri ktorom sa nanesie vrstva sp\u00e1jky na sp\u00e1jkovan\u00fd povrch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Spojovacie sp\u00e1jkovanie del\u00edme pod\u013ea tvaru spoja na:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">kapil\u00e1rne (capilary brazing\/soldering) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie, pri ktorom sa vypln\u00ed medzera spoja roztavenou sp\u00e1jkou p\u00f4soben\u00edm kapil\u00e1rnej sily,<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">do \u00fakosu (braze welding) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie, pri ktorom sa spoj vytvor\u00ed nanesen\u00edm vrstiev sp\u00e1jky bez p\u00f4sobenia kapil\u00e1rnej sily.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-2 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image002.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[spajka]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 2 Rozdelenie sp\u00e1jkovania pod\u013ea tvaru spoja [2]\" data-title=\"image002\" title=\"image002\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"312\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image002-600x312.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-621\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image002-200x104.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image002-400x208.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image002-600x312.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image002-800x416.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image002.png 1195w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 2 Rozdelenie sp\u00e1jkovania pod\u013ea tvaru spoja [2]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><u>Pod\u013ea sp\u00f4sobu prid\u00e1vania sp\u00e1jky [1]:<\/u><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>s vopred ulo\u017eenou sp\u00e1jkou,<\/li>\n<li>po\u010das sp\u00e1jkovania \u2012 ru\u010dne,<\/li>\n<li>po\u010das sp\u00e1jkovania \u2012 strojovo.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><u>Pod\u013ea okolit\u00e9ho prostredia na sp\u00e1jkovanie [3]:<\/u><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>sp\u00e1jkovanie na vzduchu (open air brazing\/soldering) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie vykon\u00e1van\u00e9 na vzduchu zvy\u010dajne za pou\u017eitia taviva;<\/li>\n<li>sp\u00e1jkovanie v&nbsp;reduk\u010dnom plyne (brazing\/soldering in reduction gas) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie bez taviva v&nbsp;prostred\u00ed reduk\u010dn\u00e9ho plynu, ktor\u00fd ve\u013ekou afinitou ku kysl\u00edku redukuje povrchov\u00e9 oxidy;<\/li>\n<li>sp\u00e1jkovanie v&nbsp;inertnom plyne (brazing\/soldering in inert gas) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie zvy\u010dajne bez taviva v&nbsp;prostred\u00ed inertn\u00e9ho plynu, ktor\u00fd obmedzuje tvorenie oxidov pri sp\u00e1jkovan\u00ed;<\/li>\n<li>sp\u00e1jkovanie vo v\u00e1kuu (vacuum brazing\/soldering) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie bez taviva v\u00a0prostred\u00ed s&nbsp;men\u0161\u00edm tlakom ako je atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd;<\/li>\n<li>sp\u00e1jkovanie ponorom (dip brazing\/soldering) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie, pri ktorom sa dielce ohrej\u00fa na sp\u00e1jkovaciu teplotu \u010diasto\u010dn\u00fdm alebo \u00fapln\u00fdm ponoren\u00edm do k\u00fape\u013ea roztaven\u00e9ho kovu alebo soli, alebo taviva;<\/li>\n<li>sp\u00e1jkovanie v&nbsp;kovovom k\u00fapeli (brazing\/soldering in molten metal bath) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie ponorom, pri ktorom sa dielce s&nbsp;nanesen\u00fdm tavivom ponoria do k\u00fape\u013ea roztavenej sp\u00e1jky;<\/li>\n<li>sp\u00e1jkovanie v&nbsp;tavivovom k\u00fapeli (flux-dip brazing\/soldering) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie ponorom, pri ktorom sa dielce spolu so sp\u00e1jkou ponoria do k\u00fape\u013ea roztaven\u00e9ho taviva.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><u>Pod\u013ea tepeln\u00e9ho zdroja [3]:<\/u><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>sp\u00e1jkovanie sp\u00e1jkova\u010dkou (soldering with soldering iron) \u2012 m\u00e4kk\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie, pri ktorom sa potrebn\u00e9 teplo z\u00edska z&nbsp;ohriateho sp\u00e1jkovadla sp\u00e1jkova\u010dky;<\/li>\n<li>sp\u00e1jkovanie hor\u00facim plynom (hot gas soldering) \u2012 m\u00e4kk\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00face teplo koncentrovan\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu hor\u00faceho plynu;<\/li>\n<li>plame\u0148ov\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie (flame brazing\/soldering) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie, pri ktorom sa potrebn\u00e9 teplo z\u00edska horen\u00edm zmesi plynov;<\/li>\n<li>odporov\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie (resistance brazing\/soldering) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie, pri ktorom sa potrebn\u00e9 teplo z\u00edska z&nbsp;tepeln\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku elektrick\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu, a to priamym ohrevom dielcov, alebo nepriamo ohrevom elektr\u00f3d, z&nbsp;ktor\u00fdch sa pren\u00e1\u0161a teplo na s\u00fa\u010diastky veden\u00edm;<\/li>\n<li>induk\u010dn\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie (induction radiation brazing\/soldering) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie, pri ktorom sa potrebn\u00e9 teplo vytv\u00e1ra elektrick\u00fdm pr\u00fadom indukovan\u00fdm do sp\u00e1jkovan\u00e9ho dielca z&nbsp;induktora;<\/li>\n<li>sp\u00e1jkovanie sveteln\u00fdm \u017eiaren\u00edm (light radiation brazing\/soldering) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie, pri ktorom sa potrebn\u00e9 teplo z\u00edska s\u00fastreden\u00edm sveteln\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia na sp\u00e1jkovan\u00fa plochu;<\/li>\n<li>infra\u010derven\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie (infrared brazing\/soldering) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie infra\u010derven\u00fdm sveteln\u00fdm \u017eiaren\u00edm;<\/li>\n<li>laserov\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie (laser brazing\/soldering) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie sveteln\u00fdm laserov\u00fdm \u017eiaren\u00edm;<\/li>\n<li>elektr\u00f3nov\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie (elektron beam brazing) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie, pri ktorom sa potrebn\u00e9 teplo z\u00edska s\u00fastreden\u00edm zv\u00e4zku elektr\u00f3nov\u00fdch l\u00fa\u010dov na sp\u00e1jkovan\u00fa plochu;<\/li>\n<li>sp\u00e1jkovanie v&nbsp;peci (furnace brazing\/soldering) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie, pri ktorom sa dielce spolu s&nbsp;vopred vlo\u017eenou sp\u00e1jkou a pr\u00edpadn\u00fdm tavivom ohrej\u00fa na sp\u00e1jkovaciu teplotu v&nbsp;peci;<\/li>\n<li>sp\u00e1jkovanie hor\u00facou doskou (hot plate soldering) \u2012 m\u00e4kk\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie, pri ktorom sa dielce spolu so sp\u00e1jkou a pr\u00edpadn\u00fdm tavivom zohrej\u00fa na sp\u00e1jkovaciu teplotu stykom so zohriatou doskou.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><u>Pod\u013ea \u00farovne automatiz\u00e1cie [3]:<\/u><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>ru\u010dn\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie (manual brazing\/soldering) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie, pri ktorom sa v\u0161etky pracovn\u00e9 \u00fakony vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa ru\u010dne;<\/li>\n<li>mechanizovan\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie (mechanized brazing\/soldering) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie vykon\u00e1van\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovac\u00edm strojom, pri\u010dom \u010dlovek vklad\u00e1 do medzery spoja sp\u00e1jkovac\u00ed materi\u00e1l, dielce vklad\u00e1 do sp\u00e1jkovacieho pr\u00edpravku a pr\u00edpadne z&nbsp;neho vyber\u00e1 sp\u00e1jkovan\u00e9 dielce;<\/li>\n<li>automatizovan\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie (automatic brazing\/soldering) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie vykon\u00e1van\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovac\u00edm strojom pod\u013ea zadan\u00e9ho programu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><u>Ostatn\u00e9 sp\u00f4soby [3]:<\/u><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>exotermick\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie (exotermic brazing) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00face teplo, ktor\u00e9 vznik\u00e1 pri chemickej reakcii osobitnej chemickej zmesi polo\u017eenej v&nbsp;sp\u00e1jkovanom spoji;<\/li>\n<li>sp\u00e1jkovanie vlnou (wave soldering) \u2012 hromadn\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie, pri ktorom sp\u00e1jkovan\u00e9 miesto s&nbsp;nanesen\u00fdm tavivom prejde vrchnou \u010das\u0165ou vlny roztavevenej sp\u00e1jky;<\/li>\n<li>sp\u00e1jkovanie pretaven\u00edm (reflow soldering) \u2012 m\u00e4kk\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie, pri ktorom sa vopred nanesen\u00e1 alebo vlo\u017een\u00e1 sp\u00e1jka roztav\u00ed;<\/li>\n<li>sp\u00e1jkovanie ultrazvukom (ultrasonic soldering) \u2012 m\u00e4kk\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie, pri ktorom sa ultrazvukom odstra\u0148uje vrstva oxidov a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch zl\u00fa\u010den\u00edn zo sp\u00e1jkovan\u00fdch pl\u00f4ch pod vrstvou roztavenej sp\u00e1jky;<\/li>\n<li>sp\u00e1jkovanie vtieran\u00edm (intrusion soldering) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie, pri ktorom sa vrstva oxidov a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch zl\u00fa\u010den\u00edn na sp\u00e1jkovan\u00fdch ploch\u00e1ch rozru\u0161\u00ed mechanick\u00fdm \u0161kraban\u00edm pod vrstvou roztavenej sp\u00e1jky;<\/li>\n<li>dif\u00fazne sp\u00e1jkovanie (diffusion soldering\/brazing) \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovanie, pri ktorom sa vz\u00e1jomnou dif\u00faziou z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu a sp\u00e1jky, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa zohriate na vhodn\u00fa teplotu, dosiahnu vlastnosti spoja bl\u00edzke z\u00e1kladn\u00e9mu materi\u00e1lu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2><strong>Sp\u00e1jky a\u00a0taviv\u00e1<\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>Sp\u00e1jka je pr\u00eddavn\u00fd kovov\u00fd materi\u00e1l na sp\u00e1jkovanie, ktor\u00e9ho teplota tavenia je ni\u017e\u0161ia ako teplota tavenia z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu (ZM), pri\u010dom zm\u00e1\u010da z\u00e1kladn\u00fd materi\u00e1l [3].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h3><strong>V\u0161eobecn\u00e9 po\u017eiadavky na sp\u00e1jky<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p>Od sp\u00e1jky (ktor\u00e1 m\u00e1 v\u017edy in\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 zlo\u017eenie ako z\u00e1kladn\u00fd materi\u00e1l) sa vy\u017eaduj\u00fa nasledovn\u00e9 vlastnosti [4]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>dobr\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovacie vlastnosti t. j. zm\u00e1\u010davos\u0165 a\u00a0roztekavos\u0165;<\/li>\n<li>\u00fazky interval tavenia medzi solidom a likvidom, bl\u00edzkoeutektick\u00e9 alebo eutektick\u00e9 zlo\u017eenie;<\/li>\n<li>vyroben\u00e1 z&nbsp;\u010dist\u00fdch v\u00fdchodiskov\u00fdch surov\u00edn, aby mala sp\u00e1jka n\u00edzky obsah ne\u010dist\u00f4t (najm\u00e4 n\u00edzkotavite\u013en\u00fdch pr\u00edmes\u00ed), ktor\u00e9 vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa v&nbsp;stykovej ploche spoja krehk\u00e9 intermedi\u00e1rne f\u00e1zy;<\/li>\n<li>vhodn\u00fd tvar a formu pre sp\u00e1jkovanie;<\/li>\n<li>primeran\u00fa cenu (v&nbsp;niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch nerozhoduje);<\/li>\n<li>dod\u00e1vka sp\u00e1jky s&nbsp;certifik\u00e1tom kvality.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tavivo je definovan\u00e9 ako chemick\u00fd prostriedok, ktor\u00fd napom\u00e1ha sp\u00e1jkovaniu t\u00fdm, \u017ee odstra\u0148uje zo sp\u00e1jkovanej plochy oxidy a in\u00e9 zl\u00fa\u010deniny kovov, chr\u00e1ni ju po\u010das sp\u00e1jkovania pred \u010fal\u0161ou oxid\u00e1ciou a priaznivo ovplyv\u0148uje povrchov\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie sp\u00e1jky. Pod\u013ea v\u00fd\u0161ky teploty tavenia sa sp\u00e1jky delia na [3]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>m\u00e4kk\u00e9 sp\u00e1jky (filler metal for soldering\/solder) do 450 \u00b0C,<\/li>\n<li>tvrd\u00e9 sp\u00e1jky (filler metal for brazing\/braze) od 450 do 950 \u00b0C,<\/li>\n<li>vysokoteplotn\u00e9 sp\u00e1jky (filler metal for high-temperature brazing) nad 950&nbsp;\u00b0C.