{"id":132,"date":"2023-12-13T18:01:15","date_gmt":"2023-12-13T17:01:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=132"},"modified":"2025-11-23T16:09:02","modified_gmt":"2025-11-23T15:09:02","slug":"zvaranie-plazmovym-oblukom","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=132","title":{"rendered":"Zv\u00e1ranie plazmov\u00fdm obl\u00fakom"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:0px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Plazma je z\u00a0fyzik\u00e1lneho h\u013eadiska definovan\u00e1 ako \u0161peci\u00e1lny stav plynov, pri ktorom sa plyny st\u00e1vaj\u00fa vodiv\u00fdmi, pri\u010dom podlieha \u00fa\u010dinkom elektrick\u00e9ho a\u00a0magnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea. Tento stav plynu je \u010dasto klasifikovan\u00fd aj ako \u0161tvrt\u00e9 skupenstvo l\u00e1tky. Plazma ako celok je elektricky neutr\u00e1lna. Je zlo\u017een\u00e1 zo zmesi elektr\u00f3nov a\u00a0kladn\u00fdch i\u00f3nov. M\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 \u010diasto\u010dne alebo \u00faplne ionizovan\u00e1. Teplota \u010diasto\u010dne ionizovanej plazmy je v\u00a0rozsahu 5&nbsp;000 a\u017e 15\u00a0000 K. \u00daplne ionizovan\u00e1 dosahuje teploty pribli\u017ene 100\u00a0000 K. Tento ionizovan\u00fd stav plynu je mo\u017en\u00e9 dosiahnu\u0165 elektricky \u2013 pomocou elektrick\u00fdch v\u00fdbojov, mechanicky \u2013 kompenzovan\u00fdm i\u00f3nov\u00fdm zv\u00e4zkom a pomocou \u0161tiepnych a\u00a0zlu\u010duj\u00facich jadrov\u00fdch reakci\u00ed. Energia potrebn\u00e1 na ioniz\u00e1ciu plynov pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch pri technol\u00f3gi\u00e1ch zv\u00e1rania, nav\u00e1rania, \u017eiarov\u00e9ho striekania, rezania, obr\u00e1bania a\u00a0pod. sa z\u00edska kontrahovan\u00edm (z\u00fa\u017een\u00edm) elektrick\u00e9ho obl\u00faka, \u010do m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledok zv\u00fd\u0161enie jeho teploty, a\u00a0t\u00fdm zv\u00fd\u0161enie\u00a0stup\u0148a jeho ioniz\u00e1cie. Teplota plazmy z\u00e1vis\u00ed od druhu pou\u017eit\u00e9ho plynu a\u00a0jeho ioniza\u010dn\u00fdch potenci\u00e1lov. Najni\u017e\u0161ie teploty plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka vznikaj\u00fa pri pou\u017eit\u00ed dus\u00edka, kde je teplota plazmy asi 7\u00a0000 K&nbsp;a\u00a0naopak najvy\u0161\u0161ia teplota plazmy, a\u017e 20\u00a0000 K, vznik\u00e1 pri pou\u017eit\u00ed h\u00e9lia. Parametre plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka vieme ovplyvni\u0165 jeho tzv. stabiliz\u00e1ciou. Stabiliz\u00e1cia sa uskuto\u010d\u0148uje tvarom d\u00fdzy plazmov\u00e9ho hor\u00e1ka, pr\u00fadiacim plynom a\u00a0vodou [1 \u2013 12].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zv\u00e1ranie plazmou (PAW \u2013 Plasma Arc Welding) je proces tavn\u00e9ho obl\u00fakov\u00e9ho zv\u00e1rania, pri ktorom obl\u00fak hor\u00ed medzi netaviacou sa volfr\u00e1movou elektr\u00f3dou a\u00a0z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom v\u00a0inertnej atmosf\u00e9re plynov (obr. 10.1). Na rozdiel od met\u00f3dy TIG sa pou\u017e\u00edva zv\u00e1racia d\u00fdza mal\u00e9ho priemeru, ktor\u00e1 zv\u00e1rac\u00ed obl\u00fak kolimuje a\u00a0tak koncentruje tepeln\u00fa energiu na mal\u00fa plochu zv\u00e1ran\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Plazma sa vytv\u00e1ra ioniz\u00e1ciou \u010dasti plazmov\u00e9ho plynu. Vysok\u00e1 koncentr\u00e1cia tepla a\u00a0vysok\u00e1 teplota plazmy zaru\u010duje hlbok\u00e9 natavenie z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu s\u00a0charakteristick\u00fdm prierezom zvarov\u00e9ho kovu v\u00a0tvare v\u00ednov\u00e9ho poh\u00e1ra (obr. 10.2).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-1 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image002-1.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[PA]\" data-title=\"image002\" title=\"image002\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"529\" height=\"416\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image002-1.