{"id":116,"date":"2023-12-13T17:55:21","date_gmt":"2023-12-13T16:55:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=116"},"modified":"2024-11-11T22:27:39","modified_gmt":"2024-11-11T21:27:39","slug":"trecie-premiesavacie-zvaranie","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=116","title":{"rendered":"Trecie premie\u0161avacie zv\u00e1ranie"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Trecie zv\u00e1ranie s\u00a0premie\u0161an\u00edm (FSW \u2013 Friction Stir Welding) patr\u00ed medzi technol\u00f3gie zv\u00e1rania v\u00a0pevnom stave za tepla. T\u00e1to technol\u00f3gia zv\u00e1rania bola vyvinut\u00e1 v\u00a0roku 1991 Wayneom Thomasom v\u00a0TWI (The Welding Institute s\u00eddlo v\u00a0Cambridge, United Kingdom). Prekonala mnoh\u00e9 probl\u00e9my spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0klasick\u00fdmi technol\u00f3giami zv\u00e1rania kovov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov [1].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V roku 1992 bola technol\u00f3gia patentovan\u00e1 a nesk\u00f4r v&nbsp;roku 1993 bol patent zverejnen\u00fd. To viedlo k&nbsp;ve\u013ek\u00e9mu po\u010dtu podan\u00fdch patentov\u00fdch prihl\u00e1\u0161ok od in\u00fdch organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed. Do konca roku 2012 bolo registrovan\u00fdch viac ako 2900 patentov. Predmetom t\u00fdchto patentov\u00fdch prihl\u00e1\u0161ok sa stali nov\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje, stroje, produkty, aplik\u00e1cie a n\u00e1vrhy parametrov pre konkr\u00e9tnu v\u00fdrobu. Licen\u010dn\u00e1 politika TWI bola navrhnut\u00e1 s&nbsp;cie\u013eom lep\u0161ieho prijatia novej technol\u00f3gie zv\u00e1rania do procesu v\u00fdroby. Po\u010det organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 za\u010dali vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 trecie premie\u0161avacie zv\u00e1ranie r\u00fdchlo r\u00e1stol. Organiz\u00e1cia TWI m\u00e1 dva k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 patenty na trecie premie\u0161avacie zv\u00e1ranie. Prv\u00fd patent opisuje pohyb n\u00e1stroja pozd\u013a\u017e spolo\u010dnej l\u00ednie zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov. Druh\u00fd patent poukazuje na vyu\u017eitie trecieho premie\u0161avacieho zv\u00e1rania v\u00a0mnoh\u00fdch r\u00f4znych aplik\u00e1ci\u00e1ch. Popisuje vylep\u0161enie, ktor\u00e9 vznik\u00e1 pri nastaven\u00ed vhodn\u00fdch parametrov zv\u00e1rania, ako aj vo\u013eba n\u00e1stroja a\u00a0jeho geometria [2].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sch\u00e9ma trecieho premie\u0161avacieho zv\u00e1rania\u00a0patentu EP 0615480 udelen\u00e9ho spolo\u010dnosti TWI je uveden\u00e1 na obr. 1.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-1 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image001-1.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[fsw]\" data-title=\"image001\" title=\"image001\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"537\" height=\"214\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image001-1.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-861\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image001-1-200x80.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image001-1-400x159.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image001-1.png 537w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 537px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 1 Sch\u00e9ma trecieho premie\u0161avacieho zv\u00e1rania (patent EP 0615480) [4] 1A \u2013 postupuj\u00faca strana, 1B \u2013 ustupuj\u00faca strana,2 \u2013 zvarov\u00e1 medzera, 3 \u2013 p\u00f4sobenie n\u00e1stroja,<br \/>5 \u2013 rameno n\u00e1stroja, 7 \u2013kr\u00fatiaci moment, 8 \u2013 smer zv\u00e1rania, 18 \u2013 hrot n\u00e1stroja<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Patenty popisuj\u00fa\u00a0pou\u017eitie zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1loch, ktor\u00fdmi s\u00fa kovy, zliatiny kovov, bimetaly a plasty. Zverejnenie patentu umo\u017enilo aj vznik nov\u00fdch met\u00f3d, ako s\u00fa bodov\u00e9 trecie premie\u0161avacie zv\u00e1ranie a\u00a0preru\u0161ovan\u00e9 trecie premie\u0161avacie zv\u00e1ranie. Preva\u017en\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu materi\u00e1lov zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch met\u00f3dou FSW tvorili\u00a0<em>Al<\/em>\u00a0zliatiny. Proces bol vyvinut\u00fd a\u00a0vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd predov\u0161etk\u00fdm pre \u013eahk\u00e9 kovy \u2013 zliatiny hlin\u00edka a\u00a0hor\u010d\u00edka. Met\u00f3da sa v\u0161ak vyv\u00edja \u010falej a\u00a0v\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je \u0148ou mo\u017en\u00e9 zv\u00e1ra\u0165 aj ocele, Ti a\u00a0jeho zliatiny at\u010f<em>.\u00a0<\/em>[2, 5].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00a0roku 2011 boli vydan\u00e9 ISO normy pre trecie zv\u00e1ranie s\u00a0premie\u0161an\u00edm. Z\u00a0nich boli prebran\u00e9 normy STN EN ISO 25239 \u2013 1\u00f75 (05&nbsp;2820), ktor\u00e9 definuj\u00fa trecie zv\u00e1ranie s\u00a0premie\u0161an\u00edm pre Al zliatiny. Normy sa zaoberaj\u00fa terminol\u00f3giou, navrhovan\u00edm zvarov\u00fdch spojov, kvalifik\u00e1ciou oper\u00e1torov zv\u00e1rania, stanovovan\u00edm a\u00a0schva\u013eovan\u00edm postupov zv\u00e1rania. \u00a0Posledn\u00e1 norma sa zaober\u00e1 kvalitou a\u00a0in\u0161pek\u010dn\u00fdmi po\u017eiadavkami [6].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2>Princ\u00edp trecieho premie\u0161avacieho zv\u00e1rania<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri trecom premie\u0161avacom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed sa vyu\u017e\u00edva na vytvorenie zvarov\u00e9ho spoja rota\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1stroj s\u00a0ramenom a\u00a0profilovan\u00fdm hrotom (v&nbsp;literat\u00fare ozna\u010dovan\u00fdm ako \u201epin\u201c). Rotuj\u00faci n\u00e1stroj so \u0161peci\u00e1lne navrhnut\u00fdm hrotom n\u00e1stroja vnik\u00e1 do materi\u00e1lu. N\u00e1stroj sa pohybuje po spolo\u010dnej l\u00ednii dvoch zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov. Pohyb n\u00e1stroja vytv\u00e1ra trenie, \u010d\u00edm generuje teplo a\u00a0sp\u00f4sobuje plastick\u00fa deform\u00e1ciu materi\u00e1lu. Plastifikovan\u00fd materi\u00e1l te\u010die okolo hrotu n\u00e1stroja, premie\u0161ava sa a\u00a0vytv\u00e1ra zvarov\u00fd spoj [3, 7]. Proces met\u00f3dy trecieho premie\u0161avacieho zv\u00e1rania je zobrazen\u00fd na obr. 2.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-2 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image003-1.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[fsw]\" data-title=\"image003\" title=\"image003\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"413\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image003-1-600x413.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-862\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image003-1-200x138.