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>M\u00e4kk\u00e9 sp\u00e1jky (filler metal for soldering\/solder) do 450&nbsp;\u00b0C<\/strong><\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zlo\u017eenie m\u00e4kk\u00fdch sp\u00e1jok je uveden\u00e9 v&nbsp;norme STN EN ISO 9453:2014 M\u00e4kk\u00e9 sp\u00e1jky. Chemick\u00e9 zlo\u017eenie a tvary (Soft solder alloys \u2013 Chemical compositions and forms). V\u00a0tab. 1 s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 m\u00e4kk\u00e9 sp\u00e1jky klasifikovan\u00e9 pod\u013ea normy STN EN ISO 9453 s&nbsp;ozna\u010den\u00edm pod\u013ea STN EN ISO 3677: 2016.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\">\n<p><em>Tab. 1 M\u00e4kk\u00e9 sp\u00e1jky klasifikovan\u00e9 v&nbsp;norme STN EN ISO 9453 s&nbsp;ozna\u010den\u00edm pod\u013ea STN EN ISO 3677<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\"><div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\"><strong>Skupina<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>Ozna\u010denie<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>Teplota tavenia<br \/>\n(Solidus\/likvidus) [\u00b0C]<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Sn-Sb<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">S-Sn95Sb5<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">od 230 do 240<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Sn-Pb-Bi a\u00a0Bi-Sn<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">S-Sn60Pb38Bi2<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">S-Pb49Sn48Bi3<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">S-Bi57Sn43<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">180 \/ 205<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">178 \/ 205<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">138<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Sn-Pb-Cd<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">S-Sn50Pb32Cd18<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">145<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Sn-Cu a\u00a0Sn-Sb-Cu<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">S-Sn99Cu1<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">S-Sn97Cu3<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">S-Sn60Pb38Cu2<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">S-Sn50Pb40Cu1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">230 \/ 240<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">230 \/ 250<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">183 \/ 190<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">183 \/ 215<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Sn-In<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">S-Sn50In50<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">117 \/ 125<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Sn-Ag a\u00a0Sn-Pb-Ag<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">S-Sn96Ag4<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">S-Sn97Ag3<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">S-Sn62Pb36Ag2<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">S-Sn60Pb36Ag4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">221<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">221 \/ 230<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">178 \/ 190<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">178 \/ 180<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Pb-Ag a\u00a0Pb-Sn-Ag<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">S-Pb98Ag2<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">S-Pb95Ag5<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">S-Pb93Sn5Ag2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">304 \/ 305<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">304 \/ 365<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">296 \/ 301<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\"><h3><strong>Tvrd\u00e9 sp\u00e1jky (filler metal for brazing\/braze) od 450 do 950&nbsp;\u00b0C<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zlo\u017eenie tvrd\u00fdch sp\u00e1jok je uveden\u00e9 v\u00a0norme STN EN ISO 17672:2016 Tvrd\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie. Pr\u00eddavn\u00e9 kovy. (Brazing. Filler metals). Ozna\u010dovanie niektor\u00fdch hlin\u00edkov\u00fdch, strieborn\u00fdch a meden\u00fdch sp\u00e1jok na tvrd\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie pod\u013ea STN EN ISO 17672 a STN EN ISO 3677 je uveden\u00e9 v&nbsp;tab. 2.<\/p>\n<p><em>Tab. 2 Ozna\u010dovanie hlin\u00edkov\u00fdch tvrd\u00fdch sp\u00e1jkovac\u00edch zliatin<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">ISO 17672<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">STN EN ISO 3677<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AWS<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">EN 1044<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">JIS<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>Hlin\u00edkov\u00e9 sp\u00e1jky<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Al 105<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Al95Si-575\/630<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AL 101<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Al 107<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Al92Si-575\/615<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BAlSi-2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AL 102<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BA4343<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Al 110<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Al90Si-575\/590<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BAlSi-5<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AL 103<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BA4045<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Al 112<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Al88Si-575\/585<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BAlSi-4<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AL 104<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BA4047<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Al 210<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Al86SiCu-520\/585<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BAlSi-3<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AL 201<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BA4145<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Al 310<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Al89SiMg-555\/590<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BAlSi-7<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AL 301<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BA4004<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Al 311<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Al89SiMg(Bi)-555\/590<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BAlSi-11<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AL302<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BA4104<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Al 315<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Al90Si-559\/591<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BA4005<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Al 317<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Al88SiMg-562\/582<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BAlSi-9<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Al 319<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Al89SiMg-559\/579<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BA4N04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Al 410<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Al87SiZn-576\/588<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BA4N45<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Al 415<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Al90SiZn-576\/609<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BA4N43<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Mg 001<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Mg88AlZnMn-443\/599<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BMg-1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>Strieborn\u00e9 sp\u00e1jky<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ag 125<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Cu40ZnAgSn \u2013 680\/760<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BAg-37<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AG 108<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ag 130<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Cu36ZnAgSn \u2013 665\/755<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AG 107<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ag 134<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Cu36ZnAgSn \u2013 630\/730<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AG 106<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BAg-7B<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ag 138<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Cu38ZnAgSn \u2013 650\/720<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BAg-34<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BAg-34<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ag 140<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Cu40ZnAgSn \u2013 640\/710<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BAg-28<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AG 105<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BAg-28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>Sp\u00e1jky me\u010f-fosf\u00f3r<\/strong><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">CuP 178<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Cu95P-710\/925<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BCuP-1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">CuP179<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Cu94P-710\/890<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">CP 203<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">CuP 180<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Cu93P-710\/820<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">CP 202<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BCuP-2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">CuP 181<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Cu93P-710\/793<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BCuP-2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">CuP 182<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Cu92P-710\/925<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">CP 201<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\"><p><strong>Vysokoteplotn\u00e9 sp\u00e1jky (filler metal for high-temperature brazing) nad 950&nbsp;\u00b0C<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Do tejto skupiny patria sp\u00e1jky na b\u00e1ze zlata (tab. 3) a\u00a0na b\u00e1ze pal\u00e1dia (tab. 4). Tieto sp\u00e1jky vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa jednof\u00e1zov\u00fa \u0161trukt\u00faru v&nbsp;medzere spoja bez oh\u013eadu na jej \u0161\u00edrku. Dosiahnu sa t\u00fdm vysok\u00e9 pevnostn\u00e9 a plastick\u00e9 vlastnosti spojov nam\u00e1han\u00fdch pri prev\u00e1dzkov\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch do 600&nbsp;\u00b0C. Preto sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa pre vysokopevn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly sp\u00e1jkovan\u00edm vo v\u00e1kuu. Sp\u00e1jky s\u00fa ve\u013emi drah\u00e9. Preto sa prist\u00fapilo k&nbsp;aplik\u00e1cii lacnej\u0161\u00edch sp\u00e1jok na b\u00e1ze niklu a\u00a0kobaltu (tab. 5)[4].