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1148\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image002-1-200x157.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image002-1-400x315.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image002-1.png 529w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 529px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 10.1 Zv\u00e1ranie plazmov\u00fdm obl\u00fakom [7]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zv\u00e1ranie je mo\u017en\u00e9 realizova\u0165 s\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00edm pr\u00eddavn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu vo forme dr\u00f4tu alebo aj bez pr\u00eddavn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Podobne ako pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed laserom je mo\u017en\u00e9 na zv\u00e1ranie pou\u017ei\u0165 tzv. plytk\u00fd re\u017eim zv\u00e1rania, no \u010dastej\u0161ie je pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed aplikovan\u00fd hlbok\u00fd re\u017eim zv\u00e1rania (re\u017eim k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovej dierky).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zap\u00e1lenie plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka sa realizuje bezprostredne po spusten\u00ed ochrann\u00fdch a\u00a0plazmov\u00fdch plynov pomocou vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00e9ho inoniz\u00e1tora. Medzi volfr\u00e1movou elektr\u00f3dou a\u00a0d\u00fdzou zo zliatiny medi sa zap\u00e1li pomocn\u00fd (tzv. neprenesen\u00fd) obl\u00fak. N\u00e1sledne sa hor\u00e1k pribl\u00ed\u017ei k\u00a0zv\u00e1ran\u00e9mu materi\u00e1lu, kde sa obl\u00fak z\u00a0d\u00fdzy prenesie na zv\u00e1ran\u00fd z\u00e1kladn\u00fd materi\u00e1l.\u00a0 Plazmov\u00fd obl\u00fak z\u00fa\u017een\u00fd d\u00fdzou m\u00e1 v\u00fdstupn\u00fa r\u00fdchlos\u0165 (300 \u2013 2&nbsp;000m\u2219s<sup>-1<\/sup>) a\u00a0v\u00fdstupn\u00e9 teplo (10<sup>9<\/sup> \u2013 10<sup>10 <\/sup>W\u2219m<sup>-2<\/sup>), \u010do v\u00fdrazne prevy\u0161uje hodnoty konven\u010dn\u00e9ho zv\u00e1rania TIG.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-2 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image004.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[PA]\" data-title=\"image004\" title=\"image004\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"567\" height=\"447\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image004.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1149\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image004-200x158.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image004-400x315.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image004.png 567w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 567px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 10.2 Princ\u00edp zv\u00e1rania met\u00f3dou TIG a\u00a0pomocou plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka (PAW)[4]<\/h6>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zariadenie na zv\u00e1ranie plazmou<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zariadenie na zv\u00e1ranie plazmou pozost\u00e1va zo zdroja energie, riadiaceho syst\u00e9mu, vodn\u00e9ho chladenia, zv\u00e1racieho hor\u00e1ka a syst\u00e9mu dod\u00e1vky plynu pre plazmov\u00e9 a ochrann\u00e9 plyny\u00a0 (obr.\u00a010.3).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zdroj energie, ktor\u00fd dod\u00e1va hlavn\u00fa energiu pre zv\u00e1rac\u00ed syst\u00e9m, je spravidla doplnen\u00fd o sekven\u010dn\u00fd regul\u00e1tor a riadiacu konzolu. Regul\u00e1tor sekvencie reguluje \u010dasovanie toku plynu, spustenie obl\u00faka, ovl\u00e1danie hlavn\u00e9ho zv\u00e1racieho pr\u00fadu a v\u0161etky parametre jeho st\u00fapania a klesania. Ovl\u00e1dac\u00edm panelom sa riadi prietok plynu pre plazmu a ochrann\u00e9 plyny zo samostatn\u00fdch prietokomerov a obsahuje vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00fd inicia\u010dn\u00fd obvod \u0161tartovacieho obl\u00faka. K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu v\u00a0procese zv\u00e1rania