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image003-1-400x275.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image003-1-600x413.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image003-1.png 710w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 2 Sch\u00e9ma trecieho premie\u0161avacieho zv\u00e1rania [9]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zv\u00e1ran\u00fd materi\u00e1l sa pohybuje z\u00a0prednej \u010dasti hrotu smerom k\u00a0zadnej \u010dasti, kde\u00a0vyp\u013a\u0148a otvor za n\u00edm. Rameno n\u00e1stroja sa pohybuje po povrchu zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov a\u00a0vytv\u00e1ra charakteristick\u00fd tvar zvarovej plochy. Rameno br\u00e1ni plastick\u00e9mu materi\u00e1lu premiestni\u0165 sa mimo oblasti zvaru [8].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2>Proces zv\u00e1rania a\u00a0\u0161trukt\u00farne z\u00f3ny zvarov\u00e9ho spoja<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zvar sa vyhotovuje pri vz\u00e1jomnom kontakte zv\u00e1racieho n\u00e1stroja so\u00a0zv\u00e1ran\u00fdm materi\u00e1lov. Teploty zv\u00e1rania sa pohybuj\u00fa pod teplotou tavenia z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Pri dodr\u017ean\u00ed spr\u00e1vneho nastavenia parametrov sa vytv\u00e1ra zvar v\u00a0pevnom stave. Zv\u00e1ran\u00fd materi\u00e1l sa plastizuje a premie\u0161ava. R\u00f4zna geometria n\u00e1strojov p\u00f4sob\u00ed rozdielne na pr\u00fadenie materi\u00e1lu a jeho premie\u0161anie. Pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed sa\u00a0menia nap\u00e4tia, teploty a\u00a0r\u00fdchlos\u0165 deform\u00e1cie. V\u00a0s\u00falade s\u00a0t\u00fdmito podmienkami v\u00fdsledn\u00e1 mikro\u0161trukt\u00farna oblas\u0165 zvaru odr\u00e1\u017ea termomechanick\u00fd proces. Napriek tomu \u017ee \u0161trukt\u00fara je nehomog\u00e9nna, pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed v\u00a0pevnom stave s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm intenz\u00edvnych plastick\u00fdch deform\u00e1ci\u00ed pri zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch vznik\u00e1 jemnozrnn\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara [8].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri procese trecieho premie\u0161avacieho zv\u00e1rania vznik\u00e1 spravidla jemnozrnn\u00e1 mikro\u0161trukt\u00fara, ktor\u00e1 sa prejavuje dobr\u00fdmi mechanick\u00fdmi vlastnos\u0165ami a plasticitou. Zv\u00e1ran\u00fd materi\u00e1l a\u00a0jeho z\u00f3ny s\u00fa definovan\u00e9 nasledovne (obr. 3):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">z\u00e1kladn\u00fd materi\u00e1l (ZM, obr. 3a): je to materi\u00e1l ktor\u00fd sa nach\u00e1dza v&nbsp;oblasti, kde nie je deformovan\u00fd ani teplom ovplyvnen\u00fd [8].<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">teplom ovplyvnen\u00e1 z\u00f3na (TOO, obr. 3b): t\u00e1to oblas\u0165 sa nach\u00e1dza bli\u017e\u0161ie k&nbsp;miestu zv\u00e1rania, materi\u00e1l pre\u0161iel teplotn\u00fdm cyklom, ktor\u00fd zmenil mikro\u0161trukt\u00faru a mechanick\u00e9 vlastnosti materi\u00e1lu. V&nbsp;tejto oblasti nedoch\u00e1dza k&nbsp;plastick\u00fdm deform\u00e1ci\u00e1m. Doch\u00e1dza tu aj k&nbsp;deform\u00e1ci\u00e1m na z\u00e1klade rozdielnych roz\u0165a\u017enost\u00ed jednotliv\u00fdch mikro\u0161trukt\u00farnych zlo\u017eiek. Deform\u00e1cie procesu trecieho premie\u0161avacieho zv\u00e1rania do tejto oblasti nezasahuj\u00fa. Tepeln\u00e9 intervaly s\u00fa v&nbsp;oblasti precipita\u010dn\u00fdch tepl\u00f4t [8].<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">tepelne a deforma\u010dne ovplyvnen\u00e1 oblas\u0165 (termomechanicky ovplyvnen\u00e1 z\u00f3na) (TMOZ, obr. 3c): je z\u00f3na, ktor\u00e1 je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou z\u00f3ny premie\u0161ania. V&nbsp;tejto oblasti zv\u00e1rac\u00ed n\u00e1stroj plasticky deformuje materi\u00e1l. Teplo, ktor\u00e9 pri procese vznik\u00e1 m\u00e1 vplyv na zv\u00e1ran\u00fd materi\u00e1l. V&nbsp;tejto oblasti m\u00f4\u017eeme dosiahnu\u0165 v\u00fdznamn\u00fa deform\u00e1ciu bez rekry\u0161taliz\u00e1cie. Doch\u00e1dza tu k&nbsp;intenz\u00edvnej plastickej deform\u00e1cii. Jedn\u00e1 sa najm\u00e4 o tlakov\u00e9 a \u0165ahov\u00e9 nap\u00e4tia, ktor\u00e9 ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa v\u00fdvoj mikro\u0161trukt\u00fary [8].<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">zvarov\u00fd kov (z\u00f3na premie\u0161ania) (ZP, obr. 3d): spravidla rekry\u0161talizovan\u00e1 oblas\u0165, niekedy naz\u00fdvan\u00e1 z\u00f3na rozruchu. Je to z\u00f3na ktorou prech\u00e1dza hrot n\u00e1stroja. V&nbsp;tejto oblasti do\u0161lo k&nbsp;\u00fapln\u00e9mu premie\u0161aniu. Teplom ovplyvnen\u00e1 premie\u0161an\u00e1 z\u00f3na sa pri trecom premie\u0161avacom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edva pre materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 a mechanick\u00e9 hodnotenie vlastnost\u00ed zvaru. V&nbsp;tejto z\u00f3ne doch\u00e1dza k&nbsp;intenz\u00edvnej plastickej deform\u00e1cii a dosahuj\u00fa sa tu najvy\u0161\u0161ie teploty po\u010das zv\u00e1rania. Oblas\u0165 sa vyzna\u010duje zn\u00ed\u017eenou disloka\u010dnou hustotou [8].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-3 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image005.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[fsw]\" data-title=\"image005\" title=\"image005\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"381\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image005-600x381.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-863\"\/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3 Mikro\u0161trukt\u00farne z\u00f3ny v&nbsp;reze zvaru [20] <br \/>a \u2013 z\u00e1kladn\u00fd materi\u00e1l, b \u2013 teplom ovplyvnen\u00e1 z\u00f3na, c \u2013 termomechanicky ovplyvnen\u00e1 z\u00f3na, d \u2013 zvarov\u00fd kov<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Trecie premie\u0161avacie zv\u00e1ranie predstavuje komplexn\u00fd tepeln\u00fd a deforma\u010dn\u00fd proces, ktor\u00fd vpl\u00fdva na v\u00fdvoj mikro\u0161trukt\u00fary [8]. Detail sch\u00e9my premie\u0161ania materi\u00e1lu pri procese trecieho premie\u0161avacieho zv\u00e1rania je zobrazen\u00fd na obr. 4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-4 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image007-1.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[fsw]\" data-title=\"image007\" title=\"image007\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"399\" height=\"205\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image007-1.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-864\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image007-1-200x103.