<\/p>\n<p><em>Tab. 3 Skupina sp\u00e1jok Au: Tvrd\u00e9 sp\u00e1jky s&nbsp;obsahom zlata<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">ISO 17672<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">STN EN ISO 3677<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AWS<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">STN EN 1044<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Au 295<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Cu70Au-995\/1020<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AU 104<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Au 375<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Cu62Au-980\/1000<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BAu-1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AU 103<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Au 625<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Au62Cu-930\/940<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AU 102<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Au 752<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Au75Ni-950\/990<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AU 106<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Au 801<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Au80Cu(Fe)-905\/910<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AU 101<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Au 827<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Au82Ni-950<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BAu-4<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AU 105<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\"><p><em>Tab. 4 Skupina sp\u00e1jok Pd: Tvrd\u00e9 sp\u00e1jky s&nbsp;obsahom pal\u00e1dia<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">ISO 17672<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">STN EN ISO 3677<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AWS<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">STN EN 1044<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Pd 287<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Ag68CuPd-805\/810<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BVAg-30<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">PD 106<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Pd 387<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Ag58CuPd-825\/850<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BVAg-31<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">PD 105<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Pd 388<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Ag68CuPd-830\/860<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">PD 104<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Pd 481<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Ag65CuPd-850\/900<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">PD 103<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Pd 484<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Ag52CuPd-875\/900<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">PD 102<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Pd 587<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Ag54PdCu-900\/950<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BVAg-32<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">PD 101<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Pd 288<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Ag95Pd-970\/1010<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">PD 204<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Pd 483<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Cu82Pd-1080\/1090<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">PD 203<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Pd 485<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Ag75PdMn-1000\/1120<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">PD 202<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Pd 647<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Pd60Ni-1235<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">PD 201<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Pd 657<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Pd65Co-1235\/1252<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BVPd-1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">PD 301<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\"><p><em>Tab. 5 Skupina sp\u00e1jok Ni a Co: Niklov\u00e9 tvrd\u00e9 sp\u00e1jky<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">ISO 17672<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">STN EN ISO 3677<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">AWS<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">STN EN 1044<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ni 612<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Ni81CrB-1055<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BNi-9<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">NI 109<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ni 620<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Ni82CrSiBFe-970\/1000<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BNi-2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">NI 102<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ni 630<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Ni92SiB-980\/1040<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BNi-3<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">NI 103<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ni 631<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Ni95SiB-980\/1070<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BNi-4<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">NI 104<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ni 650<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Ni71CrSi-1080\/1135<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BNi-5<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">NI 105<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ni 670<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Ni63WCrFeSiB-970\/1105<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BNi-10<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">NI 110<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ni 671<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Ni67WCrSiFeB-970\/1095<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BNi-11<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">NI 111<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ni 700<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Ni89P-875<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BNi-6<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">NI 106<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ni 710<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Ni76CrP-890<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BNi-7<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">NI 107<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ni 720<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Ni65CrP-880\/950<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BNi-12<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">NI 112<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ni 800<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Ni66MnSiCu-980\/1010<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BNi-8<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">NI 108<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Co 900<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B-Co51CrNiSiW(B)-1120\/1150<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">BCo-1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">CO 101<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tavivo je definovan\u00e9 ako chemick\u00fd prostriedok, ktor\u00fd napom\u00e1ha sp\u00e1jkovaniu t\u00fdm, \u017ee odstra\u0148uje zo sp\u00e1jkovanej plochy oxidy a in\u00e9 zl\u00fa\u010deniny kovov, chr\u00e1ni ju po\u010das sp\u00e1jkovania pred \u010fal\u0161ou oxid\u00e1ciou a priaznivo ovplyv\u0148uje povrchov\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie sp\u00e1jky [3].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\"><h2><strong>Porovnanie zv\u00e1rania a\u00a0sp\u00e1jkovania<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>K hlavn\u00fdm v\u00fdhod\u00e1m sp\u00e1jkovania patr\u00ed [4]:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>men\u0161ia spotreba tepelnej energie, vy\u0161\u0161ia pracovn\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165, vysok\u00e1 hospod\u00e1rnos\u0165 v\u00fdroby aj pri pou\u017eit\u00ed drah\u0161ej sp\u00e1jky,<\/li>\n<li>vysok\u00e1 produktivita pr\u00e1ce, preto\u017ee je mo\u017enos\u0165 zhotovi\u0165 viacej spojov naraz (obr. 3),<\/li>\n<li>mo\u017enos\u0165 mechaniz\u00e1cie a automatiz\u00e1cie sp\u00e1jkovania,<\/li>\n<li>hygienick\u00e9 pracovn\u00e9 prostredie,<\/li>\n<li>sp\u00e1jkovanie tenkostenn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov a r\u00farok z&nbsp;Cu, Al s&nbsp;ve\u013ek\u00fdm po\u010dtom spojov (obr. 3),<\/li>\n<li>mo\u017enos\u0165 sp\u00e1jkovania v\u0161etk\u00fdch kovov a zliatin, kombinovan\u00fdch kovov\u00fdch a\u00a0nekovov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov, jednoduch\u00fdch a zlo\u017eit\u00fdch spojov (pri ohreve v&nbsp;peci),<\/li>\n<li>mo\u017enos\u0165 kombin\u00e1cie sp\u00e1jkovania a tepeln\u00e9ho spracovania,<\/li>\n<li>pekn\u00fd povrchov\u00fd vzh\u013ead sp\u00e1jky v&nbsp;spoji (obr. 3),<\/li>\n<li>men\u0161ie \u0161trukt\u00farne zmeny v\u00a0spojovan\u00fdch materi\u00e1loch a men\u0161ie vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie v&nbsp;spoji,<\/li>\n<li>vysok\u00e1 reprodukovate\u013enos\u0165 v\u00fdsledkov sp\u00e1jkovania a \u013eahk\u00e1 kontrola kvality spoja,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>pri kapil\u00e1rnom sp\u00e1jkovan\u00ed sp\u00e1jka vypln\u00ed cel\u00fd prierez spoja aj ke\u010f sa prid\u00e1va len z&nbsp;jednej strany.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-0 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:33.333333333333%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:5.76%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:5.76%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-3 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image003.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[spajka]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 3 Pr\u00edklady sp\u00e1jkovan\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkov\nSp\u00e1jkovan\u00fd v\u00fdrobok z nehrdzavej\u00facej ocele s ve\u013ek\u00fdm po\u010dtom spojov [5] \" data-title=\"image003\" title=\"image003\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"487\" height=\"328\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image003.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-622\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image003-200x135.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image003-400x269.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image003.png 487w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-1 fusion_builder_column_inner_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:66.666666666667%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:2.88%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:2.88%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-4 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image004.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[spajkahttps:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-admin\/post.php?post=112&amp;action=edit#]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 3 Pr\u00edklady sp\u00e1jkovan\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkov\nTepeln\u00fd v\u00fdmenn\u00edk sp\u00e1jkovan\u00fd procesom Cuprobraze [6]\" data-title=\"image004\" title=\"image004\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"229\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image004-600x229.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-623\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image004-200x76.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image004-400x153.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image004-600x229.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image004-800x306.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image004.png 850w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3 Pr\u00edklady sp\u00e1jkovan\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkov<br \/>\nv\u013eavo &#8211; sp\u00e1jkovan\u00fd v\u00fdrobok z&nbsp;nehrdzavej\u00facej ocele s&nbsp;ve\u013ek\u00fdm po\u010dtom spojov [5]\nvpravo &#8211; tepeln\u00fd v\u00fdmenn\u00edk sp\u00e1jkovan\u00fd procesom Cuprobraze [6]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri sp\u00e1jkovan\u00ed nenastane roztavenie kontaktnej plochy z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu ako pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed [4]. \u010eal\u0161ie rozdiely medzi sp\u00e1jkovan\u00edm a\u00a0zv\u00e1ran\u00edm je mo\u017en\u00e9 zhrn\u00fa\u0165 nasledovne:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>pr\u00eddavn\u00fd materi\u00e1l \u2012 sp\u00e1jka m\u00e1 in\u00e9 chemick\u00e9 zlo\u017eenie ako z\u00e1kladn\u00fd materi\u00e1l. To ovplyv\u0148uje \u00fa\u017eitkov\u00e9 vlastnosti spoja,<\/li>\n<li>teplotno &#8211; \u010dasov\u00fd priebeh pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed je tvrd\u00fd, t. j. vysok\u00e1 koncentr\u00e1cia tepla je s\u00fastreden\u00e1 do miesta zvaru, zatia\u013e \u010do pri sp\u00e1jkovan\u00ed s&nbsp;lok\u00e1lnym ohrevom je \u0161irok\u00e1 oblas\u0165 spoja ohriata na sp\u00e1jkovaciu teplotu ni\u017e\u0161iu ako teplota tavenia z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu,<\/li>\n<li>pri sp\u00e1jkovacej teplote roztaven\u00e1 sp\u00e1jka te\u010die len do teplej oblasti medzery v\u0161etk\u00fdmi smermi, v&nbsp;d\u00f4sledku p\u00f4sobenia fyzik\u00e1lnych z\u00e1konov,<\/li>\n<li>p\u00f4sobenie kapil\u00e1rnej sily v&nbsp;medzere (0,02 \u2012 0,2 mm) spoja m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledok r\u00fdchle osvojenie techniky ru\u010dn\u00e9ho sp\u00e1jkovania pracovn\u00edkom a vytv\u00e1ra jednoduch\u0161ie predpoklady pre mechaniz\u00e1ciu sp\u00e1jkovacieho procesu.