{"id":1308,"date":"2026-01-07T13:07:50","date_gmt":"2026-01-07T12:07:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=1308"},"modified":"2026-01-10T20:45:42","modified_gmt":"2026-01-10T19:45:42","slug":"magneticka-praskova-metoda","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=1308","title":{"rendered":"Sk\u00fa\u0161anie magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sk\u00fa\u0161anie magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou (MT \u2013 <em>Magnetic Testing <\/em>alebo MPT \u2013 <em>Magnetic Particle Testing<\/em>) patr\u00ed medzi nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9 met\u00f3dy (NDT) vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 na detekciu povrchov\u00fdch a plytko podpovrchov\u00fdch diskontinu\u00edt vo feromagnetick\u00fdch materi\u00e1loch. Svoje vyu\u017eitie nach\u00e1dza predov\u0161etk\u00fdm pri kontrole zvarov\u00fdch spojov, v\u00fdkovkov, odliatkov a tepeln\u00fdch spracovan\u00ed oce\u013eov\u00fdch komponentov, kde je potrebn\u00e1 vysok\u00e1 spo\u013eahlivos\u0165 detekcie trhl\u00edn, p\u00f3rov alebo in\u00fdch por\u00fach.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Oproti in\u00fdm NDT met\u00f3dam (napr. ultrazvukovej alebo RTG sk\u00fa\u0161ke) je MT \u0161pecifick\u00e9 svojou r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou, jednoduchos\u0165ou a vysokou citlivos\u0165ou na jemn\u00e9 povrchov\u00e9 trhliny. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 v\u0161ak plat\u00ed, \u017ee MT je pou\u017eite\u013en\u00e9 iba na feromagnetick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly \u2013 teda tak\u00e9, ktor\u00e9 mo\u017eno magnetizova\u0165 (napr. uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 a legovan\u00e9 ocele) [1 \u2013 4].<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Princ\u00edp a stru\u010dn\u00fd opis met\u00f3dy<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sk\u00fa\u0161anie magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou je zalo\u017een\u00e9 na princ\u00edpe magnetiz\u00e1cie sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho objektu a n\u00e1slednej vizualiz\u00e1cie por\u00fach pomocou feromagnetick\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc (such\u00fdch alebo vo forme suspenzie).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-1 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image001.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image001\" title=\"image001\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"471\" height=\"495\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image001.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1310\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image001-200x210.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image001-400x420.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image001.png 471w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 471px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.1 Princ\u00edp sk\u00fa\u0161ania magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri v\u00fdskyte diskontinu\u00edt orientovan\u00fdch naprie\u010d smeru magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea doch\u00e1dza k&nbsp;lok\u00e1lnemu rozptylu magnetick\u00fdch silo\u010diar, \u010do sp\u00f4sob\u00ed vznik tzv. rozptylov\u00e9ho po\u013ea. Toto pole pri\u0165ahuje feromagnetick\u00e9 \u010dastice a vytv\u00e1ra na povrchu vidite\u013en\u00fa indik\u00e1ciu poruchy. Obr. 3.1 zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje princ\u00edp magnetiz\u00e1cie a usadzovania \u010dast\u00edc na diskontinuite [1 \u2013 4].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:350px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:58.33%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 1\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/m7ABg--BVv8?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><h2>Oblasti pou\u017eitia pri kontrole zvarov\u00fdch spojov<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V oblasti zv\u00e1rania je MT met\u00f3da vhodn\u00e1 najm\u00e4 na detekciu trhl\u00edn vzniknut\u00fdch po\u010das zv\u00e1rania (za tepla aj za studena), odhalenie povrchov\u00fdch p\u00f3rov, trhl\u00edn, studen\u00fdch spojov, neprevaren\u00e9ho kore\u0148a a kr\u00e1terov, kontrolu opraven\u00fdch zvarov (tzv. rework), medziopera\u010dn\u00fa kontrolu pri viacvrstvovom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed, v\u00fdstupn\u00fa kontrolu po zv\u00e1ran\u00ed, najm\u00e4 pri v\u00fdrobe tlakov\u00fdch n\u00e1dob, r\u00far, nosn\u00edkov at\u010f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">T\u00e1to met\u00f3da je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou po\u017eiadaviek kvality pod\u013ea medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fdch noriem (napr. EN ISO 17638, ISO 9934-1 a\u017e 3, ISO 3059, EN ISO 23278) a \u0161tandardne sa vyu\u017e\u00edva aj pri schva\u013eovan\u00ed zvarov\u00fdch spojov autorizovan\u00fdmi osobami. V&nbsp;tab. 3.1 s\u00fa zaznamenan\u00e9 v\u00fdhody a obmedzenia MT [1 \u2013 4].<\/p>\n<p><em>Tab. 3.1 V\u00fdhody a\u00a0obmedzenia MT<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 43.5739%;\" width=\"264\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>V\u00fdhody <\/strong><strong>sk\u00fa\u0161ania magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 55.8979%;\" width=\"340\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Obmedzenia<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 43.5739%;\" width=\"264\">Vysok\u00e1 citlivos\u0165 na povrchov\u00e9 trhliny<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 55.8979%;\" width=\"340\">Nevhodn\u00e9 pre neferomagnetick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly (napr. nerez)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 43.5739%;\" width=\"264\">R\u00fdchla a relat\u00edvne jednoduch\u00e1 aplik\u00e1cia<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 55.8979%;\" width=\"340\">Vy\u017eaduje priamy pr\u00edstup k&nbsp;povrchu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 43.5739%;\" width=\"264\">Mo\u017enos\u0165 detekcie ve\u013emi tenk\u00fdch trhl\u00edn<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 55.8979%;\" width=\"340\">Nutn\u00e1 spr\u00e1vna orient\u00e1cia magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 43.5739%;\" width=\"264\">Vizualiz\u00e1cia defektu priamo na povrchu<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 55.8979%;\" width=\"340\">Vplyv povrchovej \u00fapravy (farba, n\u00e1ter) na v\u00fdsledok<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 43.5739%;\" width=\"264\">Mo\u017enos\u0165 dokument\u00e1cie pomocou fotografi\u00ed<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 55.8979%;\" width=\"340\">V niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch vy\u017eaduje demagnetiz\u00e1ciu po sk\u00fa\u0161ke<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Magnetick\u00fd tok<\/strong> (\u03a6) predstavuje \u201epr\u00fadenie\u201c magnetick\u00fdch silo\u010diar cez ur\u010dit\u00fa plochu a je definovan\u00fd ako:<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1311 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image002.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"166\" height=\"37\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; text-align: right;\">( 3.1)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde \u03a6 je magnetick\u00fd tok [Wb], B je magnetick\u00e1 indukcia [T], A je plocha kolm\u00e1 na tok [m\u00b2] a \u03b8 je uhol medzi vektorom B a norm\u00e1lou k&nbsp;ploche.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Intenzita magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea<\/strong> (H) opisuje schopnos\u0165 po\u013ea vyvol\u00e1va\u0165 magnetiz\u00e1ciu v&nbsp;prostred\u00ed. V&nbsp;homog\u00e9nnom materi\u00e1li je vz\u0165ah medzi B a H dan\u00fd:<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1312\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image003.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"43\" height=\"49\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; text-align: right;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">( 3.2)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde H je intenzita magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea [A\/m] a \u03bc je magnetick\u00e1 permeabilita prostredia [H\/m] [1 \u2013 4].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Permeabilita<\/strong> (\u03bc) je schopnos\u0165 materi\u00e1lu vies\u0165 magnetick\u00e9 silo\u010diary. Rozli\u0161ujeme:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Relat\u00edvnu permeabilitu (\u03bc<sub>r<\/sub>)<\/strong> \u2013 pomer permeability materi\u00e1lu k&nbsp;permeabilite v\u00e1kuov\u00e9ho priestoru (\u03bc<sub>0<\/sub>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Efekt\u00edvnu permeabilitu <\/strong>\u2013 ovplyvnen\u00fa tvarom, \u0161trukt\u00farou a stavom materi\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Feromagnetick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly maj\u00fa ve\u013emi vysok\u00fa \u03bc<sub>r<\/sub> (a\u017e tis\u00edce), silne koncentruj\u00fa magnetick\u00e9 silo\u010diary [1 \u2013 4].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vo feromagnetick\u00fdch materi\u00e1loch sa at\u00f3my zoskupuj\u00fa do magnetick\u00fdch dom\u00e9n (obr. 3.2), ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa rovnak\u00fa orient\u00e1ciu momentu. Bez magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea s\u00fa dom\u00e9ny n\u00e1hodne orientovan\u00e9, \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u00fdsledn\u00e1 magnetiz\u00e1cia je nulov\u00e1. Po aplik\u00e1cii po\u013ea s\u00fa dom\u00e9ny orientovan\u00e9 rovnak\u00fdm smerom a vznik\u00e1 makroskopick\u00e9 magnetick\u00e9 pole.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-2 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image004.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image004\" title=\"image004\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"292\" height=\"288\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image004.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1313\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image004-200x197.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image004.png 292w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 292px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.2 Orient\u00e1cia dom\u00e9n pred a po magnetiz\u00e1cii<\/h6>\n<p>Pre spr\u00e1vne pochopenie princ\u00edpu sk\u00fa\u0161ania magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou je nevyhnutn\u00e9 ovl\u00e1da\u0165 z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 fyzik\u00e1lne veli\u010diny spojen\u00e9 s&nbsp;magnetick\u00fdm po\u013eom (tab. 3.2). Tieto veli\u010diny, ako napr\u00edklad magnetick\u00e1 indukcia, intenzita magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea \u010di permeabilita materi\u00e1lu, zohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu pri tvorbe rozptylov\u00e9ho po\u013ea a n\u00e1slednej detekcii diskontinu\u00edt. Ich stru\u010dn\u00fd preh\u013ead a defin\u00edcie s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 v\u00a0obr. 3.3 [1 \u2013 4].<\/p>\n<p><em>Tab. 3.2 Preh\u013ead z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch fyzik\u00e1lnych veli\u010d\u00edn<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 24.4718%; text-align: center;\" width=\"123\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Veli\u010dina<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4683%; text-align: center;\" width=\"66\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Symbol<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.0141%; text-align: center;\" width=\"95\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Jednotka<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.2535%; text-align: center;\" width=\"215\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Popis<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 24.4718%; text-align: center;\" width=\"123\">Magnetick\u00e1 indukcia<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4683%; text-align: center;\" width=\"66\">B<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.0141%; text-align: center;\" width=\"95\">tesla (T)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.2535%; text-align: center;\" width=\"215\">Hustota magnetick\u00e9ho toku<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 24.4718%; text-align: center;\" width=\"123\">Magnetick\u00fd tok<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4683%; text-align: center;\" width=\"66\">\u03a6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.0141%; text-align: center;\" width=\"95\">weber (Wb)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.2535%; text-align: center;\" width=\"215\">Celkov\u00fd tok cez plochu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 24.4718%; text-align: center;\" width=\"123\">Intenzita po\u013ea<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4683%; text-align: center;\" width=\"66\">H<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.0141%; text-align: center;\" width=\"95\">A\/m<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.2535%; text-align: center;\" width=\"215\">Sila po\u013ea bez oh\u013eadu na materi\u00e1l<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 24.4718%; text-align: center;\" width=\"123\">Permeabilita<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4683%; text-align: center;\" width=\"66\">\u03bc<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.0141%; text-align: center;\" width=\"95\">H\/m<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.2535%; text-align: center;\" width=\"215\">Schopnos\u0165 materi\u00e1lu vies\u0165 pole<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 24.4718%; text-align: center;\" width=\"123\">Koercitivita<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4683%; text-align: center;\" width=\"66\">Hc<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.0141%; text-align: center;\" width=\"95\">A\/m<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.2535%; text-align: center;\" width=\"215\">Odolnos\u0165 proti demagnetiz\u00e1cii<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 24.4718%; text-align: center;\" width=\"123\">Remanencia<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4683%; text-align: center;\" width=\"66\">Br<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.0141%; text-align: center;\" width=\"95\">T<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 42.2535%; text-align: center;\" width=\"215\">Zostatkov\u00e1 magnetiz\u00e1cia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri zvy\u0161ovan\u00ed H (intenzity magnetiz\u00e1cie) rastie B (magnetick\u00e1 indukcia), ale nie line\u00e1rne. Tento vz\u0165ah sa zn\u00e1zor\u0148uje hyster\u00e9znou krivkou (na obr. 3.3 je zobrazen\u00e1 hyster\u00e9zna krivka \u017eeleza).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nas\u00fdtenie nastane vtedy, ke\u010f je magnetick\u00fd materi\u00e1l u\u017e \u00faplne zmagnetizovan\u00fd a \u010fal\u0161ie zvy\u0161ovanie intenzity po\u013ea H u\u017e nezv\u00fd\u0161i magnetick\u00fa indukciu B, preto\u017ee v\u0161etky magnetick\u00e9 dom\u00e9ny s\u00fa u\u017e usporiadan\u00e9 jedn\u00fdm smerom. V&nbsp;MT sa sna\u017e\u00edme pracova\u0165 bl\u00edzko nas\u00fdtenia, aby boli indik\u00e1cie spo\u013eahliv\u00e9 [1 \u2013 4].