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image007-1.png 399w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 399px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 4 Detail procesu trecieho premie\u0161avacieho zv\u00e1rania [21]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\">\n<h2>Zv\u00e1racie n\u00e1stroje<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zv\u00e1rac\u00ed n\u00e1stroj (obr. 5) pln\u00ed tri z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 funkcie. Generuje teplo pri tren\u00ed, pohybuje sa po spolo\u010dnej l\u00ednii zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1loch a\u00a0vytv\u00e1ra zvarov\u00fd spoj. Geometria n\u00e1stroja je najvplyvnej\u0161\u00edm aspektom procesu. Geometria n\u00e1stroja hr\u00e1 rozhoduj\u00facu \u00falohu pri\u00a0premie\u0161an\u00ed materi\u00e1lu [10].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-5 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image008-1.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[fsw]\" data-title=\"image008\" title=\"image008\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"578\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image008-1-600x578.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-865\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image008-1-200x193.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image008-1-400x386.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image008-1-600x578.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image008-1.png 641w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5 Zv\u00e1rac\u00ed n\u00e1stroj [11]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-17\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rameno zv\u00e1racieho n\u00e1stroja je v\u00a0tesnom kontakte s\u00a0povrchom materi\u00e1lov, aby nedoch\u00e1dzalo k\u00a0odstra\u0148ovaniu plastick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu mimo z\u00f3ny zvaru. Ka\u017ed\u00e9 odstr\u00e1nenie splastizovan\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, ktor\u00fd poch\u00e1dza zo zvaru m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 pr\u00ed\u010dinou ch\u00fdb zvaru. Os n\u00e1stroja je vych\u00fdlen\u00e1 o\u00a02\u00b0 a\u017e 3\u00b0 od osi kolmej na zv\u00e1ran\u00fd materi\u00e1l (obr. 6). Pri vych\u00fdlen\u00ed n\u00e1stroja, hrana ramena vykon\u00e1va lisovaciu a\u00a0kovaciu funkciu. Po stuhnut\u00ed sa premie\u0161an\u00fd materi\u00e1l st\u00e1va zvarov\u00fdm kovom. Pou\u017eitie r\u00f4znej geometrie n\u00e1stroja ur\u010duje kvalitu zvaru. Geometria n\u00e1stroja n\u00e1sledne podmie\u0148uje nastavenie parametrov zv\u00e1rania. N\u00e1stroj mus\u00ed by\u0165 vyroben\u00fd z\u00a0materi\u00e1lov s\u00a0vyhovuj\u00facimi fyzik\u00e1lnymi a\u00a0mechanick\u00fdmi vlastnos\u0165ami, t. j. mus\u00ed by\u0165 dostato\u010dne tvrd\u00fd, odoln\u00fd vo\u010di opotrebeniu a\u00a0mus\u00ed ma\u0165 n\u00edzku tepeln\u00fa vodivos\u0165, aby sa minimalizovali tepeln\u00e9 straty po\u010das zv\u00e1rania. N\u00edzka\u00a0tepeln\u00e1 vodivos\u0165 z\u00e1rove\u0148 zabezpe\u010d\u00ed, aby sa zv\u00e1ran\u00fd materi\u00e1l plynule premie\u0161aval a\u00a0adhez\u00edvne neprichyt\u00e1val na hrot alebo rameno n\u00e1stroja. Pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed je \u017eiaduce, aby sa n\u00e1stroj pohyboval v\u00a0materi\u00e1li k\u013azav\u00fdm pohybom [12].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-6 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image010.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[fsw]\" data-title=\"Microsoft Word &#8211; EL2005-184 manuscript.doc\" title=\"Microsoft Word &#8211; EL2005-184 manuscript.doc\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"569\" height=\"466\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image010.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-866\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image010-200x164.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image010-400x328.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image010.jpg 569w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 569px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 6 Sklon zv\u00e1racieho n\u00e1stroja [13]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-19\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnej dobe sa vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na n\u00e1vrh geometrie n\u00e1stroja komplexn\u00e9 v\u00fdpo\u010dtov\u00e9 simul\u00e1cie a\u00a0pevnostn\u00e9 po\u017eiadavky zalo\u017een\u00e9 na experiment\u00e1lnych sk\u00fa\u0161kach. N\u00e1stroj mus\u00ed ma\u0165 dostato\u010dn\u00fa pevnos\u0165 pri zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch, mus\u00ed by\u0165 schopn\u00fd udr\u017ea\u0165 si svoje rozmery a\u00a0stabilitu po\u010das doby pou\u017e\u00edvania. Te\u010denie a\u00a0\u00fanava materi\u00e1lu sa ber\u00fa do \u00favahy hlavne pri dlh\u00fdch zvaroch, kde zl\u00e1 odolnos\u0165 proti te\u010deniu sp\u00f4sob\u00ed zmenu geometrie n\u00e1stroja. Opotrebenie n\u00e1stroja m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobova\u0165 adh\u00e9zne, abraz\u00edvne a\u00a0chemick\u00e9 opotrebenie. Presn\u00fd mechanizmus opotrebenia z\u00e1vis\u00ed na interakcii medzi zv\u00e1ran\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom a\u00a0materi\u00e1lom n\u00e1stroja [8].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-7 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image012-1.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[fsw]\" data-title=\"image012\" title=\"image012\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"411\" height=\"210\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image012-1.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-867\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image012-1-200x102.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image012-1-400x204.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image012-1.png 411w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 411px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-20\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 7 N\u00e1stroje pre trecie premie\u0161avacie zv\u00e1ranie [14]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-21\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Materi\u00e1l n\u00e1stroja nesmie reagova\u0165 so zv\u00e1ran\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom, preto\u017ee by sa mohli zmeni\u0165 vlastnosti povrchu materi\u00e1lu n\u00e1stroja, spravidla negat\u00edvne. Oxid\u00e1cia sp\u00f4sob\u00ed zmenu odolnosti n\u00e1stroja proti opotrebeniu. Reaktivita n\u00e1stroja sa zmier\u0148uje vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm ochrann\u00fdch plynov priveden\u00fdch do procesu zv\u00e1rania. V\u00a0procese zv\u00e1rania m\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00fa \u00falohu tie\u017e h\u00fa\u017eevnatos\u0165 n\u00e1stroja. Je v\u0161eobecne zn\u00e1me, \u017ee pri vnoren\u00ed n\u00e1stroja do zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov doch\u00e1dza k\u00a0naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00edm po\u0161kodeniam n\u00e1stroja [8].