<\/li>\n<li>materi\u00e1lovo heterog\u00e9nny sp\u00e1jkovan\u00fd spoj sa pri za\u0165a\u017een\u00ed spr\u00e1va ako materi\u00e1lov\u00fd vrub. Jeho \u00fa\u010dinok z\u00e1vis\u00ed od \u0161\u00edrky medzery spoja, druhu sp\u00e1jky a\u00a0z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu i od sp\u00f4sobu nam\u00e1hania. Pevnos\u0165 sp\u00e1jkovan\u00e9ho spoja b\u00fdva 60 a\u017e 100&nbsp;% pevnosti z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu v&nbsp;\u017e\u00edhanom stave,<\/li>\n<li>pri sp\u00e1jkovan\u00ed kalite\u013en\u00fdch ocel\u00ed treba voli\u0165 typ sp\u00e1jky, ktorej sp\u00e1jkovacia a\u00a0kaliaca teplota s\u00fa s\u00fahlasn\u00e9. Po zodpovedaj\u00facom r\u00fdchlom ochladen\u00ed treba vykona\u0165 pop\u00fa\u0161\u0165anie sp\u00e1jkovan\u00e9ho spoja,<\/li>\n<li>kor\u00f3zna odolnos\u0165 sp\u00e1jkovan\u00e9ho spoja je podstatne hor\u0161ia ako zv\u00e1ran\u00e9ho, najm\u00e4 v\u00a0agres\u00edvnom prostred\u00ed. V&nbsp;slab\u0161om kor\u00f3znom prostred\u00ed odol\u00e1vaj\u00fa aj sp\u00e1jkovan\u00e9 spoje,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">k\u00fatov\u00fd prechod sp\u00e1jky pri sp\u00e1jkovan\u00fdch spojoch je hladk\u00fd a nevy\u017eaduje mechanick\u00e9 opracovanie spoja.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16\"><h2><strong>Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 po\u017eiadavky na vlastnosti sp\u00e1jok<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h5>Zm\u00e1\u010davos\u0165<\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zm\u00e1\u010davos\u0165 (wettability) je schopnos\u0165 tekutej sp\u00e1jky pri\u013en\u00fa\u0165 ku kovovo \u010dist\u00e9mu povrchu z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu pri ur\u010ditej teplote. Pri zm\u00e1\u010dan\u00ed sa povrchov\u00e9 at\u00f3my (i\u00f3ny) z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu a\u00a0tekutej sp\u00e1jky dostan\u00fa do malej vzdialenosti, tak\u017ee sa vytvoria podmienky pre \u00fa\u010dinok adh\u00e9znych a\u00a0koh\u00e9znych s\u00edl. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie doch\u00e1dza aj k&nbsp;vz\u00e1jomn\u00e9mu rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165aniu a dif\u00fazii niektor\u00fdch prvkov sp\u00e1jkovan\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov. Pritom sa zni\u017euje vo\u013en\u00e1 povrchov\u00e1 energia (povrchov\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie [N.m<sup>-1<\/sup>]) syst\u00e9mu: sp\u00e1jka (L), z\u00e1kladn\u00fd materi\u00e1l (S), ochrann\u00e1 atmosf\u00e9ra, v\u00e1kuum, tavivo (V). Z\u00a0uveden\u00e9ho vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee zm\u00e1\u010davos\u0165 nastane, ke\u010f sa vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa v&nbsp;kontaktnej ploche spolo\u010dn\u00e9 f\u00e1zy (tuh\u00e9 roztoky, intermedi\u00e1rne f\u00e1zy), pri\u010dom vz\u00e1jomn\u00e1 rozpustnos\u0165 sp\u00e1jkovan\u00fdch kovov m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 aj mal\u00e1. Adh\u00e9zne sily s\u00fa pritom v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie ako koh\u00e9zne [4].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kvalitat\u00edvnym krit\u00e9riom zm\u00e1\u010dania je kontaktn\u00fd uhol (<strong>\u03b1<\/strong>), ktor\u00fd zviera doty\u010dnica povrchu sp\u00e1jky (\ud835\uded4\ud835\udc0b\ud835\udc15) s&nbsp;povrchom z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu (\ud835\uded4\ud835\udc12\ud835\udc0b) v&nbsp;mieste kontaktu s&nbsp;okolitou atmosf\u00e9rou (\ud835\uded4\ud835\udc12\ud835\udc15) &#8211; obr. 4.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-5 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image005-200x75.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[spajka]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 4 Sch\u00e9ma zm\u00e1\u010dania\" data-title=\"image005\" title=\"image005\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"225\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image005-600x225.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-624\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image005-200x75.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image005-400x150.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image005-600x225.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image005-800x300.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image005-1200x450.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image005.png 1323w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-17\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 4 Sch\u00e9ma zm\u00e1\u010dania<br \/>\n\u03c3SV je povrchov\u00e1 energia medzi povrchom materi\u00e1lu a okolitou atmosf\u00e9rou, \u03c3LV \u2012 povrchov\u00e1 energia medzi povrchom materi\u00e1lu a tekutou sp\u00e1jkou, \u03c3SL \u2012 povrchov\u00e1 energia medzi tekutou sp\u00e1jkou a okolitou atmosf\u00e9rou, \u03b1 \u2012 uhol zm\u00e1\u010dania, F1 \u2012 pr\u00ed\u0165a\u017eliv\u00e9 sily at\u00f3mov povrchovej vrstvy ZM a tekutej sp\u00e1jky, F2 \u2012 pr\u00ed\u0165a\u017eliv\u00e9 sily at\u00f3mov okolit\u00e9ho prostredia, F3 \u2012 pr\u00ed\u0165a\u017eliv\u00e9 sily susedn\u00fdch at\u00f3mov v&nbsp;tekutej sp\u00e1jke.<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18\"><p>Zm\u00e1\u010danie nastane ak uhol \u03b1 je v&nbsp;rozmedz\u00ed 0 \u00b0 &lt; \u03b1 &lt; 90 \u00b0:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>pri \u03b1 = 0 \u00b0a\u017e 15 \u00b0 je zm\u00e1\u010davos\u0165 v\u00fdborn\u00e1 (vhodn\u00e1 pre kapil\u00e1rne sp\u00e1jkovanie),<\/li>\n<li>pri \u03b1 = 15 \u00b0 a\u017e 75 \u00b0 je zm\u00e1\u010davos\u0165 dobr\u00e1 (vhodn\u00e1 pre n\u00e1nosov\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie),<\/li>\n<li>pri \u03b1 = 75 \u00b0 a\u017e 90 \u00b0 m\u00e1 sp\u00e1jka zhor\u0161en\u00fa zm\u00e1\u010davos\u0165 (e\u0161te posta\u010duje pre n\u00e1nosov\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie).<\/li>\n<li>pri \u03b1 &gt; 90 \u00b0 sp\u00e1jka povrch materi\u00e1lu nezm\u00e1\u010da (sp\u00e1jka nie je vhodn\u00e1 pre ak\u00fdko\u013evek sp\u00f4sob sp\u00e1jkovania).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>Roztekavos\u0165<\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Roztekavos\u0165 (spreadability) definujeme ako schopnos\u0165 tekutej sp\u00e1jky roztiec\u0165 sa pri ur\u010ditej teplote po vodorovnom povrchu z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Kvalitat\u00edvnym krit\u00e9riom roztekavosti je ve\u013ekos\u0165 plochy v&nbsp;mm<sup>2<\/sup>, pri ktorej sa definovan\u00e9 mno\u017estvo sp\u00e1jky pri sk\u00fa\u0161ke rozte\u010die [4].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Niektor\u00e9 normy namiesto \u010dasovo n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9ho vyhodnotenia rozte\u010denej plochy d\u00e1vaj\u00fa prednos\u0165 meraniu v\u00fd\u0161ky sp\u00e1jky po rozte\u010den\u00ed (obr. 5). Koeficient roztekavosti je potom podielom v\u00fd\u0161ky po rozte\u010den\u00ed a v\u00fd\u0161ky pri ide\u00e1lnom nezm\u00e1\u010dan\u00ed. Ke\u010f je povrch nezm\u00e1\u010dav\u00fd, zm\u00e1\u010danie nenastane a sp\u00e1jka vytvor\u00ed ide\u00e1lnu gu\u013eov\u00fa plochu [7].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-6 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image006.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[spajka]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 5 Priemer \ud835\udc37\ud835\udc60 a v\u00fd\u0161ka \ud835\udc3b\ud835\udc60 sp\u00e1jky po zm\u00e1\u010dan\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu\" data-title=\"image006\" title=\"image006\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"170\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image006-600x170.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-625\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image006-200x57.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image006-400x113.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image006-600x170.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image006.png 681w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-19\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5 Priemer \ud835\udc37\ud835\udc60 a v\u00fd\u0161ka \ud835\udc3b\ud835\udc60 sp\u00e1jky po zm\u00e1\u010dan\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-20\"><h5>Kapilarita<\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kapilarita (capilarity) je definovan\u00e1 ako schopnos\u0165 tekutej sp\u00e1jky vyplni\u0165 pri ur\u010ditej teplote \u00fazku medzeru spoja p\u00f4soben\u00edm kapil\u00e1rnych s\u00edl. Podmienkou vzniku kapil\u00e1rnej rozp\u00ednavosti je medzera spoja pod 0,5 mm. Kontrolou spr\u00e1vneho kapil\u00e1rneho sp\u00e1jkovania je vytvorenie k\u00fatov\u00e9ho prechodu sp\u00e1jky na proti\u013eahlej strane spoja (obr. 6). Odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00e1 kapil\u00e1rna medzera spoja pre r\u00f4zne druhy sp\u00e1jok a\u00a0z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu je uveden\u00e1 v&nbsp;tab. 6 [1, 8, 9].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-7 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image007.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[spajka]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 6 Postup kapil\u00e1rneho sp\u00e1jkovania [8]\" data-title=\"image007\" title=\"image007\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image007-800x169.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-626\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image007-200x42.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image007-400x84.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image007-600x127.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image007-800x169.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image007-1200x253.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image007.png 1388w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-21\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 6 Postup kapil\u00e1rneho sp\u00e1jkovania [8]<\/h6>\n<p><em>Tab. 6 Kapil\u00e1rna medzera spoja [9]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Sp\u00e1jka na b\u00e1ze<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">\u0160\u00edrka medzery spoja s&nbsp;[mm]<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00fd materi\u00e1l<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Sn-Pb<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">0,02 a\u017e 0,2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Me\u010f, zliatina Cu-Zn, oce\u013e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Al-Si<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">0,2 a\u017e 0,5<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Hlin\u00edk<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Cu<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">0,02 a\u017e 0,07<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Oce\u013e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Cu-P-(Ag)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">0,02 a\u017e 0,1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Me\u010f, zliatina Cu-Zn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Cu-Zn<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">0,1 a\u017e 0,2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Oce\u013e, me\u010f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Cu-Sn<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">0,1 a\u017e 0,3<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Oce\u013e, me\u010f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Cu-Ni<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">0,2 a\u017e 0,4<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Oce\u013e<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ag-Cu<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">0,02 a\u017e 0,1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Oce\u013e, me\u010f, zliatiny Cu-Zn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ag-Cu-Zn<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">0,02 a\u017e 0,1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Oce\u013e, me\u010f, zliatina Cu-Zn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ni<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">0,02 a\u017e 0,05<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Oce\u013e, zliatiny Ni<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-22\"><h2><strong>Sp\u00e1jkovanie v\u00a0automobilovom priemysle<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Slovensko patr\u00ed medzi najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdrobcov automobilov v&nbsp;strednej Eur\u00f3pe, a to v\u010faka \u0161tyrom automobilov\u00fdm koncernom: Volkswagen Slovakia v&nbsp;Bratislave, Groupe PSA Slovakia v&nbsp;Trnave, Kia Motors Slovakia v&nbsp;\u017diline a Jaguar Land Rover Slovakia v&nbsp;Nitre. Okrem toho p\u00f4sobia na Slovensku aj dod\u00e1vatelia automobilov\u00fdch komponentov, ktor\u00ed dod\u00e1vaj\u00fa svoje v\u00fdrobky nielen v\u00fdrobcom automobilov na Slovensku, ale aj do zahrani\u010dia.