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-3 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Obrazok1.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"Obr\u00e1zok1\" title=\"Obr\u00e1zok1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"342\" height=\"322\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Obrazok1.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1341\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Obrazok1-200x188.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Obrazok1.jpg 342w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 342px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.3 Hyster\u00e9zna krivka \u017eeleza<\/h6>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rozptylov\u00e9 pole a vznik indik\u00e1ci\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z\u00e1kladom sk\u00fa\u0161ania magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou je jav rozptylov\u00e9ho po\u013ea, ktor\u00fd vznik\u00e1 vtedy, ke\u010f je v&nbsp;sk\u00fa\u0161anom materi\u00e1li pr\u00edtomn\u00e1 diskontinuita preru\u0161uj\u00faca tok magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea. Pri ide\u00e1lnom homog\u00e9nnom materi\u00e1li bez ch\u00fdb prech\u00e1dza magnetick\u00fd tok s\u00fa\u010diastkou plynulo a nevytv\u00e1ra na povrchu \u017eiadne anom\u00e1lie. Ak sa v\u0161ak v&nbsp;materi\u00e1li nach\u00e1dza trhlina, p\u00f3rovit\u00e1 oblas\u0165 alebo in\u00e1 nedokonalos\u0165, sp\u00f4sob\u00ed to lok\u00e1lne zmenu magnetickej permeability a tok magnetick\u00fdch silo\u010diar je v&nbsp;takom mieste naru\u0161en\u00fd. Diskontinuita funguje ako prek\u00e1\u017eka, pri ktorej sa magnetick\u00e9 silo\u010diary rozpty\u013euj\u00fa do okolia. Tento jav sa ozna\u010duje ako rozptylov\u00e9 pole (magnetic flux leakage). Na povrchu materi\u00e1lu sa t\u00fdm vytvor\u00ed miesto, kde magnetick\u00e9 pole vystupuje von a znovu vstupuje do kovu. V&nbsp;t\u00fdchto miestach vznikaj\u00fa tzv. magnetick\u00e9 p\u00f3ly, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa schopnos\u0165 pri\u0165ahova\u0165 feromagnetick\u00e9 \u010dastice pou\u017eit\u00e9 po\u010das sk\u00fa\u0161ania. Ke\u010f sa na povrch s\u00fa\u010diastky nanesie detek\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00e9dium vo forme pr\u00e1\u0161ku alebo suspenzie, \u010dastice sa zhroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00fa pr\u00e1ve v&nbsp;oblastiach rozptylov\u00e9ho po\u013ea. Ich akumul\u00e1cia vytv\u00e1ra vidite\u013en\u00fa stopu \u2013 indik\u00e1ciu, ktor\u00e1 zodpoved\u00e1 tvaru<br \/>\na orient\u00e1cii diskontinuity. Takto je mo\u017en\u00e9 vizu\u00e1lne identifikova\u0165 pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 povrchov\u00fdch alebo podpovrchov\u00fdch ch\u00fdb. Ve\u013ekos\u0165 a intenzita indik\u00e1cie z\u00e1vis\u00ed od viacer\u00fdch faktorov: predov\u0161etk\u00fdm od ve\u013ekosti samotnej chyby, h\u013abky jej ulo\u017eenia pod povrchom, ale aj od intenzity a smeru magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea. Jemn\u00e9 povrchov\u00e9 trhliny vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa zrete\u013en\u00e9 a ostr\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie, zatia\u013e \u010do hlb\u0161ie alebo men\u0161ie p\u00f3ry m\u00f4\u017eu vyvola\u0165 iba slab\u0161ie a rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 stopy. Preto spr\u00e1vne nastavenie parametrov magnetiz\u00e1cie a v\u00fdber vhodn\u00e9ho detek\u010dn\u00e9ho m\u00e9dia s\u00fa rozhoduj\u00face pre spo\u013eahliv\u00e9 zachytenie nedokonalost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rozptylov\u00e9 pole a vznik indik\u00e1ci\u00ed tak predstavuj\u00fa k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd fyzik\u00e1lny princ\u00edp, na ktorom je zalo\u017een\u00fd sk\u00fa\u0161anie magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou. Bez tohto javu by nebolo mo\u017en\u00e9 transformova\u0165 nevidite\u013en\u00e9 vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 chyby na vidite\u013en\u00e9 stopy, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee sk\u00fa\u0161aj\u00faca osoba n\u00e1sledne vyhodnoti\u0165 [1 \u2013 4].<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vplyv orient\u00e1cie diskontinuity<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Detegovate\u013enos\u0165 poruchy je \u00fazko prepojen\u00e1 s&nbsp;orient\u00e1ciou diskontinuity vo\u010di smeru magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea. Magnetick\u00e9 silo\u010diary prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fa sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom ur\u010dit\u00fdm smerom a diskontinuita sa st\u00e1va dobre detegovate\u013enou najm\u00e4 vtedy, ke\u010f je jej d\u013a\u017ekov\u00e1 os pribli\u017ene kolm\u00e1 na tieto silo\u010diary (obr. 3.4a). V&nbsp;takejto polohe je tok magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea naru\u0161en\u00fd najv\u00fdraznej\u0161ie, \u010d\u00edm vznik\u00e1 intenz\u00edvne rozptylov\u00e9 pole a n\u00e1sledne aj zrete\u013en\u00e1 indik\u00e1cia na povrchu s\u00fa\u010diastky. Naopak, ak je trhlina alebo in\u00fd typ poruchy orientovan\u00fd rovnobe\u017ene so smerom magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea, nedoch\u00e1dza k&nbsp;dostato\u010dn\u00e9mu naru\u0161eniu toku silo\u010diar (obr. 3.4b). Rozptylov\u00e9 pole je v&nbsp;takom pr\u00edpade ve\u013emi slab\u00e9 alebo takmer neexistuje, \u010do sp\u00f4sobuje, \u017ee feromagnetick\u00e9 \u010dastice sa na mieste chyby nezhroma\u017e\u010fuj\u00fa. Tak\u00e1to diskontinuita sa potom m\u00f4\u017ee sta\u0165 prakticky nedetegovate\u013enou. Z&nbsp;tohto d\u00f4vodu sa v&nbsp;praxi pou\u017e\u00edva z\u00e1sada, \u017ee zvary a in\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9 \u010dasti sa musia magnetizova\u0165 v&nbsp;dvoch na seba kolm\u00fdch smeroch. Kombin\u00e1ciou dvoch orient\u00e1ci\u00ed magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea sa zabezpe\u010d\u00ed,<br \/>\n\u017ee diskontinuity akejko\u013evek orient\u00e1cie bud\u00fa ma\u0165 aspo\u0148 v&nbsp;jednom pr\u00edpade priazniv\u00fa polohu vo\u010di po\u013eu a prejavia sa zrete\u013enou indik\u00e1ciou. Normy prip\u00fa\u0161\u0165aj\u00fa maxim\u00e1lnu odch\u00fdlku 30\u00b0 od ide\u00e1lne kolmej orient\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e1 je st\u00e1le dostato\u010dn\u00e1 na vytvorenie rozptylov\u00e9ho po\u013ea vhodn\u00e9ho na detekciu. Spr\u00e1vne uplatnenie tohto princ\u00edpu je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pre zabezpe\u010denie spo\u013eahlivosti sk\u00fa\u0161ania. Ignorovanie vplyvu orient\u00e1cie by viedlo k&nbsp;tomu, \u017ee \u010das\u0165 diskontinu\u00edt by ostala neodhalen\u00e1, \u010do by v\u00fdrazne zn\u00ed\u017eilo \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 met\u00f3dy a bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 hodnoten\u00fdch v\u00fdrobkov (tab. 3.3). Preto patr\u00ed dvojit\u00e9 smerovanie magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea medzi z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 po\u017eiadavky sk\u00fa\u0161ania magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou, ktor\u00e9 mus\u00ed dodr\u017eiava\u0165 ka\u017ed\u00fd sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00fd technik [1 \u2013 4].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-4 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image006.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image006\" title=\"image006\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"399\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image006-600x399.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1315\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image006-200x133.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image006-400x266.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image006-600x399.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image006-800x532.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image006.png 985w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">3.4 Vplyv orient\u00e1cie diskontinuity<br \/>\na \u2013 silo\u010diary kolm\u00e9 na smer diskontinuity, b \u2013 silo\u010diary v&nbsp;smere diskontinuity<\/h6>\n<p><em>Tab. 3.3 Uhol medzi trhlinou a po\u013eom<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 63.2923%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Uhol medzi trhlinou a po\u013eom<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.1796%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Detegovate\u013enos\u0165<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 63.2923%; text-align: center;\">90\u00b0 (kolmo)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.1796%; text-align: center;\">Maxim\u00e1lna<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 63.2923%; text-align: center;\">45\u00b0<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.1796%; text-align: center;\">Zn\u00ed\u017een\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 63.2923%; text-align: center;\">0\u00b0 (rovnobe\u017ene)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 36.1796%; text-align: center;\">Minim\u00e1lna<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\"><h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vz\u0165ah k&nbsp;norm\u00e1m a \u0161tandardom<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na sk\u00fa\u0161anie magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou sa vz\u0165ahuj\u00fa tieto medzin\u00e1rodn\u00e9 normy:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>ISO 17638 <\/strong>\u2013 Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie zvarov \u2013 sk\u00fa\u0161anie magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou (obsahuje po\u017eiadavky na postup, kvalifik\u00e1ciu person\u00e1lu<br \/>\na vybavenie);<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>ISO 9934-1 a\u017e 3<\/strong> \u2013 Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie \u2013 sk\u00fa\u0161anie magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou \u2013 \u010cas\u0165 1: V\u0161eobecn\u00e9 princ\u00edpy, \u010cas\u0165 2: Detek\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00e9di\u00e1, \u010cas\u0165 3: Vybavenie;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>ISO 3059<\/strong> \u2013 Po\u017eiadavky na pozorovacie podmienky pri fluorescen\u010dn\u00fdch<br \/>\na vidite\u013en\u00fdch indik\u00e1ci\u00e1ch;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>ISO 23278<\/strong> \u2013 Krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 prijate\u013enosti indik\u00e1ci\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Norma EN ISO 17638 neur\u010duje prijate\u013enos\u0165 indik\u00e1ci\u00ed \u2013 t\u00fato oblas\u0165 pokr\u00fdva norma ISO 23278, ktor\u00e1 rozli\u0161uje medzi relevantn\u00fdmi a nerelevantn\u00fdmi indik\u00e1ciami<br \/>\na ur\u010duje ich klasifik\u00e1ciu pod\u013ea ve\u013ekosti, typu a rozmiestnenia [1, 2, 5 \u2013 7].<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Normat\u00edvne po\u017eiadavky pod\u013ea EN ISO 17638:2016<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Norma EN ISO 17638:2016 je z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm predpisom pre vykon\u00e1vanie sk\u00fa\u0161ania\u00a0 magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou zvarov\u00fdch spojov z&nbsp;feromagnetick\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Hlavn\u00e9 oblasti pokryt\u00e9 normou s\u00fa:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>princ\u00edpy magnetiz\u00e1cie a detekcie diskontinu\u00edt,<\/li>\n<li>podmienky sk\u00fa\u0161ania (druh magnetiz\u00e1cie, sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9 kvapaliny, sveteln\u00e9 podmienky),<\/li>\n<li>po\u017eiadavky na sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00fd person\u00e1l a jeho kvalifik\u00e1ciu,<\/li>\n<li>pr\u00edprava povrchu, rozsah sk\u00fa\u0161ania, smer magnetiz\u00e1cie,<\/li>\n<li>z\u00e1znamy o sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00ed a po\u017eiadavky na sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00fd protokol.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00fdznamn\u00e9 po\u017eiadavky vz\u0165ahuj\u00face sa k\u00a0norme: Na \u00fapln\u00e9 pokrytie orient\u00e1ci\u00ed diskontinu\u00edt sa odpor\u00fa\u010da dvojit\u00e1 magnetiz\u00e1cia (napr. pozd\u013a\u017ena a prie\u010dna), osvetlenie na vizu\u00e1lnu detekciu pri fluorescen\u010dnom sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00ed je minim\u00e1lne 1000 \u00b5W\/cm\u00b2 UVA svetla, na kontrola s\u00faladu so sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00fdmi indik\u00e1tormi sa pou\u017e\u00edva referen\u010dn\u00fd indik\u00e1tor na overenie vhodnosti magnetiz\u00e1cie [1, 2, 5 \u2013 7].<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"2\">\n<li>Po\u017eiadavky na sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9 prostriedky pod\u013ea ISO 9934 (\u010das\u0165 1 \u2013 3)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Norma ISO 9934 je rozdelen\u00e1 do troch \u010dast\u00ed a zaober\u00e1 sa sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00fdmi prostriedkami pre MT nasleduj\u00faco:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>ISO 9934-1:2001 \u2013 V\u0161eobecn\u00e9 princ\u00edpy<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>magnetiz\u00e1cia, smer po\u013ea, detegovate\u013enos\u0165 diskontinu\u00edt;<\/li>\n<li>parametre: hustota magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea, pou\u017eitie indik\u00e1torov (Pie Gauge \u2013 mierka ASME \u2013 D 250, QQI \u2013 Quantitative Quality Indicators).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>ISO 9934-2:2015 \u2013 Sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9 prostriedky<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>vlastnosti a klasifik\u00e1cia magnetick\u00fdch pr\u00e1\u0161kov (\u010dierne, fluorescen\u010dn\u00e9);<\/li>\n<li>rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adl\u00e1: olejov\u00e9 alebo vodn\u00e9 b\u00e1zy, emulg\u00e1tory;<\/li>\n<li>stabilita, ve\u013ekos\u0165 \u010dast\u00edc, magnetick\u00e1 citlivos\u0165, kompatibilita.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>ISO 9934-3:2015 \u2013 Kontrola a kvalita spotrebn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>po\u017eiadavky na periodick\u00fa kontrolu pr\u00e1\u0161kov a\u00a0suspenzi\u00ed;<\/li>\n<li>met\u00f3dy hodnotenia (napr. sedimenta\u010dn\u00fd test, optick\u00e1 kontrola pod UV) [1, 2, 5- \u2013 7].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"3\">\n<li>Vizualiza\u010dn\u00e9 podmienky pod\u013ea ISO 3059:2012<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">ISO 3059:2012 \u0161pecifikuje minim\u00e1lne po\u017eiadavky na osvetlenie a vizu\u00e1lne podmienky pri vykon\u00e1van\u00ed fluorescen\u010dn\u00e9ho a farebn\u00e9ho sk\u00fa\u0161ania magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou (MT) a kapil\u00e1rneho (PT) sk\u00fa\u0161ania.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Hlavn\u00e9 body normy:<\/em><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Biele svetlo (pre farebn\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie): minim\u00e1lne 500 luxov osvetlenia povrchu (odpor\u00fa\u010da sa 1000 luxov).