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-8 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image014-1.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[fsw]\" data-title=\"image014\" title=\"image014\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"263\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image014-1-600x263.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-868\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image014-1-200x88.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image014-1-400x175.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image014-1-600x263.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image014-1-800x351.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image014-1.png 1042w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 8 Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 druhy zv\u00e1rac\u00edch n\u00e1strojov [14] <br \/>a) \u2013 pevn\u00fd hrot, b) \u2013 nastavite\u013en\u00fd hrot, c) \u2013 podopret\u00fd hrot<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-23\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V s\u00fa\u010dasnej dobe je k\u00a0dispoz\u00edcii je ve\u013ek\u00fd v\u00fdber n\u00e1strojov s\u00a0r\u00f4znou geometriou (obr. 7). Za\u010dali sa vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 \u0161peci\u00e1lne typy n\u00e1strojov, ktor\u00fdch nastavenie je mo\u017en\u00e9 meni\u0165 (obr. 8). Nez\u00e1visle na sebe je mo\u017en\u00e9 meni\u0165 v\u00fd\u0161ku hrotu n\u00e1stroja, frekvenciu a smer ot\u00e1\u010dania hrotu n\u00e1stroja a\u00a0ramena. Na z\u00e1klade t\u00fdchto vlastnost\u00ed n\u00e1strojov vznikli r\u00f4zne modifik\u00e1cie trecieho premie\u0161avacieho zv\u00e1rania [33].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-24\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h3>Materi\u00e1ly pre v\u00fdrobu zv\u00e1rac\u00edch n\u00e1strojov<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-25\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Materi\u00e1ly pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 na v\u00fdrobu zv\u00e1rac\u00edch\u00a0 n\u00e1strojov s\u00fa patentovan\u00e9 a s\u00fa osobn\u00fdm vlastn\u00edctvom organiz\u00e1ci\u00ed, preto sa presn\u00e9 materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 zlo\u017eenie niektor\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov neuv\u00e1dza.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-26\">\n<p><em>Tab. 1 Odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly na v\u00fdrobu n\u00e1stroja v&nbsp;z\u00e1vislosti od druhu zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov [8]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"table-2\">\r\n<table width=\"100%\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Zv\u00e1ran\u00fd materi\u00e1l<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Hr\u00fabka [mm]<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Materi\u00e1l n\u00e1stroja<\/th>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\">Al a zliatiny Al<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">&lt;12<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">n\u00e1strojov\u00e1 oce\u013e, WC-Co<\/td>\r\n<td>\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\">&lt;26<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">MP159<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\">zliatiny Mg<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">&lt;6<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">n\u00e1strojov\u00e1 oce\u013e, WC<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td rowspan=\"2\" align=\"left\">Cu a\u00a0zliatiny Cu<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">&lt;50<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">zliatina niklu, PCBN, zliatina volfr\u00e1mu<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\">&lt;11<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">n\u00e1strojov\u00e1 oce\u013e<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\">zliatiny Ti<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">&lt;6<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">zliatina volfr\u00e1mu<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\">nehrdzavej\u00faca oce\u013e<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">&lt;6<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">PCBN, zliatina volfr\u00e1mu<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\">n\u00edzko legovan\u00e9 ocele<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">&lt;10<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">WC, PCBN<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\">zliatiny Ni<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">&lt;6<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">PCBN<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\"><p><em>PCBN \u2013polykry\u0161talick\u00fd kubick\u00fd nitrid b\u00f3ru\u00a0\u00a0 <br \/><\/em> <em>WC \u2013 karbid volfr\u00e1mu<\/em> <br \/><em>MP 159 \u2013 zliatina Ni 25,5%, Co 35,7%, Cr 19%, Fe 9%, Mo 7%,\u00a0 Ti 3%, Nb 0,6%, Al 0,2%<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-27\">\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Geometria n\u00e1stroja<\/h3>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-28\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na z\u00e1klade geometrie n\u00e1stroja sa volia zv\u00e1racie parametre. Medzi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 rozmery n\u00e1stroja patria horn\u00fd a doln\u00fd priemer hrotu, v\u00fd\u0161ka hrotu, v\u00fd\u0161ka z\u00e1vitu na hrote, st\u00fapanie skrutkovice, \u00a0priemer ramena [8].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Geometria ramena<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rameno n\u00e1stroja sl\u00fa\u017ei na generovanie tepla na povrchu a\u00a0tesne pod povrchom zv\u00e1ran\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Rameno m\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie \u00fa\u010dinky produkcie tepla pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed tenk\u00fdch plechov. Hrot n\u00e1stroja produkuje v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie teplo pri v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch hr\u00fabkach zv\u00e1ran\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Rameno vykon\u00e1va kovaciu a\u00a0lisovaciu funkciu a\u00a0formuje zvarov\u00fa plochu. Vytv\u00e1ra charakteristick\u00fa text\u00faru zvarovej plochy pri trecom premie\u0161avacom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed. Rameno tie\u017e m\u00f4\u017ee deformova\u0165 zv\u00e1ran\u00fd materi\u00e1l, \u010do vedie k\u00a0zv\u00fd\u0161eniu trenia. Rameno m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 r\u00f4zne tvary ako s\u00fa vr\u00fabky, dr\u00e1\u017eky, s\u00fastreden\u00e9 kruhy, lopatky a\u00a0pod. (obr. 9) [8].