<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Technol\u00f3gie sp\u00e1jkovania pozinkovan\u00fdch plechov<\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Okrem met\u00f3d zv\u00e1rania sa na sp\u00e1janie pozinkovan\u00fdch plechov pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa technol\u00f3gie tvrd\u00e9ho sp\u00e1jkovania, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa u\u017e be\u017ene pr\u00edstupn\u00e9 v\u00fdrobcom automobilov. Priemyseln\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie m\u00e1 najm\u00e4:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>MIG\/MAG sp\u00e1jkovanie,<\/li>\n<li>TIG sp\u00e1jkovanie,<\/li>\n<li>sp\u00e1jkovanie plazmou,<\/li>\n<li>sp\u00e1jkovanie laserov\u00fdm l\u00fa\u010dom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0160pecifick\u00e9 vlastnosti a aplika\u010dn\u00e9 mo\u017enosti niektor\u00fdch z&nbsp;t\u00fdchto sp\u00f4sobov sp\u00e1jkovania s\u00fa charakterizovan\u00e9 v\u00a0tab. 7.<\/p>\n<p><em>Tab. 7 Porovnanie vlastnost\u00ed pre MIG\/MAG, plazmov\u00e9 a laserov\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie [10]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\"><\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">MIG-MAG sp\u00e1jkovanie<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Plazmov\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Laserov\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Mechaniz\u00e1cia<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">ru\u010dn\u00e9\/automatizovan\u00e9<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">ru\u010dn\u00e9\/automatizovan\u00e9<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">automatizovan\u00e9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">R\u00fdchlos\u0165 sp\u00e1jkovania<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">automatizovan\u00e9<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\">ru\u010dn\u00e9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&lt; 3 m\/min<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">asi 0,5 m\/min<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/p>\n<p>&lt; 1,7 m\/min<\/p>\n<p>asi 0,5 m\/min<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">&#8211;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u2264 3m\/min<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Priemern\u00fd tepeln\u00fd pr\u00edkon na\u00a0jednotku d\u013a\u017eky pri sp\u00e1jkovan\u00ed\u00a0plechu hr\u00fabky 1,0 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">cca 120 \u2012 360 J\/mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">cca 120 \u2013 180 J\/mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">cca 80 J\/mm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Sp\u00e1jka<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">na b\u00e1ze medi<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">na b\u00e1ze medi<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">na b\u00e1ze medi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Ochrann\u00fd plyn \/Spotreba\u00a0plynu<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Ar (zmesn\u00fd plyn)\u00a0asi 10 l\/min<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ar (zmesn\u00fd plyn)<\/p>\n<p>ochrann\u00fd plyn:\u00a010 \u2012 15 l\/min<\/p>\n<p>plazmov\u00fd plyn:\u00a00,8 \u2012 2 l\/min<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Kor\u00f3zna odolnos\u0165<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">n\u00e1ter lakom<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">n\u00e1ter lakom<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">n\u00e1ter lakom<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">P\u00f3rovitos\u0165 n\u00e1nosu sp\u00e1jky<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Rozstrek pri sp\u00e1jkovan\u00ed<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">+<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Mobilnos\u0165 sp\u00e1jkovacej\u00a0met\u00f3dy<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">++<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">ru\u010dn\u00e9\/automatizovan\u00e9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">++<\/p>\n<p>ru\u010dn\u00e9<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&#8211;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-23\"><h5>Sp\u00e1jky na povlakovan\u00e9 plechy<\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0160tandardnou sp\u00e1jkou na sp\u00e1jkovanie pozinkovan\u00fdch plechov je sp\u00e1jka na b\u00e1ze medi s&nbsp;n\u00edzkym obsahom leguj\u00faceho prvku krem\u00edka s&nbsp;ozna\u010den\u00edm SG-CuSi3 (DIN 1733). Sp\u00e1jku mo\u017eno z&nbsp;normy STN EN ISO 17672 ozna\u010di\u0165 ako \u201eSp\u00e1jka ISO 17672-BCu97Si3- 910\/1025\u201c (v&nbsp;skratke CuSi3). Cie\u013eom leguj\u00faceho prvku je zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 teplotu tavenia sp\u00e1jky, dezoxidova\u0165 n\u00e1nos a zlep\u0161i\u0165 zm\u00e1\u010davos\u0165 sp\u00e1jky. Sp\u00e1jka je tvoren\u00e1 tuh\u00fdm roztokom Si v&nbsp;\u03b1Cu. Teplota tavenia takejto sp\u00e1jky je v&nbsp;intervale od 910 do 1025 \u00b0C, v&nbsp;porovnan\u00ed so Zn povlakom, ktor\u00fd sa tav\u00ed pri ~ 419&nbsp;\u00b0C. Mechanick\u00e9 vlastnosti sp\u00e1jky CuSi3 a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch vhodn\u00fdch na pozinkovan\u00e9 plechy s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 v&nbsp;tab. 8.<\/p>\n<p><em>Tab. 8 Mechanick\u00e9 a fyzik\u00e1lne vlastnosti sp\u00e1jok pre sp\u00e1jkovanie pozinkovan\u00fdch plechov [10]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ozna\u010denie sp\u00e1jky<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Interval tavenia [\u00b0C]<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Medza klzu [MPa]<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Medza pevnosti [MPa]<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">\u0164a\u017enos\u0165 [%]<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">SG-CuSi3<br \/>\nR-CuSi-A<br \/>\n2.1461<br \/>\nCF116C<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">910 &#8211; 1025<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">250<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&gt;380<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">46<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">L-CuSi3Mn1<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">910 \u2012 1025<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&gt;120<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">340 \u2012 460<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">L-CuSi2Mn<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">1030 \u2012 1060<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&gt;80<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">290 \u2012 340<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">45<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">SG-CuSn10SiMn<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">887 \u2012 1020<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">240<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&gt;350<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">SG-CuSn<br \/>\nCuSn1Mn<br \/>\nS-CF133G<br \/>\n2.1006<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">1020 \u2012 1050<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">230<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&gt;340<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">SG-CuAl8<br \/>\nR-CuAl-Al<br \/>\nCF303G<br \/>\n2.0921<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">1030 \u2012 1040<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">180<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">380 \u2012 450<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">SG-CuAl8Ni2<br \/>\nSG31-150C<br \/>\n2.0922<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">1030 \u2012 1050<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">290<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">530 \u2012 590<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">&gt;30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-24\"><h5>Mechanizovan\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie hlin\u00edkov\u00fdch chladi\u010dov<\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri sp\u00e1jkovan\u00ed v\u00fdrobkov z&nbsp;tenkostenn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov ako s\u00fa automobilov\u00e9 chladi\u010de (obr. 7), tepeln\u00e9 v\u00fdmenn\u00edky, olejov\u00e9 chladi\u010de a pod. sa na ich v\u00fdrobu pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa plechy z&nbsp;Al zliatin hr\u00fabky 1 a\u017e 3 mm. Tieto plechy s\u00fa na jednej, alebo na obidvoch stran\u00e1ch pl\u00e1tovan\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkou typu Al-Si (8 a\u017e 12 hm.% Si) legovanej Mg, Cu so sp\u00e1jkovacou teplotou 580 a\u017e 610&nbsp;\u00b0C. Hr\u00fabka pl\u00e1tovanej vrstvy je 6 a\u017e 12&nbsp;% z&nbsp;hr\u00fabky plechu \u2013 obr. 8. Kon\u0161truk\u010dn\u00e1 sp\u00e1jkovate\u013enos\u0165 je dan\u00e1 tvarom v\u00fdrobku [11].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-8 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image008.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[spajka]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 7 Horn\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 sp\u00e1jkovan\u00e9ho chladi\u010da z Al zliatiny (AA 4045) [12]\" data-title=\"image008\" title=\"image008\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"287\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image008-600x287.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-627\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image008-200x96.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image008-400x192.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image008-600x287.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image008-800x383.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image008.png 1150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-25\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 7 Horn\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 sp\u00e1jkovan\u00e9ho chladi\u010da z&nbsp;Al zliatiny (AA 4045) [12]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-9 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image009.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[spajka]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 8 Hlin\u00edkov\u00fd plech pl\u00e1tovan\u00fd z oboch str\u00e1n sp\u00e1jkou AlSi12 (teplota tavenia 577\/610 \u00b0C) [12]\" data-title=\"image009\" title=\"image009\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"388\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image009-600x388.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image009-200x129.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image009-400x259.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image009-600x388.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image009-800x517.