<\/li>\n<li>UVA svetlo (365 nm) (pre fluorescen\u010dn\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie): minim\u00e1lna intenzita 1000 \u00b5W\/cm\u00b2 na sk\u00fa\u0161anej ploche. Okolit\u00e9 vidite\u013en\u00e9 svetlo nesmie presiahnu\u0165 20 luxov.<\/li>\n<li>Definuje kontrolu intenzity UV svetla, vzdialenos\u0165 lampy, teplotu pracovn\u00e9ho prostredia.<\/li>\n<li>Stanovuje intervaly kalibr\u00e1cie sveteln\u00fdch zdrojov a merac\u00edch pr\u00edstrojov (luxmeter, r\u00e1diometer).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00da\u010delom je zabezpe\u010di\u0165 spo\u013eahliv\u00fa vidite\u013enos\u0165 indik\u00e1ci\u00ed a opakovate\u013enos\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161ania bez ru\u0161iv\u00fdch sveteln\u00fdch vplyvov [1, 2, 5 \u2013 7].<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"4\">\n<li>Hodnotenie indik\u00e1ci\u00ed pod\u013ea ISO 23278:2015<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Norma ISO 23278 stanovuje krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 prijate\u013enosti indik\u00e1ci\u00ed zisten\u00fdch sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00edm magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Typy indik\u00e1ci\u00ed pod\u013ea normy s\u00fa:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>line\u00e1rne indik\u00e1cie<\/strong> \u2013 s&nbsp;pomerom d\u013a\u017eky k&nbsp;\u0161\u00edrke &gt; 3 \u2013 pozd\u013a\u017ene (z\u00e1va\u017enej\u0161ie);<\/li>\n<li><strong>neline\u00e1rne indik\u00e1cie<\/strong> \u2013 s&nbsp;pomerom d\u013a\u017eky k&nbsp;\u0161\u00edrke \u2264 3 \u2013 okr\u00fahle (okr\u00fahle alebo nepravideln\u00e9, menej z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hodnotiace triedy:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Triedy 1, 2 a 3 pod\u013ea typu zvaru, triedy v\u00fdroby a po\u017eiadaviek na kvalitu. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 trieda stanovuje maxim\u00e1lnu pr\u00edpustn\u00fa ve\u013ekos\u0165 a po\u010det indik\u00e1ci\u00ed v&nbsp;sk\u00fa\u0161anej oblasti [1, 2, 5 \u2013 7].<\/p>\n<p><em>Tab. 3.4 Triedy pr\u00edpustnosti<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; height: 114px;\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 10px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.1725%; height: 10px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Trieda<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.8204%; text-align: center; height: 10px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Line\u00e1rne indik\u00e1cie<\/strong><\/span> <span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong><em>l \u2013 d\u013a\u017eka indik\u00e1cie<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 46.3028%; text-align: center; height: 10px;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Neline\u00e1rne indik\u00e1cie<\/strong><\/span> <span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong><em>d \u2013 rozmer hlavnej osi<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.1725%; text-align: center; height: 24px;\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.8204%; text-align: center; height: 24px;\">\u00a0<em>l<\/em> &lt; 1,5 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 46.3028%; text-align: center; height: 24px;\"><em>d &lt; 2<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.1725%; text-align: center; height: 24px;\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.8204%; text-align: center; height: 24px;\"><em>l<\/em> &lt; 3 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 46.3028%; text-align: center; height: 24px;\"><em>d &lt; 3<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 56px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 14.1725%; text-align: center; height: 56px;\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.8204%; text-align: center; height: 56px;\"><em>l<\/em>\u00a0 &lt; 6 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 46.3028%; height: 56px;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>d &lt; 4<\/em><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\"><p><em>Tab. 3.5 \u00darovne akcept\u00e1cie indik\u00e1ci\u00ed pod\u013ea ISO 23278<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center;\" width=\"82\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>\u00darove\u0148 akcept\u00e1cie<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center;\" width=\"173\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Charakteristika hodnotenia<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center;\" width=\"152\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Typick\u00e9 pou\u017eitie<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 25%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Pozn\u00e1mka<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 8.01056%; text-align: center;\" width=\"82\"><strong>1<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.581%; text-align: center;\" width=\"173\">Najpr\u00edsnej\u0161ia \u00farove\u0148 \u2013 najmen\u0161ie pr\u00edpustn\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie, najni\u017e\u0161\u00ed po\u010det<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.7324%; text-align: center;\" width=\"152\">Kritick\u00e9 kon\u0161trukcie (jadrov\u00fd priemysel, tlakov\u00e9 n\u00e1doby, letectvo)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 61.9718%; text-align: center;\">Zabezpe\u010duje vysok\u00fa spo\u013eahlivos\u0165<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 8.01056%; text-align: center;\" width=\"82\"><strong>2<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.581%; text-align: center;\" width=\"173\">Stredne pr\u00edsna \u00farove\u0148 \u2013 pr\u00edpustn\u00e9 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie indik\u00e1cie a vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed po\u010det<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.7324%; text-align: center;\" width=\"152\">Be\u017en\u00e9 kon\u0161trukcie so stredn\u00fdmi po\u017eiadavkami na bezpe\u010dnos\u0165<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 61.9718%; text-align: center;\">Kompromis medzi kvalitou a n\u00e1kladmi<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 8.01056%; text-align: center;\" width=\"82\"><strong>3<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.581%; text-align: center;\" width=\"173\">Najmenej pr\u00edsna \u00farove\u0148 \u2013 najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie pr\u00edpustn\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie a najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed po\u010det<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.7324%; text-align: center;\" width=\"152\">Kon\u0161trukcie s&nbsp;n\u00edzkym rizikom poruchy, menej nam\u00e1han\u00e9 zvary<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 61.9718%; text-align: center;\">Pou\u017e\u00edva sa v\u00fdnimo\u010dne<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 8.01056%; text-align: center;\" width=\"82\"><strong>2X alebo 3X<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.581%; text-align: center;\" width=\"173\">\u00darove\u0148 2 alebo 3 s&nbsp;pr\u00edponou <strong>\u201eX\u201c<\/strong> \u2013 v\u0161etky <strong>line\u00e1rne indik\u00e1cie<\/strong> sa musia posudzova\u0165 pod\u013ea \u00farovne 1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.7324%; text-align: center;\" width=\"152\">Tam, kde je riziko line\u00e1rnych ch\u00fdb kritick\u00e9 (napr. trhliny)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 61.9718%; text-align: center;\">Ostatn\u00e9 (neline\u00e1rne) indik\u00e1cie sa hodnotia pod\u013ea p\u00f4vodnej \u00farovne (2 alebo 3)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-5 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image008-e1767791022339.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image008\" title=\"image008\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"378\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image008-e1767791022339-600x378.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1317\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image008-e1767791022339-200x126.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image008-e1767791022339-400x252.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image008-e1767791022339-600x378.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image008-e1767791022339-800x504.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image008-e1767791022339.png 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.5 Grafick\u00e9 zn\u00e1zornenie indik\u00e1ci\u00ed<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sk\u00fa\u0161anie magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou umo\u017e\u0148uje vizualizova\u0165 r\u00f4zne typy povrchov\u00fdch a podpovrchov\u00fdch diskontinu\u00edt, ktor\u00e9 sa klasifikuj\u00fa pod\u013ea tvaru a rozmerov. Na z\u00e1klade t\u00fdchto parametrov sa indik\u00e1cie zara\u010fuj\u00fa do pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch tried pr\u00edpustnosti. Tieto triedy a ich charakteristiky s\u00fa graficky zn\u00e1zornen\u00e9 na obr. 3.5 a podrobne op\u00edsan\u00e9 v\u00a0tab. 3.4. V\u00a0tab. 3.5 s\u00fa op\u00edsan\u00e9 \u00farovne akcept\u00e1cie indik\u00e1ci\u00ed pod\u013ea ISO 23278 [1, 2, 5 \u2013 7].<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zariadenia a pom\u00f4cky na sk\u00fa\u0161anie magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sk\u00fa\u0161anie magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou vy\u017eaduje pou\u017eitie \u0161pecializovan\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed a pom\u00f4cok, ktor\u00e9 zabezpe\u010duj\u00fa spo\u013eahliv\u00fa magnetiz\u00e1ciu sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, aplik\u00e1ciu detek\u010dn\u00e9ho m\u00e9dia a pozorovanie indik\u00e1ci\u00ed za vhodn\u00fdch podmienok.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zariadenia na magnetiz\u00e1ciu<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00ed magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdm krokom spr\u00e1vne zmagnetizovanie sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho predmetu, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017en\u00ed detekciu diskontinu\u00edt prostredn\u00edctvom zhroma\u017e\u010fovania feromagnetick\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc v&nbsp;mieste poru\u0161enia magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea. Na obr. 3.6 s\u00fa zobrazen\u00e9 naj\u010dastej\u0161ie vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 konfigur\u00e1cie magnetiz\u00e1cie. Preh\u013ead v\u00fdhod, nev\u00fdhod a vhodn\u00e9ho pou\u017eitia jednotliv\u00fdch met\u00f3d opisuje tab. 3.6 [6, 8].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-6 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image009.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image009\" title=\"image009\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image009-600x600.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1318\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image009-200x200.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image009-400x400.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image009-600x600.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image009.png 715w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.6 Sp\u00f4soby magnetiz\u00e1cie<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>Tab. 3.6 Porovnanie met\u00f3d magnetiz\u00e1cie pri met\u00f3de MT<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; height: 448px;\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 56px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.5352%; height: 56px;\" width=\"115\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Met\u00f3da magnetiz\u00e1cie<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.1021%; height: 56px;\" width=\"115\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Popis<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.1021%; height: 56px;\" width=\"115\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>V\u00fdhody<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.1021%; height: 56px;\" width=\"115\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Nev\u00fdhody<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.1021%; height: 56px;\" width=\"115\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Vhodn\u00e9 pou\u017eitie<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 80px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.5352%; height: 80px;\" width=\"115\"><strong><em>Priama magnetiz\u00e1cia<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.1021%; height: 80px;\" width=\"115\">Elektrick\u00fd pr\u00fad prech\u00e1dza priamo sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fdm predmetom<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.1021%; height: 80px;\" width=\"115\">Jednoduch\u00e9 zapojenie, siln\u00e9 magnetick\u00e9 pole<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.1021%; height: 80px;\" width=\"115\">Nutn\u00e1 dobr\u00e1 vodivos\u0165, mo\u017enos\u0165 prehrievania<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.1021%; height: 80px;\" width=\"115\">Rovn\u00e9 teles\u00e1, zvary bez povrchovej \u00fapravy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 104px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.5352%; height: 104px;\" width=\"115\"><strong><em>Nepriama magnetiz\u00e1cia<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.1021%; height: 104px;\" width=\"115\">Pr\u00fad prech\u00e1dza cez cievku (solenoid), predmet sa vklad\u00e1 dovn\u00fatra<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.1021%; height: 104px;\" width=\"115\">Nesp\u00f4sobuje prehrievanie, vhodn\u00e9 pre nepravideln\u00e9 tvary<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.1021%; height: 104px;\" width=\"115\">Slab\u0161ie pole mimo cievky, potreba v\u00fdkonn\u00fdch zdrojov<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.1021%; height: 104px;\" width=\"115\">R\u00farky, s\u00fa\u010diastky s&nbsp;otvorom<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 104px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.5352%; height: 104px;\" width=\"115\"><strong><em>Trval\u00e9 magnety<\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.1021%; height: 104px;\" width=\"115\">Magnetick\u00e9 pole z&nbsp;permanentn\u00fdch magnetov<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.1021%; height: 104px;\" width=\"115\">Bez potreby nap\u00e1jania, jednoduch\u00e1 manipul\u00e1cia<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.1021%; height: 104px;\" width=\"115\">Slab\u00e9 a nemenn\u00e9 pole, nevhodn\u00e9 pre hrub\u00e9 predmety<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.1021%; height: 104px;\" width=\"115\">Mal\u00e9 a tenk\u00e9 \u010dasti, kontrola v&nbsp;ter\u00e9ne<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 104px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 22.5352%; height: 104px;\" width=\"115\"><strong><em>Elektromagnety <\/em><\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.1021%; height: 104px;\" width=\"115\">Nap\u00e1jac\u00ed elektromagnet generuje magnetick\u00e9 pole<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.1021%; height: 104px;\" width=\"115\">Mobiln\u00e9 zariadenie, siln\u00e9 pole, opakovate\u013enos\u0165<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.1021%; height: 104px;\" width=\"115\">Potreba elektrickej energie, vy\u0161\u0161ia hmotnos\u0165<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 19.1021%; height: 104px;\" width=\"115\">Povrchov\u00e9 chyby, kontrola zvarov na miestach s&nbsp;\u0165a\u017ek\u00fdm pr\u00edstupom<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pod\u013ea princ\u00edpu magnetiz\u00e1cie a typu elektrick\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu magnetiz\u00e1ciu rozde\u013eujeme na priamu a\u00a0nepriamu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><u>Priama magnetiz\u00e1cia<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Elektrick\u00fd pr\u00fad sa vedie priamo cez sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fd predmet. Vznikne cirkul\u00e1rne magnetick\u00e9 pole okolo osi pr\u00fadu (obr. 3.7). Tento typ magnetiz\u00e1cie vhodn\u00fd pre ty\u010de, r\u00farky, zvarov\u00e9 spoje v&nbsp;podobe uzavret\u00e9ho obvodu. Pri priamej magnetiz\u00e1cii sa pou\u017e\u00edva striedav\u00fd pr\u00fad AC (Alternating Current), jednosmern\u00fd pr\u00fad DC (Direct Current) alebo jednosmern\u00fd pr\u00fad na polovici s\u00ednusovej vlny HWDC (Half-Wave Direct Current).