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-9 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image016.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[fsw]\" data-title=\"image016\" title=\"image016\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"191\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image016-600x191.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-869\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image016-200x64.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image016-400x127.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image016-600x191.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image016.png 751w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-29\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 9 Vzory pl\u00f4ch ramena n\u00e1stroja [10]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-30\">\n<p><strong><em>Geometria hrotu n\u00e1stroja<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri trecom premie\u0161avacom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed hrot n\u00e1stroja sp\u00f4sobuje trenie a deform\u00e1cie materi\u00e1lu na l\u00ednii zvarov\u00e9ho spoja. Hrot n\u00e1stroja je navrhnut\u00fd tak, aby dok\u00e1zal naru\u0161i\u0165 materi\u00e1l a bol schopn\u00fd vnikn\u00fa\u0165 do materi\u00e1lu. Geometria hrotu vpl\u00fdva na nastavenie parametrov a to r\u00fdchlosti zv\u00e1rania a r\u00fdchlosti ot\u00e1\u010dania sa n\u00e1stroja. Hrot n\u00e1stroja m\u00e1 tie\u017e vplyv na stupe\u0148 deform\u00e1cie a premie\u0161ania materi\u00e1lu [8].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-10 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image018-1.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[fsw]\" data-title=\"image018\" title=\"image018\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"193\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image018-1-600x193.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-870\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image018-1-200x64.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image018-1-400x129.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image018-1-600x193.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image018-1.png 769w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-17\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-31\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 10 Geometria hrotu n\u00e1stroja [14]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-32\">\n<h2>Parametre trecieho premie\u0161avacieho zv\u00e1rania<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-33\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Trecie premie\u0161avacie zv\u00e1ranie zah\u0155\u0148a komplexn\u00fd syst\u00e9m plastickej deform\u00e1cie a\u00a0pohybu materi\u00e1lu. V\u00fdznamn\u00fd vplyv na premie\u0161anie materi\u00e1lu, tepeln\u00fd pr\u00edkon a\u00a0t\u00fdm aj ovplyv\u0148ovanie mikro\u0161trukt\u00farneho v\u00fdvoja materi\u00e1lu maj\u00fa zv\u00e1racie parametre a geometria n\u00e1stroja. Hlavn\u00fdmi parametrami zv\u00e1rania s\u00fa:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>pr\u00edtla\u010dn\u00e1 sila (N),<\/li>\n<li>r\u00fdchlos\u0165 zv\u00e1rania (mm\/min),<\/li>\n<li>r\u00fdchlos\u0165 ot\u00e1\u010dania n\u00e1stroja (ot\/min).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ved\u013eaj\u0161\u00edmi parametrami zv\u00e1rania s\u00fa uhol naklonenia n\u00e1stroja (\u00b0), cie\u013eov\u00e1 h\u013abka hrotu n\u00e1stroja (mm) a\u00a0geometria zv\u00e1racieho n\u00e1stroja [12].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Proces zv\u00e1rania prebieha pri teplote ni\u017e\u0161ej ako je teplota solidu zv\u00e1ran\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Pri tavn\u00fdch met\u00f3dach zv\u00e1rania je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd v\u00fdpo\u010det tepeln\u00e9ho pr\u00edkonu pre v\u00fdrobn\u00fd proces. Pri\u00a0trecom premie\u0161avacom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed sa nevyskytuj\u00fa elektrick\u00e9 parametre \u2013 zv\u00e1rac\u00ed pr\u00fad a\u00a0nap\u00e4tie. Tepeln\u00fd pr\u00edkon je preto vytv\u00e1ran\u00fd v\u00fdhradne mechanicky. Uveden\u00e9 veli\u010diny preto nahr\u00e1dza pr\u00edtla\u010dn\u00e1 sila, trenie a\u00a0rot\u00e1cia n\u00e1stroja. Vykonalo sa mnoho \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed na presn\u00e9 zistenie sp\u00f4sobu ako je teplo generovan\u00e9 a\u00a0ako sa pohybuje v\u00a0objeme materi\u00e1lu [22].<\/p>\n<p>Pre v\u00fdpo\u010det generovan\u00e9ho tepla mo\u017eno pou\u017ei\u0165 vz\u0165ah 1:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-0 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-11 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"159\" height=\"39\" title=\"image020\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image020-1.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-871\"\/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-1 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18\"><p>(1)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-19\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde\u00a0<em>Q<\/em>\u00a0je teplo vznikaj\u00face pri tren\u00ed (W),\u00a0<em>\u03bc<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 koeficient trenia (-),\u00a0<em>\u03c9<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 uhlov\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 n\u00e1stroja (ot\/min), resp. ot\u00e1\u010dky n\u00e1stroja,\u00a0<em>F<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 pr\u00edtla\u010dn\u00e1 sila (N) a\u00a0<em>K<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 koeficient geometria n\u00e1stroja (-) [22].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">K prv\u00e9mu kontaktu n\u00e1stroja so zv\u00e1ran\u00fdmi materi\u00e1lmi doch\u00e1dza pri kontakte spodnej \u010dasti hrotu a\u00a0povrchom zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch pl\u00f4ch, pr\u00edtla\u010dn\u00e1 sila p\u00f4sob\u00ed v\u00a0smere osi n\u00e1stroja a\u00a0teplo je generovan\u00e9 mechanick\u00fdm kontaktom a\u00a0doch\u00e1dza k\u00a0prv\u00e9mu treniu. Ke\u010f spodn\u00e1 rotuj\u00faca \u010das\u0165 hrotu vch\u00e1dza do materi\u00e1lu, generovan\u00e9 teplo (W) m\u00f4\u017eeme vyjadri\u0165 pod\u013ea vz\u0165ahu 2:<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-2 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-12 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"362\" height=\"44\" title=\"image022\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image022.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-872\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image022-200x24.