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image009.png 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-26\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 8 Hlin\u00edkov\u00fd plech pl\u00e1tovan\u00fd z&nbsp;oboch str\u00e1n sp\u00e1jkou AlSi12 (teplota tavenia 577\/610&nbsp;\u00b0C) [12]<\/h6>\n<p>Pri sp\u00e1jkovan\u00ed vo v\u00e1kuu sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa osobitn\u00e9 pece, jedno, alebo viackomorov\u00e9 obd\u013a\u017enikov\u00e9ho tvaru (obr. 9). Sp\u00e1jkovance s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9 v&nbsp;nosnom r\u00e1me z&nbsp;nehrdzavej\u00facej ocele. Pri jednokomorovej peci nast\u00e1va ve\u013ek\u00fd tepeln\u00fd \u0161ok pred nov\u00fdm sp\u00e1jkovan\u00edm. Dvojkomorov\u00e1 pec sa sklad\u00e1 zo sp\u00e1jkovacej a predohrievacej a pri trojkomorovej aj z&nbsp;ochladzovacej komory. Jednotliv\u00e9 komory s\u00fa oddelen\u00e9 zvisl\u00fdmi v\u00e1kuov\u00fdmi dverami, \u010do zvy\u0161uje produkciu sp\u00e1jkovania [13].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-10 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image010.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[spajka]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 9 Poh\u013ead na v\u00e1kuov\u00fa CONSARC pre sp\u00e1jkovanie hlin\u00edkov\u00fdch automobilov\u00fdch chladi\u010dov [14]\" data-title=\"Brazing furnace \/ rotary retort \/ microwave \/ vacuum\" title=\"Brazing furnace \/ rotary retort \/ microwave \/ vacuum\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"476\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image010-600x476.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-629\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image010-200x159.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image010-400x317.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image010-600x476.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image010-800x635.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image010.jpg 914w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-27\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 9 Poh\u013ead na v\u00e1kuov\u00fa CONSARC pre sp\u00e1jkovanie hlin\u00edkov\u00fdch automobilov\u00fdch chladi\u010dov [14]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri sp\u00e1jkovan\u00ed v\u00a0priebe\u017enej peci v&nbsp;ochrannej atmosf\u00e9re dus\u00edka (obr. 10) sa z\u00edska r\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00ed a rovnomernej\u0161\u00ed ohrev, preto\u017ee sa realizuje veden\u00edm za pou\u017eitia ventil\u00e1tora. Pritom s\u00fa men\u0161ie n\u00e1roky na \u00fadr\u017ebu zariadenia s\u00a0oh\u013eadom na men\u0161iu tvorbu usaden\u00edn z&nbsp;odparuj\u00facich sa prvkov Mg a Zn.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-11 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image011.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[spajka]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 10 Priebe\u017en\u00e1 pec na sp\u00e1jkovanie v ochrannej atmosf\u00e9re dus\u00edka [12, 15]\" data-title=\"image011\" title=\"image011\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"278\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image011-600x278.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-630\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image011-200x93.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image011-400x185.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image011-600x278.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image011-800x371.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image011-1200x556.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image011.png 1247w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-12 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image012.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[spajka]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 10 Priebe\u017en\u00e1 pec na sp\u00e1jkovanie v ochrannej atmosf\u00e9re dus\u00edka [12, 15]\" data-title=\"image012\" title=\"image012\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"390\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image012-600x390.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-631\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image012-200x130.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image012-400x260.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image012-600x390.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image012-800x520.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image012.png 851w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-28\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 10 Priebe\u017en\u00e1 pec na sp\u00e1jkovanie v\u00a0ochrannej atmosf\u00e9re dus\u00edka [12, 15]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Technologick\u00fd postup sp\u00e1jkovania v&nbsp;priebe\u017enej peci pozost\u00e1va z&nbsp;nasleduj\u00facich et\u00e1p [12]:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>odmastenie zlo\u017een\u00fdch dielcov v&nbsp;uchycovac\u00edch pr\u00edpravkoch z&nbsp;nehrdzavej\u00facej ocele pri teplote 170 \u00b0C,<\/li>\n<li>nan\u00e1\u0161anie taviva vo forme pr\u00e1\u0161ku zmie\u0161an\u00fd s&nbsp;upravenou vodou, pomocou bat\u00e9rie striekacieho zariadenia,<\/li>\n<li>su\u0161enie taviva do 300 \u00b0C,<\/li>\n<li>pomal\u00fd ohrev na sp\u00e1jkovaciu teplotu 605 \u00b0C\/3 \u2012 5 min, resp. 595 \u00b0C\/15 \u2012 20 min. (kontroluje sa pomocou viacer\u00fdch dotykov\u00fdch termo\u010dl\u00e1nkov),<\/li>\n<li>pomal\u00e9 ochladenie sp\u00e1jkovanca v&nbsp;peci na 30 \u00b0C,<\/li>\n<li>postupn\u00e9 vybratie sp\u00e1jkovancov z&nbsp;dopravn\u00e9ho p\u00e1su,<\/li>\n<li>kontrola kvality sp\u00e1jkovancov.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 trendy v\u00a0oblasti technol\u00f3gi\u00ed sp\u00e1jkovania v\u00a0elektronickom priemysle<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V oblasti elektronick\u00e9ho a mikroelektronick\u00e9ho priemyslu je hlavnou potrebou v\u00fdvoj nov\u00fdch sofistikovan\u00fdch elektronick\u00fdch zaraden\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017eu pracova\u0165 r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie, spo\u013eahlivej\u0161ie a \u00faspornej\u0161ie. Jadrom t\u00fdchto zariaden\u00ed s\u00fa vysokov\u00fdkonn\u00e9 tranzistorov\u00e9 polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 s\u00fa\u010diastky, ktor\u00e9 v&nbsp;jednom zapuzdrenom balen\u00ed vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa v\u00fdkonov\u00fd elektronick\u00fd \u010dip [16-18]. Najpou\u017e\u00edvanej\u0161ie\u00a0 komponenty, ktor\u00e9 sp\u013a\u0148aj\u00fa tieto podmienky s\u00fa plan\u00e1rne MOSFET, IGBT \u010di HEMT tranzistory, v\u00fdkonov\u00e9 Schotkyho bari\u00e9rov\u00e9 di\u00f3dy a v&nbsp;s\u00fa\u010dasnosti sa testuj\u00fa aj krem\u00edkov\u00e9 nanotranzistory niekedy ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 ako FINFETy [19-22].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00fdroba polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch v\u00fdkonov\u00fdch zapuzdren\u00fdch \u010dipov sa vo v\u0161eobecnosti sklad\u00e1 z&nbsp;nieko\u013ek\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov r\u00f4zneho druhu sp\u00e1jan\u00fdch do jedn\u00e9ho celku \u2013 obr. 11. Celok sa sklad\u00e1 v\u00fdmenn\u00edka tepla (chladi\u010da \u2013 Cu, CuSiC) spojen\u00e9ho s&nbsp;keramick\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom, ktor\u00fd sa sp\u00e1ja s&nbsp;v\u00fdkonn\u00fdm polovodi\u010dov\u00fdm \u010dipom (SiC, GaN) s&nbsp;ktor\u00e9ho povrchom je spojen\u00fd vonkaj\u0161\u00ed obvod z&nbsp;vodiv\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov (Al, Cu, Cu-SiC). Celok je n\u00e1sledne ulo\u017een\u00fd v&nbsp;jednom puzdre [23, 24].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-13 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image013.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[spajka]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 11 Sch\u00e9matick\u00e9 zn\u00e1zornenie v\u00fdkonov\u00e9ho polovodi\u010dov\u00e9ho modulu\" data-title=\"image013\" title=\"image013\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"352\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image013-600x352.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-632\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image013-200x117.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image013-400x235.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image013-600x352.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image013.png 791w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-29\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 11 Sch\u00e9matick\u00e9 zn\u00e1zornenie v\u00fdkonov\u00e9ho polovodi\u010dov\u00e9ho modulu<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vyu\u017eitie modern\u00fdch vysokov\u00fdkonn\u00fdch elektronick\u00fdch \u010dipov \u010di modulov je takmer v\u00a0ka\u017edej modernej technike po\u010dn\u00fac v\u00a0oblasti automobilov\u00e9ho priemyslu, PC techniky, stroj\u00e1rskeho priemyslu a\u017e po oblas\u0165 vesm\u00edrneho prieskumu. S\u00a0v\u00fdvojom techniky a\u00a0technologick\u00e9ho pokroku sa klad\u00fa \u010doraz vy\u0161\u0161ie n\u00e1roky na ni\u017e\u0161iu hmotnos\u0165 a\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdkon pri ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch prev\u00e1dzkov\u00fdch n\u00e1kladoch. Modern\u00e1 elektronika tento trend sp\u013a\u0148a nahraden\u00edm klasick\u00fdch Si \u010dipov, \u010dipmi na b\u00e1ze karbidov krem\u00edka alebo nitridov g\u00e1lia. Tak\u00e9to zariadenia umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa dosiahnu\u0165 vy\u0161\u0161ie frekvencie, vy\u0161\u0161ie v\u00fddr\u017en\u00e9 nap\u00e4tia s&nbsp;extr\u00e9mne n\u00edzkym odporom na jednotku plochy. Pri pou\u017eit\u00ed krem\u00edka bola horn\u00e1 hranica teploty chodu zariadenia pribli\u017ene 150&nbsp;\u00b0C. Trojn\u00e1sobn\u00fd p\u00e1smov\u00fd rozsah SiC v&nbsp;porovnan\u00ed s&nbsp;krem\u00edkom umo\u017e\u0148uje nap\u00e1janie zariadenia za ove\u013ea vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch tepl\u00f4t, \u010do zna\u010dne roz\u0161iruje pou\u017eite\u013enos\u0165. V\u00fdsledkom je prelomov\u00fd v\u00fdkon, men\u0161ie rozmery a ni\u017e\u0161ia spotreba energie [25-27].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 Mitsubishi Electric, ktor\u00e1 m\u00e1 svoju pobo\u010dku aj na Slovensku v\u00a0Nitre, vyr\u00e1baj\u00fa inteligentn\u00e9 v\u00fdkonov\u00e9 moduly, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa popredn\u00e9 miesto na trhu inventorov\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkov. Spolo\u010dnos\u0165 vyr\u00e1ba r\u00f4zne v\u00fdkonov\u00e9 moduly, ktor\u00e9 prezentuj\u00fa pod\u013ea obr. 12. Ide hlavne o\u00a0v\u00fdkonov\u00e9 IGBT a\u00a0IPM moduly s\u00a0krem\u00edkov\u00fdm jadrom [28].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-14 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image014.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[spajka]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 12 Aplika\u010dn\u00e9 uplatnenie v\u00fdkonov\u00fdch Si modulov spolo\u010dnosti Mitsubishi Electric [28]\" data-title=\"image014\" title=\"image014\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"440\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image014.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-633\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image014-200x153.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image014-400x306.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image014.jpg 576w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 576px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-30\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 12 Aplika\u010dn\u00e9 uplatnenie v\u00fdkonov\u00fdch Si modulov spolo\u010dnosti Mitsubishi Electric [28]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na druh\u00fa stranu, v\u00a0r\u00e1mci eur\u00f3pskeho projektu Horizon 2020 s\u00fa talianski vedci presved\u010den\u00fd, \u017ee s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 v\u00fdkonov\u00e9 moduly s\u00fa neefekt\u00edvne a\u00a0odhaduj\u00fa, \u017ee iba 20% celej energie zapojenej do v\u00fdroby energie sa dostane ku koncov\u00e9mu pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eovi. Tento probl\u00e9m je pod\u013ea talianskych vedcov mo\u017en\u00e9 rie\u0161i\u0165 pr\u00e1ve nitridov\u00fdmi \u010di karbidov\u00fdmi polovodi\u010dov\u00fdmi jadrami [29]. K\u00a0t\u00fdmto tvrdeniam sa autori z\u00a0t\u00fd\u017edenn\u00edka Electonics News, ktor\u00ed pod\u013ea obr. 13 prezentovali aplika\u010dn\u00fd potenci\u00e1l t\u00fdchto modulov.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-15 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image015.