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>V\u00fdhoda: <\/strong>siln\u00e9 magnetiza\u010dn\u00e9 pole.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Nev\u00fdhoda: <\/strong>vy\u017eaduje dobr\u00fd elektrick\u00fd kontakt, v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku \u010doho m\u00f4\u017eu na povrchu zvarku vznikn\u00fa\u0165 stopy po pripojen\u00ed [6, 8].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-7 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"Bez n\u00e1zvu\" title=\"Bez n\u00e1zvu\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"347\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu-600x347.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1349\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu-200x116.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu-400x232.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu-600x347.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu-800x463.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu-1200x695.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu.jpg 1518w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.7 Grafick\u00e9 zn\u00e1zornenie priamej magnetiz\u00e1cie [4]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><u>Nepriama magnetiz\u00e1cia<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Magnetick\u00e9 pole sa vytv\u00e1ra mimo objektu pomocou cievok (solenoidov) (obr. 3.8), magnetiza\u010dn\u00fdch l\u00ed\u0161t alebo p\u00f3lov\u00fdch nadstavcov (napr. v\u00a0stolov\u00fdch MT zariadeniach). Magnetick\u00e9 silo\u010diary prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fa cez materi\u00e1l bez potreby priameho pr\u00fadu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>V\u00fdhoda:<\/strong> nie je potrebn\u00e9 pripojenie elektr\u00f3d, vhodn\u00e9 na kontrolu hotov\u00fdch dielcov.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Nev\u00fdhoda:<\/strong> ni\u017e\u0161ia intenzita magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea, vhodn\u00e9 najm\u00e4 na detekciu povrchov\u00fdch ch\u00fdb [6, 8].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-8 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image011.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image011\" title=\"image011\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"306\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image011-600x306.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1320\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image011-200x102.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image011-400x204.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image011-600x306.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image011-800x408.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image011.jpg 806w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.8 Magnetiz\u00e1cia pomocou cievky [4]<\/h6>\n<p><strong><u>Pou\u017eitie magnetov a elektromagnetov<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">R\u00fdchly sp\u00f4sob magnetiz\u00e1cie v\u00a0ter\u00e9ne, ke\u010f pou\u017e\u00edvame permanentn\u00e9 magnety alebo ru\u010dn\u00e9 elektromagnety (tzv. jarm\u00e1, angl. yoke na obr. 3.9).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-9 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu2.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"Bez n\u00e1zvu2\" title=\"Bez n\u00e1zvu2\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"263\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu2-600x263.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1351\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu2-200x88.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu2-400x175.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu2-600x263.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu2-800x350.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu2-1200x526.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu2.jpg 1913w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.9 Magnetiz\u00e1cia ru\u010dn\u00fdm magnetom [4]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Magnetick\u00e9 pole vznik\u00e1 medzi dvoma p\u00f3lmi. Pri pou\u017eit\u00ed elektromagnetov sa obvod aktivuje prepnut\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>V\u00fdhoda:<\/strong> jednoduch\u00e9, mobiln\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Nev\u00fdhoda:<\/strong> obmedzen\u00e9 na men\u0161ie a pr\u00edstupn\u00e9 plochy. [6, 8]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><u>Viacsmern\u00e1 magnetiz\u00e1cia<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na \u00fapln\u00e9 pokrytie v\u0161etk\u00fdch mo\u017en\u00fdch orient\u00e1ci\u00ed ch\u00fdb sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa kombin\u00e1cie, najm\u00e4 kombin\u00e1cia pozd\u013a\u017eneho a prie\u010dneho po\u013ea, ot\u00e1\u010danie predmetu alebo po\u013ea o 90\u00b0, automatick\u00e9 viacsmern\u00e9 syst\u00e9my, ktor\u00e9 sa najviac vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa<br \/>\nv&nbsp;s\u00e9riovej v\u00fdrobe.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">D\u00f4le\u017eitou premennou pri magnetiz\u00e1cii je aj v\u00fdber typu magnetiza\u010dn\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu. V&nbsp;praxi sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa r\u00f4zne zdroje, ako aj r\u00f4zne modifik\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa zosumarizovan\u00e9 pod\u013ea h\u013abky detekcie, typu diskontinuity a materi\u00e1lu v\u00a0tab. 3.7 [6, 8].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>Tab. 3.7 Charakteristiky magnetiza\u010dn\u00fdch pr\u00fadov<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.4225%;\" width=\"123\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Typ nap\u00e1jania<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.7324%;\" width=\"236\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Charakteristika<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.1408%;\" width=\"245\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Pou\u017eitie<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.4225%;\" width=\"123\">AC (striedav\u00fd)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.7324%;\" width=\"236\">P\u00f4sob\u00ed hlavne na povrchov\u00e9 diskontinuity.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.1408%;\" width=\"245\">Povrchov\u00e9 chyby, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina rutinn\u00fdch MT<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.4225%;\" width=\"123\">DC (jednosmern\u00fd)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.7324%;\" width=\"236\">Prenik\u00e1 hlb\u0161ie, odha\u013euje podpovrchov\u00e9 diskontinuity.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.1408%;\" width=\"245\">Hrub\u0161ie materi\u00e1ly, po\u017eiadavka na h\u013abkov\u00fa kontrolu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.4225%;\" width=\"123\">Pulzn\u00fd pr\u00fad (HWDC)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 38.7324%;\" width=\"236\">Pulzn\u00fd jednosmern\u00fd pr\u00fad s&nbsp;dobr\u00fdm penetra\u010dn\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dinkom.<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.1408%;\" width=\"245\">Kombin\u00e1cia v\u00fdhod AC a DC<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-17\"><h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Detek\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00e9dium a aplik\u00e1tory pre magnetick\u00fa pr\u00e1\u0161kov\u00fa met\u00f3du<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Detek\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00e9dium (alebo indik\u00e1torov\u00fd materi\u00e1l) a sp\u00f4sob jeho aplik\u00e1cie zohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa z\u00e1sadn\u00fa \u00falohu pri spo\u013eahlivosti v\u00fdsledkov sk\u00fa\u0161ania magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou. Cie\u013eom je zabezpe\u010di\u0165, aby sa magnetick\u00e9 \u010dastice zhroma\u017e\u010fovali v&nbsp;mieste diskontinuity, \u010d\u00edm vznikne vidite\u013en\u00e1 indik\u00e1cia.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Typy detek\u010dn\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pod\u013ea skupenstva a vidite\u013enosti rozli\u0161ujeme nieko\u013eko z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch druhov pr\u00e1\u0161kov:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>a) Such\u00e9 magnetick\u00e9 pr\u00e1\u0161ky<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa sa bez nosi\u010da priamo sypan\u00edm alebo f\u00fakan\u00edm na povrch (obr. 3.10). S\u00fa dostupn\u00e9 vo farebnom aj fluorescen\u010dnom vyhotoven\u00ed. Vhodn\u00e9 na sk\u00fa\u0161anie v&nbsp;exteri\u00e9ri, pri vysok\u00fdch teplot\u00e1ch a v&nbsp;prostred\u00ed s&nbsp;obmedzen\u00fdm pr\u00edstupom kvapal\u00edn. Citlivos\u0165 such\u00fdch detek\u010dn\u00fdch m\u00e9di\u00ed je ni\u017e\u0161ia ne\u017e pri mokr\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch [5]<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-10 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image013.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image013\" title=\"image013\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"355\" height=\"355\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image013.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1322\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image013-200x200.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image013.png 355w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 355px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.10 Aplik\u00e1cia such\u00e9ho pr\u00e1\u0161ku f\u00fakan\u00edm pomocou ru\u010dnej pumpy<\/h6>\n<p><strong>b) Mokr\u00e9 magnetick\u00e9 suspenzie<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Magnetick\u00e9 pr\u00e1\u0161ky s\u00fa dispergovan\u00e9 v&nbsp;kvapaline (voda alebo olej) a aplikuj\u00fa sa n\u00e1strekom, ponorom alebo pr\u00fadom. Dostupn\u00e9 vo forme farebnej suspenzie (\u010dierny pr\u00e1\u0161ok + biely kontrastn\u00fd n\u00e1ter) alebo fluorescen\u010dnej suspenzie (zeleno\u017elt\u00fd pr\u00e1\u0161ok, vidite\u013en\u00fd pod UVA svetlom), obr. 3.11. V\u00fdhodou je vy\u0161\u0161ia citlivos\u0165, rovnomernej\u0161ie pokrytie a schopnos\u0165 odhali\u0165 aj ve\u013emi jemn\u00e9 diskontinuity [5].<\/p>\n<p><strong>c) Fluorescen\u010dn\u00e9 indik\u00e1tory<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa sa v&nbsp;tmavej miestnosti s&nbsp;UVA \u017eiaren\u00edm (~365 nm) (obr. 3.12). Najvy\u0161\u0161ia citlivos\u0165, vhodn\u00e9 najm\u00e4 na kontrolu kritick\u00fdch zvarov a dielov v&nbsp;letectve a jadrovom priemysle.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-0 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-11 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image014.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image014\" title=\"image014\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"433\" height=\"433\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image014.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1323\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image014-200x200.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image014-400x400.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image014.png 433w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 433px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-19\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.11 Aplik\u00e1cia fluorescen\u010dnej suspenzie na materi\u00e1l (striekanie pod UV lampu)<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-1 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-12 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image015.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image015\" title=\"image015\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"253\" height=\"380\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image015.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1324\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image015-200x300.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image015.png 253w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 253px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-20\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.12 Pou\u017eitie tmavej miestnosti<br \/>\ns&nbsp;UVA \u017eiaren\u00edm (~365 nm) na detekciu chyby<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:350px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:58.33%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 2\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/qpgcD5k1494?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-21\"><h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">UV \u017eiari\u010de a vizualiza\u010dn\u00e9 pom\u00f4cky<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Po\u017eiadavky pod\u013ea ISO 3059 s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 v&nbsp;podkapitole &#8222;VZ\u0164AH K&nbsp;NORM\u00c1M A \u0160TANDARDOM&#8220;, \u010das\u0165 <strong>Vizualiza\u010dn\u00e9 podmienky pod\u013ea ISO 3059:2012<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Meracie pr\u00edstroje a kalibr\u00e1cia<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V tab. 3.8 s\u00fa zhrnut\u00e9 naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pr\u00edstroje spolu s&nbsp;ich \u00fa\u010delom a v\u00fdznamom pre samotn\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161anie [1].