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image022.png 362w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 362px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-3 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-20\"><p>(2)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-21\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde,\u00a0<em>R<sub>pin-bottom<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u2013 doln\u00fd polomer hrotu n\u00e1stroja (mm), F \u2013 sila potrebn\u00e1 na vnorenie hrotu do materi\u00e1lu (N), \u03bc \u2013 koeficient trenia (<em>\u2013<\/em>), \u03c9 \u2013 uhlov\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 n\u00e1stroja (ot\/min),\u00a0<em>R<sub>shoulder<\/sub>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0<\/em>polomer ramena n\u00e1stroja (mm) [22].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Druh\u00e1 oblas\u0165, kde sa generuje teplo (W) je kontakt ramena n\u00e1stroja s\u00a0povrchom zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov. Tento proces opisuje vz\u0165ah 3.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-4 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-13 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"106\" height=\"42\" title=\"image024\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image024-1.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-873\"\/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-5 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-22\"><p>(3)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-14 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image028-1.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[fsw]\" data-title=\"image028\" title=\"image028\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"506\" height=\"475\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image028-1.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-875\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image028-1-200x188.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image028-1-400x375.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image028-1.png 506w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 506px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-23\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-39\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 11 Sch\u00e9ma \u0161\u00edrenia tepla v&nbsp;z\u00e1vislosti od polomeru ramena [23]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-40\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Generovan\u00e9 teplo z\u00e1vis\u00ed od relat\u00edvnej r\u00fdchlosti na rozhran\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sa s\u00a0polomerom n\u00e1stroja men\u00ed, \u010do opisuje vz\u0165ah 4:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-6 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-15 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"333\" height=\"69\" title=\"image030\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image030-1.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-876\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image030-1-200x41.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image030-1.png 333w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 333px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-7 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-24\"><p>(4)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-25\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde\u00a0<em>q(r)<\/em>\u00a0je teplota funkciou\u00a0<em>r\u00a0<\/em>(polomeru) relat\u00edvnej r\u00fdchlosti na rozhran\u00ed. Na obr. 11 je uveden\u00e1 sch\u00e9ma rozvodu tepla pozd\u013a\u017e rozhrania ramena n\u00e1stroja [23].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pre materi\u00e1lov\u00fd model toku rovnov\u00e1\u017eneho stavu materi\u00e1lu pri zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch sprev\u00e1dzan\u00fdch deform\u00e1ciou sa vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa Sellars-Tegartove pravidl\u00e1. Je to kombin\u00e1cia teploty\u00a0<em>T<\/em> a r\u00fdchlosti deform\u00e1cie \u1f73 cez Zener-Hollomonov parameter Z. Tento parameter je vyjadren\u00fd vz\u0165ahom 5.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-8 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-16 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"117\" height=\"52\" title=\"image034\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image034.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-878\"\/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-9 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-26\"><p>(5)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-27\"><p>kde,\u00a0<em>T<\/em>\u00a0je teplota (<em>K<\/em>),\u00a0<em>Q<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 aktiva\u010dn\u00e1 energia (<em>k<\/em><em>J\u00b7mol<sup>-1<\/sup><\/em>),\u00a0<em>R<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 molov\u00e1 plynov\u00e1 kon\u0161tanta (<em>8,314<\/em>\u00a0<em>JK<sup>-1<\/sup>mol<sup>-1<\/sup><\/em>), \u1f73 \u2013 deforma\u010dn\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 [39].<\/p>\n<p>S\u00a0materi\u00e1lov\u00fdm tokom s\u00favis\u00ed plastick\u00e1 deform\u00e1cia, t\u00e1 tie\u017e dod\u00e1va do syst\u00e9mu energiu\u00a0<em>E<sub>p<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0a je definovan\u00e1 vz\u0165ahom 6.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-10 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-17 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"253\" height=\"54\" title=\"image036\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image036.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-879\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image036-200x43.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image036.png 253w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 253px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-11 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-28\"><p>(6)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-29\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde,\u00a0<em>K<\/em>\u00a0je pevnostn\u00fd koeficient materi\u00e1lu,\u00a0<em>n \u2013\u00a0<\/em>exponent deforma\u010dn\u00e9ho spevnenia, \u03b5 \u2013 deform\u00e1cia materi\u00e1lu,\u00a0<em>R<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 molov\u00e1 plynov\u00e1 kon\u0161tanta (<em>8,314<\/em>\u00a0<em>JK<sup>-1<\/sup>mol<sup>-1<\/sup><\/em>),\u00a0<em>m \u2013\u00a0<\/em>citlivos\u0165 r\u00fdchlosti deform\u00e1cie. Teplota vzh\u013eadom k\u00a0plastickej deform\u00e1cii m\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00fd \u00fa\u010dinok na kone\u010dnej teplote, najm\u00e4 pri n\u00edzkych \u00farovniach energie [24].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00fdsledn\u00fd s\u00fa\u010det energi\u00ed (vz\u0165ah 7) vnesen\u00fdch do syst\u00e9mu pozost\u00e1va z&nbsp;energie\u00a0<em>E<sub>n<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0v\u00a0podobe tepla, vytvoren\u00e9ho n\u00e1strojom v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku mechanick\u00e9ho trenia a\u00a0 energie\u00a0<em>E<sub>p<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0vytvorenej pri plastickej deform\u00e1cii.