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[spajka]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 13 Aplik\u00e1cie v\u00fdkonov\u00fdch modulov [30]\" data-title=\"image015\" title=\"image015\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"268\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image015-600x268.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-634\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image015-200x89.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image015-400x178.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image015-600x268.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image015-800x357.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image015-1200x535.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image015.png 1385w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-31\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 13 Aplik\u00e1cie v\u00fdkonov\u00fdch modulov [30]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Najpou\u017e\u00edvanej\u0161\u00edm sp\u00f4sobom vytvorenia kombinovan\u00fdch spojov pri v\u00fdrobe v\u00fdkonov\u00fdch polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch modulov je sp\u00e1jkovanie m\u00e4kk\u00fdmi sp\u00e1jkami. Do popredia sa dost\u00e1va takzvan\u00e9 priame beztavivov\u00e9 akt\u00edvne sp\u00e1jkovanie, \u010do znamen\u00e1 beztavivov\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie kovov\u00fdch, keramick\u00fdch, polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch \u010di kompozitn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov bez nutnosti predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faceho povlakovania pre zabezpe\u010denie zm\u00e1\u010dania t\u00fdchto materi\u00e1lov pou\u017eitou akt\u00edvnou sp\u00e1jkou. Rie\u0161en\u00edm je vhodn\u00e9 legovanie sp\u00e1jkovac\u00edch zliatin akt\u00edvnymi prvkami ako s\u00fa Ti, In, Mg \u010di lantanoidy. Zliatiny obsahuj\u00face tieto prvky maj\u00fa vysok\u00fa afinitu k&nbsp;jedn\u00e9mu \u010di viacer\u00fdm prvkom keramick\u00fdch \u010di polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch substr\u00e1tov a pou\u017eit\u00edm vhodnej technol\u00f3gie sp\u00e1jkovania s\u00fa schopn\u00e9 zm\u00e1\u010da\u0165 ich povrchy. Takto vyroben\u00e9 spoje je nutn\u00e9 podrobi\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161kam spo\u013eahlivosti pre aplik\u00e1cie v&nbsp;zapuzdren\u00fdch s\u00fa\u010diastkach. Je nutn\u00e9 sp\u013a\u0148a\u0165 podmienky odolnosti vo\u010di teplotn\u00fdm cyklom a mechanick\u00e9mu nam\u00e1haniu. K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdm je pochopenie vlastnost\u00ed na rozhran\u00ed a \u0161t\u00fadium rozhran\u00ed spojov. Pochopenie vedie k&nbsp;stanoveniu podmienok a krit\u00e9ri\u00ed, pri ktor\u00fdch nast\u00e1va zlyhanie sp\u00e1jkovanej zostavy.<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sp\u00e1jkovanie pomocou akt\u00edvneho ultrazvuku<\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sp\u00e1jkovanie akt\u00edvnym ultrazvukom je jednou z\u00a0m\u00e1la met\u00f3d, ktor\u00e1 je univerz\u00e1lne pou\u017eite\u013en\u00e1 pre beztavivov\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie kovov, nekovov, keramiky, polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov \u010di kompozitov priamym sp\u00f4sobom. Zatia\u013e \u010do pas\u00edvny ultrazvuk zah\u0155\u0148a v\u0161etky oblasti pou\u017eitia, kde ultrazvukov\u00e9 kmitanie alebo vlnenie dosahuje tak\u00fa intenzitu, ktor\u00e1 nevyvol\u00e1va nijak\u00e9 fyzik\u00e1lne alebo chemick\u00e9 zmeny v\u00a0prostred\u00ed, akt\u00edvny ultrazvuk s&nbsp;vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi intenzitami pribli\u017ene nad 0,5.104 W.m<sup>-2<\/sup>, ovplyv\u0148uje vlastnosti respekt\u00edve \u0161trukt\u00faru prostredia, ak ho podrob\u00edme jeho vplyvu [31].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na sp\u00e1jkovanie ultrazvukom sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa 4 met\u00f3dy [31]:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><u>sp\u00e1jkovanie vo vani<\/u> \u2012 sp\u00e1jkovan\u00e9 s\u00fa\u010diastky sa ponoria do vane so sp\u00e1jkovac\u00edm k\u00fape\u013eom, pri\u010dom sa pou\u017e\u00edva samostatne vyhrievan\u00e1 va\u0148a, na \u0148u s\u00fa z&nbsp;vonkaj\u0161ej strany pripojen\u00e9 ultrazvukov\u00e9 meni\u010de;<\/li>\n<li><u>sp\u00e1jkovanie vo vani, pri\u010dom sa rozkmit\u00e1 len ur\u010dit\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 sp\u00e1jky<\/u> \u2012 to je zabezpe\u010den\u00e9 tak\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom, \u017ee na sp\u00e1jkovan\u00fa plochu p\u00f4sob\u00ed lok\u00e1lne ultrazvukov\u00e9 pole. Teda do sp\u00e1jkovacej vane sa vlo\u017e\u00ed s\u00fa\u010diastka, na ktor\u00fa z&nbsp;oboch str\u00e1n p\u00f4sob\u00ed ultrazvukov\u00e9 vlnenie;<\/li>\n<li><u>pou\u017eije sa externe zohriata sp\u00e1jka a sp\u00e1jkovacia hlavica<\/u> \u2012 ultrazvukov\u00e9 kmitanie je vyvolan\u00e9 ultrazvukovou hlavicou, ktor\u00e1 sa dot\u00fdka s\u00fa\u010diastky pr\u00e1ve v&nbsp;mieste, kde m\u00e1 by\u0165 vyhotoven\u00fd po\u017eadovan\u00fd spoj;<\/li>\n<li><u>ultrazvukov\u00e9 kmitanie sa pren\u00e1\u0161a cez cel\u00fd z\u00e1kladn\u00fd materi\u00e1l a sp\u00e1jka je ohrievan\u00e1 externe<\/u> \u2012 s\u00fa\u010diastka sa pou\u017eije ako zdroj ultrazvukovej energie t\u00fdm, \u017ee sa uvedie do kontaktu so zdrojom ultrazvuku.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00da\u010dinky akt\u00edvneho ultrazvuku sa prejavuj\u00fa vo forme kavit\u00e1cie, tepeln\u00fdmi \u00fa\u010dinkami, deform\u00e1ciami, mechanick\u00fdmi a elektronick\u00fdmi \u00fa\u010dinkami, at\u010f., ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa pre sp\u00e1jkovanie u\u017eito\u010dn\u00e9. Schematick\u00e9 zn\u00e1zornenie princ\u00edpu fungovania v\u00fdkonov\u00e9ho ultrazvuku na beztavivov\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie kovov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov je zobrazen\u00e9 na obr. 14.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-16 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image016.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[spajka]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 14 Schematick\u00e9 zn\u00e1zornenie ultrazvukov\u00e9ho sp\u00e1jkovania kovov [32]\" data-title=\"image016\" title=\"image016\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"349\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image016-600x349.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-635\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image016-200x116.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image016-400x233.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image016-600x349.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image016.png 796w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-32\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 14 Schematick\u00e9 zn\u00e1zornenie ultrazvukov\u00e9ho sp\u00e1jkovania kovov [32]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vytvorenie kvalitn\u00e9ho spojenia keramick\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov navz\u00e1jom alebo v&nbsp;kombin\u00e1cii s\u00a0kovom z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed od toho, \u010di sa vytvor\u00ed v&nbsp;kontaktnej ploche tesn\u00fd kontakt na at\u00f3mov\u00fa vzdialenos\u0165, a \u010di sa keramick\u00fd materi\u00e1l zm\u00e1\u010da kovovou sp\u00e1jkou. Zm\u00e1\u010danie keramiky kovovou sp\u00e1jkou je z\u00e1kladnou podmienkou vytvorenia sp\u00e1jkovan\u00e9ho spoja. Rie\u0161enie tejto problematiky nar\u00e1\u017ea aj na po\u017eiadavku, aby sa zabezpe\u010dil spoj, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 odol\u00e1va\u0165 \u00fa\u010dinkom zvy\u0161kov\u00fdch nap\u00e4t\u00ed, vznikaj\u00facich v&nbsp;d\u00f4sledku rozdielnych koeficientov tepelnej roz\u0165a\u017enosti kovu a keramiky, ktor\u00e1 m\u00e1 podstatne ni\u017e\u0161iu roz\u0165a\u017enos\u0165. T\u00e1to podmienka je najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161ia z&nbsp;h\u013eadiska zabezpe\u010denia spo\u013eahlivosti spojov keramika\/kov [4].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na zn\u00ed\u017eenie \u00farovne zvy\u0161kov\u00e9ho nap\u00e4tia v\u00a0sp\u00e1jkovanom spoji je vhodn\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 m\u00e4kk\u00fa akt\u00edvnu sp\u00e1jku. Pri pou\u017eit\u00ed m\u00e4kk\u00fdch kovov\u00fdch sp\u00e1jok v&nbsp;zostave spoja s\u00fa tieto schopn\u00e9 vykompenzova\u0165 nap\u00e4tia z&nbsp;r\u00f4znej tepelnej roz\u0165a\u017enosti svojou plastickou deform\u00e1ciou, prostredn\u00edctvom mechanizmu sklzu alebo te\u010denia. T\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom sa dosiahne najv\u00fdraznej\u0161ie zn\u00ed\u017eenie zvy\u0161kov\u00fdch nap\u00e4t\u00ed pri zachovan\u00ed jednoduchosti spoja [33].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-17 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image017.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[spajka]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 15 Zn\u00ed\u017eenie zvy\u0161kov\u00fdch nap\u00e4t\u00ed aplik\u00e1ciou m\u00e4kkej akt\u00edvnej sp\u00e1jky [34]\" data-title=\"image017\" title=\"image017\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"259\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image017-600x259.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-636\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image017-200x86.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image017-400x172.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image017-600x259.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image017-800x345.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image017-1200x517.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image017.png 1230w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-33\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 15 Zn\u00ed\u017eenie zvy\u0161kov\u00fdch [34]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Akt\u00edvne sp\u00e1jky sa podobne ako be\u017en\u00e9 sp\u00e1jky delia pod\u013ea teploty tavenia na: m\u00e4kk\u00e9, tvrd\u00e9 a vysokoteplotn\u00e9. Rozdiel je len v&nbsp;m\u00e4kk\u00fdch akt\u00edvnych sp\u00e1jkach, ktor\u00e9 sa \u010falej m\u00f4\u017eu deli\u0165 na vysokoteplotne a mechanicky aktivovan\u00e9. Z&nbsp;d\u00f4vodu reak\u010dnej schopnosti akt\u00edvneho kovu, mus\u00ed by\u0165 potom sp\u00e1jkovacia teplota pri vysokoteplotne aktivovan\u00fdch m\u00e4kk\u00fdch akt\u00edvnych sp\u00e1jkach vy\u0161\u0161ia ako 780&nbsp;\u00b0C (pri pou\u017eit\u00ed akt\u00edvneho Ti). M\u00e4kk\u00e9 akt\u00edvne sp\u00e1jky sa ale tavia pri teplote okolo 220 a\u017e 350&nbsp;\u00b0C. Ultrazvukov\u00e1 energia dok\u00e1\u017ee akt\u00edvny kov v\u00a0sp\u00e1jke aktivova\u0165 aj pri t\u00fdchto teplot\u00e1ch a\u00a0preto sa v\u00a0dne\u0161nej dobe technol\u00f3gia sp\u00e1jkovania ultrazvukom dost\u00e1va \u010doraz viac do popredia.\u00a0 M\u00e4kk\u00e9 akt\u00edvne sp\u00e1jky sa delia na z\u00e1klade pou\u017eitej b\u00e1zy, pr\u00edpadne type akt\u00edvneho kovu. M\u00f4\u017eu to by\u0165 sp\u00e1jky:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Sn \u2013 Ag \u2013Ti<\/li>\n<li>Sn \u2013 Ag \u2013 Ti \u2013 Ce<\/li>\n<li>Sn \u2013 V<\/li>\n<li>Bi \u2013 Ti<\/li>\n<li>Bi \u2013 Ag \u2013 Ti<\/li>\n<li>Zn \u2013 Al \u2013 Mg<\/li>\n<li>Zn \u2013 Sn \u2013 Ti<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Okrem uveden\u00fdch b\u00e1z m\u00e4kk\u00fdch sp\u00e1jok s\u00fa vyv\u00edjan\u00e9 st\u00e1le \u010fal\u0161ie, s&nbsp;cie\u013eom dosiahnu\u0165 \u010do najlep\u0161ie vlastnosti v&nbsp;z\u00e1vislosti od ich konkr\u00e9tnej aplik\u00e1cie.\u00a0Zariadenia na sp\u00e1jkovanie ultrazvukom m\u00f4\u017eu byt plne automatizovan\u00e9, poloautomatizovan\u00e9 alebo ru\u010dn\u00e9 &#8211; obr. 16.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-2 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:right;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-18 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image018.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[spajka]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 16 Sp\u00e1jkovac\u00ed robot a zariadenie na ru\u010dn\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie od spolo\u010dnosti Japan Unix a MBR Electronics [35, 36]\" data-title=\"image018\" title=\"image018\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"200\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image018-200x281.