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Tab. 3.8 Preh\u013ead z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch merac\u00edch pr\u00edstrojov pri MT<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 24.912%; text-align: center;\" width=\"123\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Merac\u00ed pr\u00edstroj<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 74.5599%;\" width=\"376\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>\u00da\u010del a vyu\u017eitie<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 24.912%; text-align: center;\" width=\"123\">Gaussmeter<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 74.5599%;\" width=\"376\">Meranie intenzity zvy\u0161kov\u00e9ho magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea po sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00ed (odmagnetovanie)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 24.912%; text-align: center;\" width=\"123\">Amp\u00e9rmeter<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 74.5599%;\" width=\"376\">Kontrola hodnoty pr\u00fadu pri magnetiz\u00e1cii (d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pre spr\u00e1vne nas\u00fdtenie materi\u00e1lu)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 24.912%; text-align: center;\" width=\"123\">Luxmeter<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 74.5599%;\" width=\"376\">Overenie hladiny osvetlenia v&nbsp;mieste pozorovania (najm\u00e4 pri vizu\u00e1lnej sk\u00fa\u0161ke)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 24.912%; text-align: center;\" width=\"123\">UV r\u00e1diometer<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 74.5599%;\" width=\"376\">Meranie intenzity UV \u017eiarenia po\u010das fluorescen\u010dn\u00e9ho MT (pod\u013ea ISO 3059)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-22\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na zabezpe\u010denie presn\u00e9ho a spo\u013eahliv\u00e9ho priebehu sk\u00fa\u0161ky magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou je nevyhnutn\u00e9 pravidelne kontrolova\u0165 a overova\u0165 v\u0161etky parametre pou\u017eit\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed. Tento proces sa vykon\u00e1va pomocou kalibrovan\u00fdch merac\u00edch pr\u00edstrojov, pri\u010dom sa postup riadi platn\u00fdmi normami, konkr\u00e9tne ISO 9934-2 a ISO 3059, ktor\u00e9 stanovuj\u00fa po\u017eiadavky na presnos\u0165 a opakovate\u013enos\u0165 merania magnetick\u00fdch pol\u00ed. Pravideln\u00e1 kontrola zabezpe\u010duje, \u017ee zariadenia funguj\u00fa v&nbsp;r\u00e1mci predp\u00edsan\u00fdch toleranci\u00ed, a umo\u017e\u0148uje spo\u013eahliv\u00fa detekciu aj najjemnej\u0161\u00edch diskontinu\u00edt v&nbsp;sk\u00fa\u0161anom materi\u00e1li.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Typick\u00e9 usporiadanie pracoviska<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9 stanice sa navrhuj\u00fa s&nbsp;d\u00f4razom na:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>tienenie pred okolit\u00fdm svetlom,<\/li>\n<li>bezpe\u010dn\u00fd kontakt obsluhy s&nbsp;vysok\u00fdm nap\u00e4t\u00edm,<\/li>\n<li>ergon\u00f3miu aplik\u00e1cie pr\u00e1\u0161kov a pozorovania indik\u00e1ci\u00ed,<\/li>\n<li>odstr\u00e1nenie prachu a suspenzie pomocou ventil\u00e1cie alebo filtra\u010dn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zariadenia a pom\u00f4cky pre MT musia sp\u013a\u0148a\u0165 \u0161pecifick\u00e9 technick\u00e9 a bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9 po\u017eiadavky, aby zabezpe\u010dili presn\u00fa, opakovate\u013en\u00fa a normami definovan\u00fa detekciu ch\u00fdb. V\u00fdber vhodn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu z\u00e1vis\u00ed od typu kontrolovan\u00e9ho zvaru, po\u017eadovanej citlivosti a podmienok prostredia [2].<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Postup sk\u00fa\u0161ania<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pred za\u010dat\u00edm samotn\u00e9ho sk\u00fa\u0161ania je nevyhnutn\u00e9 d\u00f4kladne pripravi\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fd objekt, zabezpe\u010di\u0165 vhodn\u00e9 zariadenie a vybra\u0165 spr\u00e1vne detek\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00e9dium pod\u013ea typu a povahy kontrolovan\u00e9ho povrchu a\u00a0defektov (obr. 3.13). Okrem toho je potrebn\u00e9 zvoli\u0165 vhodn\u00fd sp\u00f4sob magnetiz\u00e1cie a zabezpe\u010di\u0165 optim\u00e1lne sveteln\u00e9 podmienky, najm\u00e4 pri pou\u017eit\u00ed fluorescen\u010dn\u00fdch pr\u00e1\u0161kov.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cie\u013eom tejto sk\u00fa\u0161ky je spo\u013eahlivo identifikova\u0165 a lokalizova\u0165 ak\u00e9ko\u013evek nepravidelnosti v&nbsp;materi\u00e1li, ktor\u00e9 by mohli negat\u00edvne ovplyvni\u0165 jeho funk\u010dn\u00e9 vlastnosti alebo bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 pou\u017eitia. Sk\u00fa\u0161anie magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou sa preto \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edva v&nbsp;priemysle\u00a0pri kontrole zvarov\u00fdch spojov, strojov\u00fdch s\u00fa\u010diastok, potrub\u00ed a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch feromagnetick\u00fdch dielov. [2, 9, 10]<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-13 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image016.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image016\" title=\"image016\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image016-600x400.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1325\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image016-200x133.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image016-400x267.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image016-600x400.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image016-800x534.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image016.png 988w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-23\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.13\u00a0 Postup sk\u00fa\u0161ania MT<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Pr\u00edprava sk\u00fa\u0161anej plochy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pred samotn\u00fdm sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00edm magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou je nevyhnutn\u00e9 venova\u0165 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fa pozornos\u0165 pr\u00edprave povrchu sk\u00fa\u0161anej s\u00fa\u010diastky. Ak\u00e9ko\u013evek ne\u010distoty, mastnota, olej, zvy\u0161ky farieb, okuje \u010di pozostatky zv\u00e1rac\u00edch tavidiel m\u00f4\u017eu v\u00fdznamne ovplyvni\u0165 v\u00fdsledok sk\u00fa\u0161ky a zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 jej spo\u013eahlivos\u0165. Z&nbsp;tohto d\u00f4vodu sa povrch mus\u00ed pred aplik\u00e1ciou sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9ho postupu d\u00f4kladne vy\u010disti\u0165 a vysu\u0161i\u0165. Vy\u017eaduje sa, aby bol rovn\u00fd a bez n\u00e1nosov, pri\u010dom povrchov\u00e1 drsnos\u0165 nesmie naru\u0161i\u0165 rovnomern\u00fd tok magnetick\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc. V&nbsp;pr\u00edpadoch, ke\u010f je potrebn\u00e1 mechanick\u00e1 \u00faprava povrchu, mo\u017eno pou\u017ei\u0165 br\u00fasenie alebo tryskanie, av\u0161ak len za predpokladu, \u017ee tak\u00fdto z\u00e1sah nezmen\u00ed charakter ani tvar pr\u00edpadnej diskontinuity. D\u00f4sledn\u00e1 pr\u00edprava sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho miesta je preto z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm predpokladom na z\u00edskanie presn\u00fdch a reprodukovate\u013en\u00fdch v\u00fdsledkov sk\u00fa\u0161ania.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>V\u00fdber sp\u00f4sobu magnetiz\u00e1cie<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vo\u013eba vhodn\u00e9ho sp\u00f4sobu magnetiz\u00e1cie predstavuje d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd krok pri sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00ed magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou. Z\u00e1vis\u00ed predov\u0161etk\u00fdm od geometrie sk\u00fa\u0161anej s\u00fa\u010diastky, od predpokladanej orient\u00e1cie mo\u017en\u00fdch diskontinu\u00edt a od pr\u00edstupnosti jednotliv\u00fdch miest, ktor\u00e9 je potrebn\u00e9 skontrolova\u0165. Spr\u00e1vne zvolen\u00fd sp\u00f4sob magnetiz\u00e1cie umo\u017e\u0148uje dosiahnu\u0165 dostato\u010dn\u00e9 zmagnetovanie kontrolovanej oblasti, a t\u00fdm aj spo\u013eahliv\u00fa detekciu necelistvost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Aplik\u00e1cia magnetiza\u010dn\u00e9ho po\u013ea<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na to, aby bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 spo\u013eahlivo odhali\u0165 nedokonalosti r\u00f4znej orient\u00e1cie, je nevyhnutn\u00e9 vykona\u0165 magnetiz\u00e1ciu sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho zvaru v&nbsp;dvoch navz\u00e1jom pribli\u017ene kolm\u00fdch smeroch. Maxim\u00e1lna pr\u00edpustn\u00e1 odch\u00fdlka medzi t\u00fdmito smermi je 30\u00b0, pri\u010dom dodr\u017eanie tohto pravidla zvy\u0161uje pravdepodobnos\u0165 detekcie necelistvost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 by pri jednostrannej magnetiz\u00e1cii mohli zosta\u0165 skryt\u00e9. Po\u017eadovan\u00fd efekt mo\u017eno dosiahnu\u0165 pou\u017eit\u00edm jednej vhodne zvolenej magnetiza\u010dnej met\u00f3dy, pr\u00edpadne kombin\u00e1ciou viacer\u00fdch met\u00f3d, aby bolo zabezpe\u010den\u00e9 dostato\u010dn\u00e9 zmagnetovanie sk\u00fa\u0161anej oblasti. S\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou procesu je aj aplik\u00e1cia detek\u010dn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1\u0161ku, ktor\u00e1 prebieha po\u010das p\u00f4sobenia magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea. Takto sa umo\u017en\u00ed, aby sa \u010dastice usporiadali v&nbsp;miestach netesnost\u00ed magnetick\u00e9ho toku a vytvorili vidite\u013en\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie, na z\u00e1klade ktor\u00fdch je mo\u017en\u00e9 pos\u00fadi\u0165 pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 a charakter zvarov\u00fdch nedokonalost\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Aplik\u00e1cia detek\u010dn\u00e9ho m\u00e9dia<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aplik\u00e1cia detek\u010dn\u00e9ho m\u00e9dia predstavuje k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa f\u00e1zu sk\u00fa\u0161ania magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou, preto\u017ee pr\u00e1ve v&nbsp;tejto etape vznikaj\u00fa vidite\u013en\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie, na z\u00e1klade ktor\u00fdch sa posudzuje kvalita zvarov\u00e9ho spoja (obr. 3.14). Detek\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00e9dium sa na povrch sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho objektu nan\u00e1\u0161a po\u010das p\u00f4sobenia magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea, aby sa magnetick\u00e9 \u010dastice mohli usporiada\u0165 v&nbsp;miestach netesnost\u00ed magnetick\u00e9ho toku. V&nbsp;z\u00e1vislosti od pou\u017eit\u00e9ho m\u00e9dia m\u00f4\u017ee \u00eds\u0165<br \/>\no such\u00fd pr\u00e1\u0161ok alebo o suspenziu \u010dast\u00edc v&nbsp;kvapaline. Such\u00fd pr\u00e1\u0161ok sa spravidla pou\u017e\u00edva pri sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00ed v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch dielcov alebo v&nbsp;pr\u00edpadoch, ke\u010f je potrebn\u00e9 pracova\u0165 v&nbsp;exteri\u00e9ri, zatia\u013e \u010do kvapaln\u00e1 suspenzia umo\u017e\u0148uje rovnomernej\u0161ie rozlo\u017eenie \u010dast\u00edc a dosahuje vy\u0161\u0161iu citlivos\u0165 pri odha\u013eovan\u00ed jemn\u00fdch povrchov\u00fdch a podpovrchov\u00fdch ch\u00fdb. Pri fluorescen\u010dnej met\u00f3de sa suspenzia nan\u00e1\u0161a v&nbsp;tmavej miestnosti a povrch sa osvet\u013euje ultrafialov\u00fdm \u017eiaren\u00edm, \u010do zvy\u0161uje kontrast medzi z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom a vzniknutou indik\u00e1ciou. Nech u\u017e je zvolen\u00fd ak\u00fdko\u013evek typ detek\u010dn\u00e9ho m\u00e9dia, rozhoduj\u00face je jeho spr\u00e1vne nanesenie v&nbsp;dostato\u010dnom mno\u017estve, aby sa zabezpe\u010dila jednozna\u010dn\u00e1 a reprodukovate\u013en\u00e1 vizualiz\u00e1cia v\u0161etk\u00fdch relevantn\u00fdch diskontinu\u00edt.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-14 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image017.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image017\" title=\"image017\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"388\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image017-600x388.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1326\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image017-200x129.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image017-400x259.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image017-600x388.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image017.jpg 680w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-24\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.14 Aplik\u00e1cia detek\u010dn\u00e9ho m\u00e9dia po\u010das magnetiz\u00e1cie [11]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:350px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:58.33%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 3\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/qpgcD5k1494?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-25\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Pozorovanie a vyhodnotenie indik\u00e1ci\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pozorovanie a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 vyhodnotenie indik\u00e1ci\u00ed tvor\u00ed jednu z&nbsp;rozhoduj\u00facich et\u00e1p MT met\u00f3dy. Samotn\u00e9 vyhodnocovanie sa uskuto\u010d\u0148uje bu\u010f vo vidite\u013enom svetle s&nbsp;intenzitou najmenej 500 luxov, \u010do je obvykl\u00e9 pri pou\u017eit\u00ed farebn\u00fdch pr\u00e1\u0161kov, alebo pod UVA \u017eiaren\u00edm s&nbsp;vlnovou d\u013a\u017ekou 365 nm, ktor\u00e9 sa vyu\u017e\u00edva pri aplik\u00e1cii fluorescen\u010dn\u00fdch suspenzi\u00ed. V&nbsp;tomto pr\u00edpade je nevyhnutn\u00e9 zabezpe\u010di\u0165, aby okolit\u00e9 osvetlenie neprekro\u010dilo hodnotu 20 luxov, preto\u017ee vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed jas by mohol zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 kontrast medzi z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm povrchom a samotnou indik\u00e1ciou. Z\u00edskan\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie sa posudzuj\u00fa predov\u0161etk\u00fdm pod\u013ea ich tvaru, ve\u013ekosti a polohy, \u010do umo\u017e\u0148uje ur\u010di\u0165 charakter a v\u00fdznam zisten\u00fdch diskontinu\u00edt. Kone\u010dn\u00e1 klasifik\u00e1cia pr\u00edpustnosti alebo nepr\u00edpustnosti sa vykon\u00e1va pod\u013ea medzin\u00e1rodnej normy ISO 23278, ktor\u00e1 stanovuje jednotn\u00e9 krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 pre hodnotenie v\u00fdsledkov sk\u00fa\u0161ania magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou zvarov\u00fdch spojov (tab. 3.5).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Odmagnetovanie<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Po ukon\u010den\u00ed MT je potrebn\u00e9 vykona\u0165 odmagnetovanie sk\u00fa\u0161anej s\u00fa\u010diastky. Tento krok m\u00e1 v\u00fdznam predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v&nbsp;pr\u00edpadoch, ke\u010f by zvy\u0161kov\u00e9 magnetick\u00e9 pole mohlo negat\u00edvne ovplyvni\u0165 \u010fal\u0161ie v\u00fdrobn\u00e9 alebo technologick\u00e9 oper\u00e1cie, pr\u00edpadne by v&nbsp;prev\u00e1dzke sp\u00f4sobovalo ne\u017eiaducu akumul\u00e1ciu kovov\u00fdch ne\u010dist\u00f4t na povrchu dielca. Odmagnetovanie sa realizuje vystaven\u00edm s\u00fa\u010diastky striedav\u00e9mu magnetick\u00e9mu po\u013eu, ktor\u00e9ho intenzita sa postupne zni\u017euje, alebo sa pou\u017e\u00edva \u0161peci\u00e1lne demagnetiza\u010dn\u00e9 zariadenie (obr. 3.15). Spr\u00e1vne vykonan\u00fd proces zabezpe\u010d\u00ed odstr\u00e1nenie zvy\u0161kov\u00e9ho magnetizmu a zaru\u010d\u00ed, \u017ee sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fd komponent bude mo\u017en\u00e9 bez obmedzen\u00ed \u010falej spracov\u00e1va\u0165 alebo pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 v&nbsp;prev\u00e1dzke [1].