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-12 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-18 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"128\" height=\"42\" title=\"image038\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image038-1.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-880\"\/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-13 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-30\"><p>(7)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-31\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-48\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde,\u00a0<em>s je<\/em>\u00a0faktor zmeny mierky zaveden\u00fd z\u00a0d\u00f4vodu kontroly \u00fa\u010dinku energie v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku plastickej deform\u00e1cie [24].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Matematick\u00e9 modely sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa pri numerickom simulovan\u00ed met\u00f3dou kone\u010dn\u00fdch prvkov trecieho premie\u0161avacieho zv\u00e1rania. Alternat\u00edvnou mo\u017enos\u0165ou je pou\u017ei\u0165 hodnoty zisten\u00e9 experiment\u00e1lne a\u00a0 ich n\u00e1slednou aplik\u00e1ciou v&nbsp;simul\u00e1ci\u00e1ch [8].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vy\u0161\u0161ie r\u00fdchlosti rot\u00e1cie n\u00e1stroja generuj\u00fa viac tepla. V\u00fdsledkom je intenz\u00edvnej\u0161ie premie\u0161anie materi\u00e1lu. Vhodn\u00fd sklon vretena umo\u017e\u0148uje dobr\u00e9 premie\u0161anie. Ved\u013eaj\u0161\u00ed parameter cie\u013eov\u00e1 h\u013abka sa vol\u00ed na z\u00e1klade hr\u00fabky zv\u00e1ran\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu a\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161ky hrotu n\u00e1stroja [25]. Vplyvy zv\u00e1rac\u00edch parametrov na proces zv\u00e1rania s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 v&nbsp;tab. 2.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-49\">\n<p><em>Tab. 2 Zv\u00e1racie parametre a ich vplyv pri procese zv\u00e1rania [22]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"table-2\">\r\n<table width=\"100%\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Parameter<\/th>\r\n<th align=\"left\">Efekt<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\">r\u00fdchlos\u0165 ot\u00e1\u010dania n\u00e1stroja<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">generuje trecie teplo, rozru\u0161uje povrchov\u00e9 oxidy, premie\u0161ava materi\u00e1l<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\">r\u00fdchlos\u0165 zv\u00e1rania<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">vytv\u00e1ra vzh\u013ead zvaru a\u00a0generuje teplo<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\">pr\u00edtla\u010dn\u00e1 sila<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">generuje teplo, udr\u017eiava kontakt n\u00e1stroja so zv\u00e1ran\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr>\r\n<td align=\"left\">uhol sklonu n\u00e1stroja<\/td>\r\n<td align=\"left\">formuje vzh\u013ead zvaru<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-32\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-50\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V tab. 3 s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 vplyvy r\u00fdchlosti ot\u00e1\u010dania sa n\u00e1stroja a\u00a0r\u00fdchlosti zv\u00e1rania na \u0161trukt\u00faru zvarov\u00e9ho spoja a\u00a0d\u013a\u017eku \u010dasu zv\u00e1rania.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-51\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Tab. 3 Vplyv ot\u00e1\u010dok\u00a0 n\u00e1stroja a r\u00fdchlosti zv\u00e1rania na \u0161trukt\u00faru a\u00a0d\u013a\u017eku \u010dasu zv\u00e1rania [12]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"table-2\">\r\n<table style=\"width: 100%; height: 144px;\" width=\"100%\">\r\n<thead>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\r\n<th style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">R\u00fdchlos\u0165 n\u00e1stroja<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">\u00a0<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">\u0160trukt\u00fara<\/th>\r\n<th style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">\u00a0Zv\u00e1rac\u00ed \u010das<\/th>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">R\u00fdchlos\u0165 ot\u00e1\u010dania sa n\u00e1stroja<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">R\u00fdchlos\u0165 zv\u00e1rania<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">\u00a0<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">n\u00edzka<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">n\u00edzka<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">pravidelne \u0161trukt\u00farovan\u00e9 lamely<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">dlh\u00fd<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">n\u00edzka<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">vysok\u00e1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">hrubo \u0161trukt\u00farovan\u00e9 lamely<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">kr\u00e1tky<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">vysok\u00e1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">n\u00edzka<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">vytvarovan\u00e1 lamel\u00e1rna \u0161trukt\u00fara<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">dlh\u00fd<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">vysok\u00e1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">vysok\u00e1<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">n\u00e1hodn\u00e1 lamel\u00e1rna \u0161trukt\u00fara<\/td>\r\n<td style=\"height: 24px;\" align=\"left\">kr\u00e1tky<\/td>\r\n<\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-33\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-52\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Od spr\u00e1vneho nastavenia r\u00fdchlosti zv\u00e1rania a\u00a0r\u00fdchlosti ot\u00e1\u010dania n\u00e1stroja s\u00fa z\u00e1visl\u00e9:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>po\u017eadovan\u00e1 pevnos\u0165 zvaru a\u00a0kvalita zvarov\u00e9ho spoja,<\/li>\n<li>rozmery zvaru a\u00a0hr\u00fabka zvaru,<\/li>\n<li>materi\u00e1ly ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa by\u0165 zv\u00e1ran\u00e9 [25].