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-637\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image018-200x281.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image018-400x562.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image018-600x842.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image018.jpg 708w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-3 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-19 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image019.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[spajka]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 16 Sp\u00e1jkovac\u00ed robot a zariadenie na ru\u010dn\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie od spolo\u010dnosti Japan Unix a MBR Electronics [35, 36]\" data-title=\"image019\" title=\"image019\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"385\" height=\"250\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image019.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-638\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image019-200x130.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image019.jpg 385w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 385px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-34\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 16 Sp\u00e1jkovac\u00ed robot a\u00a0zariadenie na ru\u010dn\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie od spolo\u010dnosti Japan Unix a MBR Electronics [35, 36]<\/h6>\n<h5>Sp\u00e1jkovanie pomocou vysokoteplotnej aktiv\u00e1cie<\/h5>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vysokoteplotn\u00e1 aktiv\u00e1cia je proces, ktor\u00fd sa uskuto\u010d\u0148uje pri vysokej teplote (850 a\u017e 950&nbsp;\u00b0C), naj\u010dastej\u0161ie vo v\u00e1kuovej peci, alebo v&nbsp;peci s&nbsp;ochrannou atmosf\u00e9rou arg\u00f3nu alebo h\u00e9lia \u2013 obr. 17. Experiment\u00e1lne bolo zisten\u00e9, \u017ee najni\u017e\u0161ia teplota, pri ktorej sa dosiahne zm\u00e1\u010danie keramiky Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub> je 780&nbsp;\u00b0C pri pou\u017eit\u00ed akt\u00edvneho prvku Ti. Zm\u00e1\u010danie ale navy\u0161e z\u00e1viselo aj od obsahu akt\u00edvneho prvku Ti v&nbsp;sp\u00e1jke [37].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-20 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image020.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[spajka]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 17 Sch\u00e9ma sp\u00e1jkovania vysokoteplotnou aktiv\u00e1ciou vo v\u00e1kuu [38]\" data-title=\"image020\" title=\"image020\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"213\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image020-600x213.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-639\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image020-200x71.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image020-400x142.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image020-600x213.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image020-800x284.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image020-1200x426.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/03\/image020.png 1553w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-35\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 17 Sch\u00e9ma sp\u00e1jkovania vysokoteplotnou aktiv\u00e1ciou vo v\u00e1kuu [38]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">So zvy\u0161uj\u00facou sa teplotou sp\u00e1jkovania (aktiva\u010dnou teplotou) pri vysokoteplotnej aktiv\u00e1cii sa zlep\u0161uje zm\u00e1\u010danie keramick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, naopak \u2012 ak sa sp\u00e1jkuje keramick\u00fd materi\u00e1l v\u00a0kombin\u00e1cii s&nbsp;kovov\u00fdm, m\u00f4\u017ee d\u00f4js\u0165 k&nbsp;degrad\u00e1cii z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu er\u00f3ziou.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-36\"><p style=\"text-align: left;\">Zoznam bibliografick\u00fdch odkazov<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[1]\u00a0\u00a0 Kole\u0148\u00e1k, R., PRACH, M: Sp\u00e1jkovanie, STU Bratislava, 2015, ISBN 978-80-227-4327-3<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[2]\u00a0\u00a0 Helmut, R.: F\u00fcgentechnik Schwei\u03b2technik, DVS-Verlag GmbH, D\u00fcsseldorf, 1995, s. 437, ISBN 3-87155-904-0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[3]\u00a0\u00a0 Norma STN 05&nbsp;0040: Sp\u00e1jkovanie. Sp\u00e1jkovanie kovov. Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 pojmy<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[4]\u00a0\u00a0 Kole\u0148\u00e1k, R., Ru\u017ea, V.: Sp\u00e1jkovanie materi\u00e1lov. STU Bratislava, 2007, s. 151, ISBN 978-80-227-2705-1<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[5]\u00a0\u00a0 Vacuum brazing &#8211; a high-quality joining process &#8211; brazing applications, www.heatreat.de<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[6]\u00a0\u00a0 Tepeln\u00fd v\u00fdmenn\u00edk sp\u00e1jkovan\u00fd procesom CuproBraze [online] http:\/\/www.pc-radiator.com<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[7]\u00a0\u00a0 Ru\u017ea, V.: P\u00e1jen\u00ed, Praha: ALFA, 1988, s. 456<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[8]\u00a0\u00a0 Helmut, R.: F\u00fcgentechnik Schwei\u03b2technik, DVS-Verlag GmbH, D\u00fcsseldorf, 1995, s. 437, ISBN 3-87155-904-0<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[9]\u00a0\u00a0 Norma STN 05&nbsp;0044:1988. Sp\u00e1jkovanie. Sk\u00fa\u0161ky \u0165ahom a \u0161mykom kapil\u00e1rne sp\u00e1jkovan\u00fdch spojov<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[10] \u00a0 Bouaifi, B., Ait-Mekideche, A., Radscheit, C.: Modern Brazing Techniques in the Automotive Industry. In International Brazing &amp; Soldering Conference Proceedings: Advanced Brazing and Soldering Technologies, 2000, Albaquerque, New Mexico.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[11] \u00a0 Kole\u0148\u00e1k, Ru\u017ea, V.: Mechanizovan\u00e9 sp\u00e1jkovanie natvrdo hlin\u00edkov\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkov s&nbsp;ve\u013ek\u00fdm mno\u017estvom spojov. In Zv\u00e1ranie \u2013 Sva\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed, ISSN 0044-5525, ro\u010d. 52, \u010d. 1 \u2013 2, 2003, s. 19 \u2013 21<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[12] \u00a0 Katal\u00f3g firmy Solvay Fluor und Derivate: The NOCOLOK Flux Brazing Process, s. 14, 2001<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[13] \u00a0 Asburn, L. L.: In: Welding Journal, 1983.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[14] \u00a0 V\u00e1kuov\u00e1 sp\u00e1jkovacia pec CONSARC [online] https:\/\/www.directindustry.com\/prod\/consarc\/product-21727-398079.html<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[15] \u00a0 Priebe\u017en\u00e9 pece VDU\/VDL, KAITRADE spol. s. r. o. [online] https:\/\/kaitrade.sk\/produkty\/priemyselne-pece-a-susiarne\/priebezne-priemyselne-pece<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[16] \u00a0 BENDA, VI\u0301TE\u030cZSLAV &amp; GRANT, DUNCAN A. (DUNCAN ANDREW) &amp; GOWAR, JOHN, Power semiconductor devices : theory and applications, Wiley, Chichester ; New York, 1999. ISBN: 978-0-471-97644-8<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[17] \u00a0 HUNTER, LLOYD P. Handbook of Semiconductor Electronics: a Practical Manual Covering the Physics, Technology, and Circuit Applications of Transistors, Diodes, and Other Semiconductor Devices in Conventional and Integrated Circuits. McGraw-Hill, 1970. ISBN: 978-0070313057<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[18] \u00a0 A. K. SHARMA. Semiconductor Electronics; New Delhi, 2001. ISBN: 81-224-0802-8<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[19] \u00a0 Y. CAO, T. SATO, M. ORSHANSKY, D. SYLVESTER and C. HU. New paradigm of predictive MOSFET and interconnect modeling for early circuit simulation, Proceedings of the IEEE 2000 Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (Cat. No.00CH37044), Orlando, FL, USA, 2000, pp. 201-204.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[20] \u00a0 L. SHEN ET AL..AlGaN\/AlN\/GaN high-power microwave HEMT, in IEEE Electron Device Letters, vol. 22, no. 10, pp. 457-459, Oct. 2001.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[21] \u00a0 U. AYDEMIR, \u0130. TA\u015e\u00c7IO\u011eLU, \u015e. ALTINDAL, \u0130. USLU, A detailed comparative study on the main electrical parameters of Au\/n-Si and Au\/PVA:Zn\/n-Si Schottky barrier diodes, In Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, Volume 16, Issue 6, 2013, pp. 1865-1872, ISSN 1369-8001,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[22] \u00a0 U. WULF, J. KU\u010cERA, H. RICHTER, M. WIATR, J. H\u00d6NTSCHEL. Characterization of nanotransistors in a semiempirical model, In Thin Solid Films, Volume 613, 2016, Pages 6-10, ISSN 0040-6090<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[23] \u00a0 T. Stockmeier, P. Beckedahl, C. Goebl, and T. Malzer, \u201cSKiN: Double side sintering technology for new packages,\u201d in 2011 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Power Semiconductor Devices and ICs, IEEE, 2011, pp. 324-327.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[24] \u00a0 W. W. Sheng and R. P. Colino, Power electronic modules: design and manufacture. CRC press, 2004.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[25] \u00a0 D. R. FREAR, L. N. RAMANATHAN, J. JANG AND N. L. OWENS. Emerging reliability challenges in electronic packaging, 2008 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium, Phoenix, AZ, 2008, pp. 450-454.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[26] \u00a0 P. YANG, Y. WANG, L. DENG. A review on reliability of electronic packaging in micro\/nano manufacturing, International Journal of Materials and Structural Integrity, Vol. 9, 2015, pp. 131-143<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[27] \u00a0 R. PLIENINGER, M. DITTES, K. PRESSEL. Modern IC packaging trends and their reliability implications, Microelectronics Reliability, Vol. 46, 2006, pp. 1868-1873<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[28] \u00a0 Mitsubishi Electric. [online] https:\/\/www.mitsubishielectric.com\/semiconductors\/triple_a_plus\/technology\/01\/index.html<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[29] \u00a0 InRel NPower. [online] http:\/\/www.inrel-npower.eu\/node\/2<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[30] \u00a0 Power Electronics News. [online] https:\/\/www.powerelectronicsnews.com\/wide-bandgap-semiconductors-increase-the-efficiency-of-new-power-devices\/<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[31] \u00a0 \u0160vehla, \u0160., Figura, Z.: Ultrazvuk v&nbsp;technol\u00f3gii, Bratislava: ALFA, 1.&nbsp;vydannie, 1984.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[32] \u00a0 U-Bonder. [online] https:\/\/www.u-bonder.com\/how-ultrasonic-soldering-works\/<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[33] \u00a0 Kole\u0148\u00e1k, R.: Sp\u00e1jkovanie keramick\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov. In Zv\u00e1ra\u010d, Ro\u010d. 3, \u010d. 4, 2006, s. 59 \u2013 64, ISSN 1336-5045<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[34] \u00a0 ASM Handbook, Vol. 6: Welding, Brazing and Soldering, Vol. 6, Ohio, 1995.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[35] \u00a0 Japan Unix. [online] https:\/\/www.japanunix.com\/en\/products\/automation\/700series\/700fv\/<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[36] \u00a0 MBR Electronics. [online] http:\/\/www.sonicsolder.com\/products\/products_gb.html<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">[37] \u00a0 Kole\u0148\u00e1k, R.: Fyzik\u00e1lno-metalurgick\u00e9 aspekty sp\u00e1jkovania keramick\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov s&nbsp;kovmi. Dizerta\u010dn\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca, KZv MtF STU Trnava, 2001, 145 s., S-bondTM Handbook, STB Copyright, USA, 2002.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-2 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":58,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-112","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/112","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=112"}],"version-history":[{"count":46,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/112\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":706,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/112\/revisions\/706"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/58"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=112"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}