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-15 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image018.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image018\" title=\"image018\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"560\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image018.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1327\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image018-200x143.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image018-400x286.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image018.jpg 560w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-26\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.15 Demagnetiza\u010dn\u00e9 zariadenie [12]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Z\u00e1znam a protokol<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sk\u00fa\u0161ka sa dokumentuje v&nbsp;s\u00falade s&nbsp;po\u017eiadavkami z\u00e1kazn\u00edka a noriem. Protokol obsahuje:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>identifik\u00e1ciu s\u00fa\u010diastky,<\/li>\n<li>sp\u00f4sob a parametre magnetiz\u00e1cie,<\/li>\n<li>druh detek\u010dn\u00e9ho m\u00e9dia,<\/li>\n<li>hodnotenie indik\u00e1ci\u00ed a v\u00fdsledok,<\/li>\n<li>podpis sk\u00fa\u0161aj\u00facej osoby s&nbsp;certifik\u00e1ciou [2, 9, 10].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Typy indik\u00e1ci\u00ed a ich hodnotenie<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ako u\u017e bolo uveden\u00e9, sk\u00fa\u0161anie magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou (MT) umo\u017e\u0148uje detekciu povrchov\u00fdch aj bl\u00edzkopovrchov\u00fdch defektov vo feromagnetick\u00fdch materi\u00e1loch. Indik\u00e1cie sa delia pod\u013ea polohy vzh\u013eadom na povrch nasleduj\u00faco:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Povrchov\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie:<\/strong> defekty, ktor\u00e9 presahuj\u00fa na povrch alebo s\u00fa priamo vidite\u013en\u00e9 na povrchu materi\u00e1lu. Pr\u00edkladom s\u00fa praskliny, trhliny alebo chyby v&nbsp;tvare povrchu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Podpovrchov\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie:<\/strong> defekty, ktor\u00e9 sa nach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa tesne pod povrchom (zvy\u010dajne do h\u013abky 1 \u2013 2 mm), napr\u00edklad p\u00f3ry alebo neprievary, ktor\u00e9 magnetick\u00fd pr\u00e1\u0161ok dok\u00e1\u017ee odhali\u0165 v\u010faka rozptylov\u00e9mu magnetick\u00e9mu po\u013eu vytvoren\u00e9mu okolo chyby.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Citlivos\u0165 met\u00f3dy vo\u010di podpovrchov\u00fdm defektom z\u00e1vis\u00ed od h\u013abky chyby, intenzity magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea a typu pou\u017eit\u00e9ho pr\u00e1\u0161ku. Na obr. 3.16 s\u00fa zobrazen\u00e9 rozdiely medzi povrchovou a podpovrchovou indik\u00e1ciou.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-16 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu3.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"Bez n\u00e1zvu3\" title=\"Bez n\u00e1zvu3\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"254\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu3-600x254.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu3-200x85.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu3-400x169.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu3-600x254.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu3-800x339.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu3-1200x508.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu3.jpg 1852w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-27\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.16 Zobrazenie rozdielu medzi povrchovou a\u00a0podpovrchovou indik\u00e1ciou<br \/>\na \u2013 povrchov\u00e1 indik\u00e1cia, b \u2013 podpovrchov\u00e1 indik\u00e1cia<\/h6>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Typick\u00e9 chyby zvarov\u00fdch spojov<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><u>Povrchov\u00e9 trhliny<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Charakteristika:<\/em><\/strong> Povrchov\u00e9 trhliny (obr. 3.17) sa otv\u00e1raj\u00fa na povrch materi\u00e1lu a s\u00fa priamo pr\u00edstupn\u00e9 vizu\u00e1lnej kontrole alebo NDT met\u00f3dam ur\u010den\u00fdm pre povrchov\u00e9 chyby, ako s\u00fa sk\u00fa\u0161anie magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou (MT), penetra\u010dn\u00e9 (PT) alebo vizu\u00e1lne sk\u00fa\u0161anie (VT). M\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 rovinn\u00fd alebo rozvetven\u00fd tvar. Vznikaj\u00fa najm\u00e4 v&nbsp;d\u00f4sledku vysok\u00fdch termomechanick\u00fdch nap\u00e4t\u00ed po\u010das tuhnutia zvaru (tzv. hot cracks), po ochladen\u00ed vplyvom zvy\u0161kov\u00fdch nap\u00e4t\u00ed a pr\u00edtomnosti vod\u00edka (tzv. cold cracks), pri \u00fanavovom nam\u00e1han\u00ed materi\u00e1lu, krehkom lome pri n\u00edzkych teplot\u00e1ch alebo kor\u00f3zii pod nap\u00e4t\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Vizu\u00e1lny prejav:<\/em><\/strong> Vidite\u013en\u00e9 ako jemn\u00e9, \u00fazke l\u00ednie na povrchu materi\u00e1lu. \u010casto nepravideln\u00fd alebo vetven\u00fd tvar. M\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 tmav\u0161ie ne\u017e okolit\u00e9 miesto (oxid\u00e1cia vo vn\u00fatri trhliny). Pri zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161en\u00ed m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 ostr\u00fd profil hr\u00e1n.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>V\u00fdznam<\/em>:<\/strong> Povrchov\u00e9 trhliny m\u00f4\u017eu r\u00fdchlo prer\u00e1s\u0165 na hlbok\u00e9 vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 trhliny.\u00a0 S\u00fa kritick\u00fdmi inici\u00e1tormi lomu, preto\u017ee sa \u013eahko \u0161\u00edria pod mechanick\u00fdm alebo tepeln\u00fdm nam\u00e1han\u00edm.\u00a0 Vo zvaroch \u010dasto znamenaj\u00fa nevyhovuj\u00faci v\u00fdsledok pod\u013ea ISO 23278 (ak prekro\u010dia povolen\u00e9 rozmery) [3].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-17 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image020.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image020\" title=\"image020\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image020-600x450.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1329\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image020-200x150.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image020-400x300.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image020-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image020.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-28\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.17 Trhlina na povrchu zvaru s&nbsp;jasnou l\u00edniou pr\u00e1\u0161ku [13]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><u>Studen\u00fd spoj<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Charakteristika:<\/strong> Vznik\u00e1 naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pri n\u00edzkej teplote zvarov\u00e9ho kovu a zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov, nedostato\u010dnom prenikan\u00ed alebo nespr\u00e1vnom uhle a veden\u00ed hor\u00e1ka. Na povrchu z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu nedoch\u00e1dza k&nbsp;metalurgick\u00e9mu spojeniu (obr. 3.18). Na mikroskopickej \u00farovni sa vytv\u00e1ra vrstva oxidov alebo ne\u010dist\u00f4t medzi kovmi, ktor\u00e1 br\u00e1ni v\u00e4zbe.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Vizu\u00e1lny prejav:<\/em><\/strong> M\u00e1 vzh\u013ead hladk\u00e9ho, splo\u0161ten\u00e9ho n\u00e1behu zvarov\u00e9ho kovu na z\u00e1kladn\u00fd materi\u00e1l, pretiahnut\u00fdch alebo zvlnen\u00fdch okrajov h\u00fasenice bez vidite\u013en\u00e9ho zliatia, miestami matn\u00e9ho povrchu v&nbsp;porovnan\u00ed s&nbsp;lesklou \u010das\u0165ou dobre zvaren\u00e9ho kovu. M\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 \u0165a\u017eko rozpoznate\u013en\u00fd bez pou\u017eitia NDT met\u00f3d (najm\u00e4 MT alebo PT pre povrchov\u00e9 chyby).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>V\u00fdznam:<\/em><\/strong> Zl\u00e9 mechanick\u00e9 vlastnosti zvarov\u00e9ho spoja, mo\u017en\u00fd inici\u00e1tor trhl\u00edn, zn\u00ed\u017eenie \u017eivotnosti [3].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-18 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image021.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image021\" title=\"image021\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image021-600x400.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1330\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image021-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image021-400x267.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image021-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image021-800x533.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image021.jpg 809w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-29\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.18 Detekcia studen\u00e9ho spoja pod UV lampou [14]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><u>Kr\u00e1terov\u00e1 trhlina<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Charakteristika:<\/em><\/strong> Lok\u00e1lna priehlbina na konci zvaru, ktor\u00e1 vznik\u00e1 pri n\u00e1hlom preru\u0161en\u00ed zv\u00e1rania bez riadneho vyplnenia poslednej \u010dasti zvarovej h\u00fasenice pr\u00eddavn\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom (obr. 3.19). M\u00f4\u017ee obsahova\u0165 koncentrovan\u00e9 zvy\u0161kov\u00e9 nap\u00e4tia a \u010dasto aj mikrotrhliny, preto\u017ee kov na okrajoch kr\u00e1tera chladne r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie a je n\u00e1chyln\u00fd na krehk\u00fd lom.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Vizu\u00e1lny prejav:<\/em><\/strong> Jasne vidite\u013en\u00e1 priehlbina na konci h\u00fasenice. Povrch m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 radi\u00e1lne vzory tuhnutia alebo mal\u00fa trhlinu uprostred. Pri MT sa v&nbsp;okol\u00ed kr\u00e1tera m\u00f4\u017eu objavi\u0165 hviezdicov\u00e9 alebo radi\u00e1lne indik\u00e1cie, ak je pr\u00edtomn\u00e1 kr\u00e1terov\u00e1 trhlina.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>V\u00fdznam:<\/em><\/strong> Kr\u00e1ter predstavuje kritick\u00e9 miesto so zv\u00fd\u0161enou koncentr\u00e1ciou nap\u00e4t\u00ed. Ak obsahuje trhlinu, m\u00f4\u017ee sa pri za\u0165a\u017een\u00ed roz\u0161\u00edri\u0165 a sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 poru\u0161enie spoja. Normy pre kvalitu zvarov pova\u017euj\u00fa kr\u00e1tery s&nbsp;trhlinami alebo nadmernou h\u013abkou za nepr\u00edpustn\u00e9 chyby [3].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-19 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image022-e1767793795830.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image022\" title=\"image022\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"452\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image022-e1767793795830-600x452.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1331\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image022-e1767793795830-200x151.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image022-e1767793795830-400x302.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image022-e1767793795830-600x452.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image022-e1767793795830.png 788w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-30\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.19 Pozorovanie kr\u00e1terovej trhliny pomocou suchej met\u00f3dy [15]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><u>Neprevaren\u00fd kore\u0148<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Charakteristika:<\/em><\/strong> Neprevaren\u00fd kore\u0148 je chyba zvarov\u00e9ho spoja, ktor\u00e1 vznik\u00e1 v&nbsp;koreni zvaru, ke\u010f zvarov\u00fd kov nespoj\u00ed z\u00e1kladn\u00fd materi\u00e1l na kore\u0148ovej strane zvarov\u00e9ho spoja. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee medzi z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom a zvarov\u00fdm kovom v&nbsp;kore\u0148ovej oblasti zost\u00e1va neprevaren\u00e1 medzera alebo dutina (obr. 3.20).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Vizu\u00e1lny prejav:<\/em><\/strong> Na povrchu (z&nbsp;kore\u0148ovej strany) m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 vidite\u013en\u00e1 medzera alebo neprevaren\u00fd z\u00e1kladn\u00fd materi\u00e1l. Pri nede\u0161trukt\u00edvnych sk\u00fa\u0161kach (napr. sk\u00fa\u0161anie magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou) sa m\u00f4\u017eu na kore\u0148ovej strane objavi\u0165 indik\u00e1cie v&nbsp;podobe pr\u00fa\u017ekov alebo nepravideln\u00fdch l\u00edni\u00ed. Pri ultrazvukovom sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00ed sa prejav\u00ed ako v\u00fdrazn\u00fd odraz sign\u00e1lu v&nbsp;kore\u0148ovej oblasti.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>V\u00fdznam:<\/em><\/strong> Neprevaren\u00fd kore\u0148 v\u00fdrazne zni\u017euje pevnos\u0165 a \u00fa\u017eitkov\u00fa hodnotu zvarov\u00e9ho spoja. P\u00f4sob\u00ed ako koncentr\u00e1tor nap\u00e4t\u00ed a m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 r\u00fdchle \u0161\u00edrenie trhl\u00edn. Zni\u017euje tesnos\u0165 zvaru, \u010do je kritick\u00e9 najm\u00e4 pri tlakov\u00fdch a potrubn\u00fdch zariadeniach. V&nbsp;niektor\u00fdch aplik\u00e1ci\u00e1ch (letectvo, jadrov\u00fd priemysel, tlakov\u00e9 n\u00e1doby) je nepr\u00edpustn\u00fd a mus\u00ed by\u0165 odstr\u00e1nen\u00fd alebo opraven\u00fd. Chyby tohto typu s\u00fa pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za kritick\u00e9, preto\u017ee ohrozuj\u00fa bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 kon\u0161trukcie [3].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-20 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image023.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image023\" title=\"image023\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image023-600x400.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1332\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image023-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image023-400x267.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image023-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image023-800x533.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image023.jpg 986w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-31\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.20 Neprevaren\u00fd kore\u0148 s&nbsp;ostrou plochou indik\u00e1cie [16]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><u>P\u00f3ry a inkl\u00fazie<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Charakteristika:<\/em><\/strong> P\u00f3ry a inkl\u00fazie predstavuj\u00fa typick\u00e9 vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 diskontinuity, ktor\u00e9 sa m\u00f4\u017eu vyskytova\u0165 vo zvarov\u00fdch spojoch alebo odliatkoch. Ide o mal\u00e9 dutiny, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 gu\u013eovit\u00fd alebo nepravideln\u00fd tvar a vznikaj\u00fa v&nbsp;d\u00f4sledku zachyten\u00e9ho plynu po\u010das tuhnutia materi\u00e1lu alebo vplyvom ne\u010dist\u00f4t, ktor\u00e9 sa dostali do zvarov\u00e9ho kovu. Ich pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 d\u00f4sledkom technologick\u00fdch nedostatkov pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed, nevhodnej pr\u00edpravy materi\u00e1lu alebo chemick\u00fdch a fyzik\u00e1lnych vlastnost\u00ed zv\u00e1ran\u00e9ho kovu (obr. 3.21).