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-53\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<h2>Modifik\u00e1cie trecieho premie\u0161avacieho zv\u00e1rania<\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-54\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Existuj\u00fa r\u00f4zne modifik\u00e1cie trecieho premie\u0161avacieho zv\u00e1rania. V\u00a0procese zv\u00e1rania je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 \u0161peci\u00e1lne n\u00e1stroje, alebo je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 aj viac n\u00e1strojov v\u00a0jednom procese. Tieto modifik\u00e1cie umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ova\u0165 oblas\u0165 premie\u0161ania materi\u00e1lov vo zvarovom spoji, zv\u00e1ra\u0165 hrub\u0161ie materi\u00e1ly, alebo vyu\u017e\u00edva\u0165 \u0161peci\u00e1lne aplik\u00e1cie. Existuj\u00fa tieto modifik\u00e1cie.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Paraleln\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie<\/em>. Paraleln\u00e9 usporiadanie n\u00e1strojov umo\u017e\u0148uje lep\u0161ie premie\u0161anie materi\u00e1lu ako pri pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed iba jedn\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroja. Pri pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed dvoch n\u00e1strojov je materi\u00e1l z\u00a0jednej strany n\u00e1strojov odoberan\u00fd a\u00a0na druhej strane premie\u0161avan\u00fd (obr. 12) [15].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-19 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image040-1.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[fsw]\" data-title=\"image040\" title=\"image040\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"451\" height=\"196\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image040-1.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-881\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image040-1-200x87.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image040-1-400x174.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image040-1.png 451w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 451px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-34\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-55\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 12 Paraleln\u00e9 usporiadanie n\u00e1strojov [11]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-56\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Tandemov\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie<\/em>. Tandemov\u00e9 usporiadanie n\u00e1strojov m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 aplikovan\u00e9 na v\u0161etky be\u017en\u00e9 zvary. T\u00e1to technika zv\u00e1rania umo\u017e\u0148uje lep\u0161ie premie\u0161anie zv\u00e1ran\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Druh\u00fd n\u00e1stroj nasleduje dr\u00e1hu prv\u00e9ho a prech\u00e1dza po zm\u00e4k\u010denom materi\u00e1li ktor\u00fd op\u00e4tovne premie\u0161ava (obr. 13).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-20 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image041-1.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[fsw]\" data-title=\"image041\" title=\"image041\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"425\" height=\"195\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image041-1.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-904\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image041-1-200x92.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image041-1-400x184.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image041-1.png 425w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 425px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-35\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-57\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 13 Tandemov\u00e9 usporiadanie n\u00e1strojov [11]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-58\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Zv\u00e1ranie s\u00a0prekr\u00fdvaj\u00facimi sa n\u00e1strojmi<\/em>. Tento sp\u00f4sob ulo\u017eenia n\u00e1strojov je v\u00a0literat\u00fare uv\u00e1dzan\u00fd ako \u201estaggered\u201c syst\u00e9m (obr. 14) a zaber\u00e1 \u0161irok\u00fa oblas\u0165 zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov. N\u00e1stroje s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9 paralelne, pri\u010dom jeden z\u00a0nich je mierne posunut\u00fd do osi pohybu druh\u00e9ho n\u00e1stroja. Pri tomto sp\u00f4sobe zv\u00e1rania doch\u00e1dza k\u00a0vysok\u00e9mu stup\u0148u premie\u0161ania [15].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-21 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image042-1.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[fsw]\" data-title=\"image042\" title=\"image042\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"387\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image042-1-600x387.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-882\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image042-1-200x129.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image042-1-400x258.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image042-1-600x387.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image042-1.png 615w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-36\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-59\">\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 14 Prekr\u00fdvaj\u00face sa (staggered) ulo\u017eenie n\u00e1strojov [11]<\/h6>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-60\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Obojstrann\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie<\/em>. Toto usporiadanie vyu\u017e\u00edva dva n\u00e1stroje. Ide o\u00a0obojstrann\u00fd syst\u00e9m trecieho premie\u0161avacieho zv\u00e1rania. Vyu\u017e\u00edva sa pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch hr\u00fabok materi\u00e1lov, alebo pri men\u0161\u00edch rozmeroch n\u00e1strojov. R\u00fdchlos\u0165 zv\u00e1rania je pomerne n\u00edzka (obr. 15) [16].<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-22 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image044.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[fsw]\" data-title=\"image044\" title=\"image044\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"414\" height=\"351\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image044.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-883\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image044-200x170.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image044-400x339.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image044.png 414w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 414px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":205,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-116","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/116","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=116"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/116\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":905,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/116\/revisions\/905"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/205"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=116"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}