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Vizu\u00e1lny prejav:<\/em><\/strong> Vizu\u00e1lne sa tieto diskontinuity prejavuj\u00fa ako bodov\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 po povrchu zvaru alebo sa vyskytova\u0165 v&nbsp;men\u0161\u00edch skupin\u00e1ch. Zvy\u010dajne s\u00fa men\u0161ie a menej v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 ne\u017e napr\u00edklad povrchov\u00e9 trhliny, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee s\u0165a\u017ei\u0165 ich detekciu, najm\u00e4 pri vizu\u00e1lnej kontrole. Sk\u00fa\u0161anie magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou alebo r\u00e1diografick\u00e9 met\u00f3dy v\u0161ak umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa ich presn\u00fa lokaliz\u00e1ciu a vyhodnotenie.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>V\u00fdznam:<\/em><\/strong> V\u00fdznam p\u00f3rov a inkl\u00fazi\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edva predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v&nbsp;ich vplyve na mechanick\u00e9 vlastnosti zvarov\u00e9ho spoja. Hoci men\u0161ie p\u00f3ry nemusia v\u00fdrazne zni\u017eova\u0165 kvalitu zvaru a \u010dasto s\u00fa pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za prijate\u013en\u00e9 v&nbsp;z\u00e1vislosti od stanoven\u00e9ho kvalitat\u00edvneho stup\u0148a, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie alebo skupinov\u00e9 p\u00f3ry m\u00f4\u017eu oslabi\u0165 integritu spoja, zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 \u00fanosnos\u0165 materi\u00e1lu a zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 riziko por\u00fach pri prev\u00e1dzkovom za\u0165a\u017een\u00ed. Preto je pri hodnoten\u00ed zvaru v\u017edy potrebn\u00e9 zoh\u013eadni\u0165 ve\u013ekos\u0165, po\u010det a rozlo\u017eenie t\u00fdchto diskontinu\u00edt, ako aj po\u017eiadavky normat\u00edvnych predpisov<br \/>\na technick\u00fdch \u0161pecifik\u00e1ci\u00ed [3].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-21 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image024.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image024\" title=\"image024\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image024-600x450.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1333\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image024-200x150.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image024-400x300.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image024-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image024-800x600.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image024.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-32\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.21 P\u00f3ry ako bodov\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie roztr\u00fasen\u00e9 vo zvare [14]<\/h6>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Falo\u0161n\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie a ru\u0161iv\u00e9 efekty<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri MT sa m\u00f4\u017eu vyskytn\u00fa\u0165 aj falo\u0161n\u00e9 alebo ru\u0161iv\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu skresli\u0165 v\u00fdsledky sk\u00fa\u0161ky:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><u>Povrchov\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Povrchov\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fdch dielcov zohr\u00e1va v\u00fdznamn\u00fa \u00falohu pri kvalite<br \/>\na spo\u013eahlivosti sk\u00fa\u0161ania magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou. Hrub\u00e1 \u0161trukt\u00fara povrchu, v\u00fdrazn\u00e1 zrnitos\u0165 alebo reli\u00e9f materi\u00e1lu m\u00f4\u017eu vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 lok\u00e1lne magnetick\u00e9 nerovnosti, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa tendenciu pri\u0165ahova\u0165 feromagnetick\u00fd pr\u00e1\u0161ok aj v&nbsp;mieste, kde sa nenach\u00e1dza \u017eiadna diskontinuita. Tento jav m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 vznik tzv. falo\u0161n\u00fdch indik\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 s\u0165a\u017euj\u00fa presn\u00e9 vyhodnotenie zvarov\u00e9ho spoja. Preto je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9, aby povrch dielca pred samotn\u00fdm sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00edm bol upraven\u00fd a vy\u010disten\u00fd. Spr\u00e1vne pripraven\u00fd povrch minimalizuje vplyv hrubosti a reli\u00e9fu na pohyb \u010dast\u00edc, \u010d\u00edm sa zvy\u0161uje spo\u013eahlivos\u0165 detekcie skuto\u010dn\u00fdch nedokonalost\u00ed. V&nbsp;praxi sa preto pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa mechanick\u00e9 \u00fapravy, ako br\u00fasenie alebo tryskanie, ktor\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017eu zjemni\u0165 povrch a odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 ne\u017eiaducu zrnitos\u0165, pri\u010dom nemenia geometriu ani tvar existuj\u00facich diskontinu\u00edt.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><u>Zvy\u0161ky feromagnetick\u00fdch ne\u010dist\u00f4t<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri MT m\u00f4\u017ee pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 zvy\u0161kov feromagnetick\u00fdch ne\u010dist\u00f4t v\u00fdznamne ovplyvni\u0165 presnos\u0165 a spo\u013eahlivos\u0165 v\u00fdsledkov. Kovov\u00e9 triesky, drobn\u00fd prach alebo in\u00e9 kontaminanty, ktor\u00e9 zostali na povrchu dielca, m\u00f4\u017eu vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 falo\u0161n\u00e9 magnetick\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie. Tak\u00e9to ne\u010distoty pri\u0165ahuj\u00fa feromagnetick\u00fd pr\u00e1\u0161ok podobne ako skuto\u010dn\u00e9 chyby, \u010do m\u00f4\u017ee vies\u0165 k&nbsp;nespr\u00e1vnej interpret\u00e1cii v\u00fdsledkov sk\u00fa\u0161ky. Aby sa minimalizovalo riziko vzniku falo\u0161n\u00fdch indik\u00e1ci\u00ed, je nevyhnutn\u00e9 d\u00f4kladne o\u010disti\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fd povrch pred samotnou aplik\u00e1ciou magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea a detek\u010dn\u00e9ho pr\u00e1\u0161ku. Odstr\u00e1nenie kovov\u00fdch triesok, prachu a in\u00fdch ne\u010dist\u00f4t zabezpe\u010duje, \u017ee v\u0161etky zachyten\u00e9 \u010dastice skuto\u010dne indikuj\u00fa pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 diskontinu\u00edt vo zvarovom spoji alebo materi\u00e1li. Pravideln\u00e1 \u00fadr\u017eba a \u010distenie pracovn\u00e9ho prostredia a pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch n\u00e1strojov z\u00e1rove\u0148 prispieva k&nbsp;vy\u0161\u0161ej presnosti sk\u00fa\u0161ania a zni\u017euje pravdepodobnos\u0165 nespr\u00e1vneho vyhodnotenia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><u>Mechanick\u00e9 po\u0161kodenie<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mechanick\u00e9 po\u0161kodenie sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho dielca predstavuje \u010fal\u0161\u00ed faktor, ktor\u00fd m\u00f4\u017ee negat\u00edvne ovplyvni\u0165 presnos\u0165 met\u00f3dy MT. \u0160krabance, \u0161k\u00e1ry, stopy po br\u00fasen\u00ed alebo in\u00e9 drobn\u00e9 mechanick\u00e9 defekty na povrchu materi\u00e1lu m\u00f4\u017eu vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 falo\u0161n\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa \u013eahko zamie\u0148an\u00e9 za skuto\u010dn\u00e9 chyby, ako s\u00fa trhliny alebo p\u00f3ry. Tento jav vznik\u00e1 preto, \u017ee nerovnosti a ryhy na povrchu ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa tok magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea a pri\u0165ahuj\u00fa feromagnetick\u00fd pr\u00e1\u0161ok podobne ako diskontinuity.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><u>Magnetick\u00e9 zvy\u0161kov\u00e9 polia<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zvy\u0161kov\u00e9 magnetick\u00e9 polia v&nbsp;sk\u00fa\u0161anom dielci m\u00f4\u017eu v\u00fdrazne ovplyvni\u0165 presnos\u0165 a spo\u013eahlivos\u0165 MT met\u00f3dy. Nehomog\u00e9nne magnetick\u00e9 pole alebo nedostato\u010dne odstr\u00e1nen\u00e9 zvy\u0161kov\u00e9 magnetick\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165, \u017ee feromagnetick\u00fd pr\u00e1\u0161ok sa zhroma\u017e\u010fuje v&nbsp;oblastiach, kde sa skuto\u010dn\u00e9 chyby nenach\u00e1dzaj\u00fa. Tento jav vedie k&nbsp;vzniku tzv. falo\u0161n\u00fdch indik\u00e1ci\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu skresli\u0165 vyhodnotenie kvality zvaru alebo materi\u00e1lu [3].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-22 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image025.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[mt]\" data-title=\"image025\" title=\"image025\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image025-600x450.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1334\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image025-200x150.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image025-400x300.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image025-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image025-800x600.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image025.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-33\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 3.22 Pr\u00edklad falo\u0161nej indik\u00e1cie sp\u00f4sobenej \u0161trukt\u00farou povrchu [17]<\/h6>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rizik\u00e1 a bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9 opatrenia pri sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00ed magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sk\u00fa\u0161anie magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou je \u00fa\u010dinnou met\u00f3dou nede\u0161trukt\u00edvnej kontroly, ktor\u00e1 v\u0161ak so sebou prin\u00e1\u0161a ur\u010dit\u00e9 rizik\u00e1 spojen\u00e9\u00a0s p\u00f4soben\u00edm siln\u00e9ho magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea, ultrafialov\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia a manipul\u00e1ciou s&nbsp;chemick\u00fdmi l\u00e1tkami. Siln\u00e9 magnetick\u00e9 pole pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pri magnetiz\u00e1cii sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fdch s\u00fa\u010diastok m\u00f4\u017ee predstavova\u0165 zdravotn\u00e9 riziko pre osoby so srdcov\u00fdmi stimul\u00e1tormi, kovov\u00fdmi implant\u00e1tmi alebo in\u00fdmi elektronick\u00fdmi zariadeniami. Dlhodob\u00e9 alebo intenz\u00edvne vystavenie magnetick\u00e9mu po\u013eu m\u00f4\u017ee navy\u0161e sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 nepohodlie, z\u00e1vraty alebo bolesti hlavy. Z&nbsp;tohto d\u00f4vodu sa odpor\u00fa\u010da minimalizova\u0165 \u010das str\u00e1ven\u00fd v&nbsp;bl\u00edzkosti siln\u00fdch magnetov a pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 vhodn\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 bari\u00e9ry na zabezpe\u010denie bezpe\u010dnosti pracovn\u00edkov.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri aplik\u00e1cii fluorescen\u010dn\u00fdch indik\u00e1torov sa pou\u017e\u00edva UVA \u017eiarenie s&nbsp;vlnovou d\u013a\u017ekou pribli\u017ene 365 nm. Priame vystavenie tomuto \u017eiareniu m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 podr\u00e1\u017edenie poko\u017eky a o\u010d\u00ed, najm\u00e4 nechr\u00e1nenej sietnice. Preto je nevyhnutn\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 ochrann\u00e9 okuliare s&nbsp;UV filtrom a zabezpe\u010di\u0165 ochranu odkryt\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed tela vhodn\u00fdm pracovn\u00fdm oble\u010den\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Okrem toho je nevyhnutn\u00e9 zabezpe\u010di\u0165 dostato\u010dn\u00e9 vetranie pracoviska, najm\u00e4 pri pr\u00e1ci s&nbsp;pr\u00e1\u0161kov\u00fdmi materi\u00e1lmi, aby sa minimalizovalo vdychovanie feromagnetick\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc. Pou\u017e\u00edvanie ods\u00e1vania alebo lok\u00e1lneho vetrania v\u00fdznamne zvy\u0161uje bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 a prispieva k&nbsp;zn\u00ed\u017eeniu expoz\u00edcie prachu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pracovn\u00edci musia pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 vhodn\u00e9 osobn\u00e9 ochrann\u00e9 prostriedky (OOPP). Patr\u00ed sem respir\u00e1tor alebo ochrann\u00e1 maska proti prachu, ochrann\u00e9 rukavice na zabr\u00e1nenie kontaktu s&nbsp;feromagnetick\u00fdm pr\u00e1\u0161kom a chemick\u00fdmi nosi\u010dmi, ochrann\u00e9 okuliare alebo \u0161t\u00edt na ochranu o\u010d\u00ed pred prachom a UV \u017eiaren\u00edm a pracovn\u00e9 oble\u010denie, ktor\u00e9 chr\u00e1ni poko\u017eku pred chemik\u00e1liami a prachom.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Manipul\u00e1cia s&nbsp;feromagnetick\u00fdm pr\u00e1\u0161kom si vy\u017eaduje osobitn\u00fa starostlivos\u0165. Pr\u00e1\u0161ok je potrebn\u00e9 uchov\u00e1va\u0165 v&nbsp;such\u00fdch a uzavret\u00fdch n\u00e1dob\u00e1ch, aby sa zabr\u00e1nilo zhlukovaniu a kontamin\u00e1cii. Je potrebn\u00e9 vyvarova\u0165 sa jeho vdychovaniu a pri manipul\u00e1cii pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 ochrann\u00e9 pom\u00f4cky. Pri manipul\u00e1cii je tie\u017e potrebn\u00e9 zoh\u013eadni\u0165, \u017ee pr\u00e1\u0161ok m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 elektrostaticky nabit\u00fd, preto sa odpor\u00fa\u010da predch\u00e1dza\u0165 iskreniu alebo statick\u00e9mu n\u00e1boju.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chemick\u00e9 nosi\u010de, \u010di u\u017e tekut\u00e9 alebo pr\u00e1\u0161kov\u00e9, je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 len v&nbsp;s\u00falade s&nbsp;platn\u00fdmi bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdmi predpismi a normami. Pri manipul\u00e1cii s&nbsp;nimi je nutn\u00e9 d\u00f4sledne dodr\u017eiava\u0165 bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9 listy (MSDS \u2013 Material Safety Data Sheet) a zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 kontaktu s&nbsp;poko\u017ekou alebo o\u010dami. V&nbsp;pr\u00edpade n\u00e1hodn\u00e9ho kontaktu je potrebn\u00e9 miesto okam\u017eite opl\u00e1chnu\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00fdm mno\u017estvom vody. Likvid\u00e1cia odpadov mus\u00ed prebieha\u0165 v&nbsp;s\u00falade s&nbsp;miestnymi predpismi o nakladan\u00ed s&nbsp;chemik\u00e1liami, aby sa minimalizovalo riziko po\u0161kodenia zdravia alebo \u017eivotn\u00e9ho prostredia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dodr\u017eiavanie t\u00fdchto z\u00e1sad zabezpe\u010duje, \u017ee sk\u00fa\u0161anie magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 vykonan\u00e9 bezpe\u010dne, pri\u010dom sa chr\u00e1ni zdravotn\u00fd stav pracovn\u00edkov a zni\u017euje riziko negat\u00edvnych \u00fa\u010dinkov spojen\u00fdch s&nbsp;p\u00f4soben\u00edm magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea, UV \u017eiarenia alebo chemik\u00e1li\u00ed [3].<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody sk\u00fa\u0161ania magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri hodnoten\u00ed sk\u00fa\u0161ania magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 zoh\u013eadni\u0165 nielen jej pr\u00ednosy, ale aj obmedzenia, ktor\u00e9 ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa rozsah a presnos\u0165 v\u00fdsledkov. Met\u00f3da sa vyzna\u010duje viacer\u00fdmi praktick\u00fdmi prednos\u0165ami, ktor\u00e9 ju radia medzi naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 techniky nede\u0161trukt\u00edvneho sk\u00fa\u0161ania, no z\u00e1rove\u0148 obsahuje ist\u00e9 limity, ktor\u00e9 je potrebn\u00e9 pri jej aplik\u00e1cii re\u0161pektova\u0165. Tab. 3.9 sumarizuje hlavn\u00e9 v\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody met\u00f3dy MT z&nbsp;h\u013eadiska jej praktick\u00e9ho vyu\u017eitia.<\/p>\n<p><em>Tab. 3.9 Porovnanie MT s&nbsp;vybran\u00fdmi NDT met\u00f3dami<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.2465%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Krit\u00e9rium\/ Met\u00f3da<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.2852%; text-align: center;\" width=\"105\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>MT \u2013 sk\u00fa\u0161anie magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.3732%; text-align: center;\" width=\"76\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>UT \u2013 ultrazvukov\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161anie<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.933%; text-align: center;\" width=\"73\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>PT \u2013 kapil\u00e1rne sk\u00fa\u0161anie<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8451%; text-align: center;\" width=\"78\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>VT \u2013 vizu\u00e1lna kontrola<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1725%; text-align: center;\" width=\"83\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>RT \u2013 r\u00e1diografick\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161anie<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.2465%; text-align: center;\"><strong>Detekcia ch\u00fdb<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.2852%; text-align: center;\" width=\"105\">Povrchov\u00e9 a tesne podpovrcho-v\u00e9 chyby vo feromagne-tick\u00fdch materi\u00e1loch<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.3732%; text-align: center;\" width=\"76\">Povrchov\u00e9 aj vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 chyby (v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia h\u013abka detekcie)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.933%; text-align: center;\" width=\"73\">Len povrchov\u00e9 chyby (otvoren\u00e9 do povrchu)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8451%; text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">Vidite\u013en\u00e9 povrchov\u00e9 chyby<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1725%; text-align: center;\" width=\"83\">Vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 aj povrchov\u00e9 chyby (ve\u013emi dobr\u00e9 zobrazenie objemov\u00fdch ch\u00fdb)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.2465%; text-align: center;\"><strong>Materi\u00e1lov\u00e9 obmedzenie<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.2852%; text-align: center;\" width=\"105\">Len feromagne-tick\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.3732%; text-align: center;\" width=\"76\">Takmer v\u0161etky pevn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.933%; text-align: center;\" width=\"73\">Takmer v\u0161etky pevn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8451%; text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">Takmer v\u0161etky materi\u00e1ly<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1725%; text-align: center;\" width=\"83\">V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina materi\u00e1lov (pozor na hustotu)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.2465%; text-align: center;\"><strong>Citlivos\u0165 na jemn\u00e9 trhliny<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.2852%; text-align: center;\" width=\"105\">Ve\u013emi vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.3732%; text-align: center;\" width=\"76\">Vysok\u00e1 (ale z\u00e1vis\u00ed od uhla a typu sondy)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.933%; text-align: center;\" width=\"73\">Ve\u013emi vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8451%; text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">N\u00edzka a\u017e stredn\u00e1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1725%; text-align: center;\" width=\"83\">Stredn\u00e1 (lep\u0161ia na p\u00f3ry a dutiny)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.2465%; text-align: center;\"><strong>H\u013abka detekcie<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.2852%; text-align: center;\" width=\"105\">Do cca 2 \u2013 3 mm pod povrch<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.3732%; text-align: center;\" width=\"76\">Nieko\u013eko desiatok cm (pod\u013ea materi\u00e1lu)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.933%; text-align: center;\" width=\"73\">Len povrch<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8451%; text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">Len povrch<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1725%; text-align: center;\" width=\"83\">Cel\u00fd objem materi\u00e1lu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.2465%; text-align: center;\"><strong>Pr\u00edprava povrchu<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.2852%; text-align: center;\" width=\"105\">Odstr\u00e1nenie hrubej \u0161piny, mastnoty a hrub\u00fdch n\u00e1terov<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.3732%; text-align: center;\" width=\"76\">Dobr\u00fd kontakt sondy, odstr\u00e1nenie hrub\u00fdch nerovnost\u00ed<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.933%; text-align: center;\" width=\"73\">Ve\u013emi \u010dist\u00fd povrch, bez mastnoty<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8451%; text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">\u010cist\u00fd a pr\u00edstupn\u00fd povrch<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1725%; text-align: center;\" width=\"83\">Minim\u00e1lna, ale pr\u00edstupnos\u0165 z&nbsp;oboch str\u00e1n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.2465%; text-align: center;\"><strong>R\u00fdchlos\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161ania<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.2852%; text-align: center;\" width=\"105\">Vysok\u00e1 (najm\u00e4 s\u00e9ria dielov)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.3732%; text-align: center;\" width=\"76\">Stredn\u00e1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.933%; text-align: center;\" width=\"73\">Stredn\u00e1 a\u017e vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8451%; text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">Ve\u013emi vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1725%; text-align: center;\" width=\"83\">N\u00edzka a\u017e stredn\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.2465%; text-align: center;\"><strong>Mo\u017enos\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161ania v&nbsp;ter\u00e9ne<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.2852%; text-align: center;\" width=\"105\">\u00c1no (prenosn\u00e9 zariadenia)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.3732%; text-align: center;\" width=\"76\">\u00c1no<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.933%; text-align: center;\" width=\"73\">\u00c1no<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8451%; text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">\u00c1no<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1725%; text-align: center;\" width=\"83\">Obmedzene (kv\u00f4li RT zdrojom a bezpe\u010dnostn\u00fdm z\u00f3nam)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.2465%; text-align: center;\"><strong>N\u00e1klady<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.2852%; text-align: center;\" width=\"105\">N\u00edzke a\u017e stredn\u00e9<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.3732%; text-align: center;\" width=\"76\">Stredn\u00e9<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.933%; text-align: center;\" width=\"73\">N\u00edzke<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8451%; text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">Ve\u013emi n\u00edzke<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1725%; text-align: center;\" width=\"83\">Vysok\u00e9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.2465%; text-align: center;\"><strong>Bezpe\u010dnostn\u00e9 rizik\u00e1<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.2852%; text-align: center;\" width=\"105\">UV \u017eiarenie, magnetick\u00e9 pole, pr\u00e1\u0161ky a chemick\u00e9 nosi\u010de<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.3732%; text-align: center;\" width=\"76\">\u017diadne v\u00fdznamn\u00e9, okrem \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed a manipul\u00e1cie<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.933%; text-align: center;\" width=\"73\">Chemik\u00e1lie (\u010distiace a penetra\u010dn\u00e9 kvapaliny)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8451%; text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">Minim\u00e1lne<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1725%; text-align: center;\" width=\"83\">Ionizuj\u00face \u017eiarenie (pr\u00edsne predpisy)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 20.2465%; text-align: center;\"><strong>Normy<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.2852%; text-align: center;\" width=\"105\">EN ISO 17638, ISO 9934, ISO 23278<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 16.3732%; text-align: center;\" width=\"76\">EN ISO 16810, EN ISO 17640<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.933%; text-align: center;\" width=\"73\">EN ISO 3452<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.8451%; text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">EN ISO 17637<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 14.1725%; text-align: center;\" width=\"83\">EN ISO 17636<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-34\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z uveden\u00e9ho porovnania vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee sk\u00fa\u0161anie magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou je mimoriadne \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojom na detekciu povrchov\u00fdch a podpovrchov\u00fdch ch\u00fdb vo feromagnetick\u00fdch materi\u00e1loch, av\u0161ak jej pou\u017eite\u013enos\u0165 je limitovan\u00e1 pr\u00e1ve charakterom sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov a h\u013abkou, do ktorej dok\u00e1\u017ee odhali\u0165 nedokonalosti. V&nbsp;praxi to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee MT je ide\u00e1lne vyu\u017ei\u0165 v&nbsp;pr\u00edpadoch, kde je prioritou r\u00fdchla a presn\u00e1 identifik\u00e1cia trhl\u00edn \u010di in\u00fdch povrchov\u00fdch diskontinu\u00edt, zatia\u013e \u010do na komplexn\u00e9 zhodnotenie vn\u00fatornej \u0161trukt\u00fary materi\u00e1lu je nevyhnutn\u00e9 kombinova\u0165 ju s&nbsp;in\u00fdmi NDT met\u00f3dami, ako s\u00fa ultrazvukov\u00e9 alebo r\u00e1diografick\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161ky [3, 10].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-35\"><h2>Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literat\u00fara<\/h2>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ISO 9934-1\u00a0\u00a0 Non-destructive testing &#8211; Magnetic particle testing &#8211; General principles (Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie \u2013 Magneto pr\u00e1\u0161kov\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161anie \u2013 V\u0161eobecn\u00e9 z\u00e1sady)<\/p>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ISO 17638 Non-destructive testing of welds \u2013 Magnetic particle testing (Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie zvarov \u2013 Sk\u00fa\u0161anie magnetickou pr\u00e1\u0161kovou met\u00f3dou)<\/p>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/www.nde-ed.org\/NDETechniques\/MagParticle\/Indications\/DryExamples.xhtml<\/p>\n<p>[4]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/caraid.co.nz\/portfolio\/crack-testing-repairs\/<\/p>\n<p>[5]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ISO 9934-2 Non-destructive testing &#8211; Magnetic particle testing \u2013 Detection media<\/p>\n<p>(Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie &#8211; Magneto pr\u00e1\u0161kov\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161anie \u2013 Detek\u010dn\u00e9 m\u00e9di\u00e1)<\/p>\n<p>[6]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ISO 9934-3 Non-destructive testing &#8211; Magnetic particle testing \u2013 Equipment (Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie &#8211; Magneto pr\u00e1\u0161kov\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161anie \u2013 Vybavenie)<\/p>\n<p>[7]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ISO 23278 Non-destructive testing of welds \u2013 Magnetic particle testing \u2013 Acceptance levels (Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie zvarov \u2013 Magneto pr\u00e1\u0161kov\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161anie \u2013 \u00darovne akcept\u00e1cie)<\/p>\n<p>[8]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/haertha.de\/en\/process\/magnetic-powder-crack-testing\/<\/p>\n<p>[9]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/magnaflux.com\/Files\/Instructions\/Magnetic-Particle-Process-Guide.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com<\/p>\n<p>[10]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/magnaflux.com\/Files\/Brochures\/Magnetic-Particle-EssentialGuide-Brochure-English.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com<\/p>\n<p>[11]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/www.kovotest.sk\/2023\/11\/19\/magneticka-praskova-kontrola-mt\/<\/p>\n<p>[12]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/www.ptsndt.com\/sk\/predaj\/demagnetizatory\/4115-demagnetization-coils-sk\/864-demagnetizacne-zariadenie-dzc<\/p>\n<p>[13]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/vanek-welding.cz\/en\/mt-ut-kontroly.html<\/p>\n<p>[14]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/technic-control.pl\/en\/non-destructive-testing\/magnetic-powder-testing-mt\/<\/p>\n<p>[15]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete:<\/p>\n<p>https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/posts\/john-henry-du-bruyn-51a0a4173_crater-cracks-in-welds-during-welding-activity-7211306161571057666-5eRT<\/p>\n<p>[16]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/fotonndt.com\/en\/our-services\/nondestructive-testing-ndt\/magnetic-particle-testing\/<\/p>\n<p>[17]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/www.manufacturingguide.com\/en\/magnetic-particle-testing-mt<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1917,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1308","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1308","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1308"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1308\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1495,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1308\/revisions\/1495"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1917"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1308"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}