plazmou zohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa zv\u00e1racie hor\u00e1ky (obr. 10.4). Hor\u00e1ky zabezpe\u010duj\u00fa:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>pr\u00edvod plazmov\u00e9ho, fokusa\u010dn\u00e9ho a\u00a0ochrann\u00e9ho plynu,<\/li>\n<li>fix\u00e1ciu a\u00a0ustavenie polohy volfr\u00e1mov\u00fdch resp. volfr\u00e1m-t\u00f3riov\u00fdch elektr\u00f3d,<\/li>\n<li>pr\u00edvod pr\u00fadu na elektr\u00f3du,<\/li>\n<li>tvarovanie plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka,<\/li>\n<li>usmernenie plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka na zv\u00e1ran\u00e9 miesto.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zv\u00e1rac\u00ed hor\u00e1k m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 ru\u010dn\u00fd alebo mechanizovan\u00fd. Hor\u00e1ky patria k\u00a0najviac tepelne za\u0165a\u017een\u00fdm komponentom zv\u00e1racej s\u00fastavy. V\u00a0procese zv\u00e1rania je nevyhnutn\u00e9 ich ochladzovanie pomocou chladiacej kvapaliny, aby sa zabr\u00e1nilo prehriatiu hor\u00e1ka a maximalizovala sa \u017eivotnos\u0165 s\u00fa\u010diastok. V\u00fdtokov\u00e1 d\u00fdza je odizolovan\u00e1 od vodiv\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed hor\u00e1ka. Pri plazmovom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed prech\u00e1dza do plazmov\u00e9ho stavu iba 10 \u2013 30&nbsp;% plazmov\u00e9ho plynu. Zvy\u0161ok plynu m\u00e1 stabiliza\u010dn\u00fa funkciu, resp. zabezpe\u010duje spr\u00e1vnu polohu obl\u00faka tak, aby nedoch\u00e1dzalo ku kontaktu stien d\u00fdzy s\u00a0plazmov\u00fdm plynom.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-3 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image006-1.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[PA]\" data-title=\"image006\" title=\"image006\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"517\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image006-1-600x517.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image006-1-200x172.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image006-1-400x345.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image006-1-600x517.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image006-1.jpg 756w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 10.3 Sch\u00e9ma zapojenia zariadenia na zv\u00e1ranie plazmou [7]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pr\u00edvod plynov je spravidla veden\u00fd cez plazmov\u00fa riadiacu jednotku, kde ich jednotliv\u00e9 prietoky nastavuje oper\u00e1tor.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-4 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image007-1.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[PA]\" data-title=\"image007\" title=\"image007\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image007-1-600x400.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1151\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image007-1-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image007-1-400x266.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image007-1-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image007-1-800x533.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image007-1-1200x799.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image007-1.jpg 1417w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 10.4 Plazmov\u00fd hor\u00e1k zariadenia PPC 250 R 6 z\u00a0produkcie KSK \u010cesk\u00e1 T\u0159ebov\u00e1<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00a0praxi je najpou\u017e\u00edvanej\u0161\u00edm plazmov\u00fdm plynom Ar, resp. zmesi Ar+He a Ar+H<sub>2<\/sub>. Plazmov\u00fd plyn sa pou\u017e\u00edva na generovanie obl\u00faka, zatia\u013e \u010do ochrann\u00fd plyn sa pou\u017e\u00edva na zabezpe\u010denie doplnkovej ochrany zvarov\u00e9ho k\u00fape\u013ea pred atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fdm zne\u010disten\u00edm po\u010das jeho tuhnutia a\u00a0ochladzovania. Vlastnosti plynov ovplyv\u0148uj\u00fa tvar aj kvalitu zvaru. Ako ochrann\u00fd plyn zamedzuj\u00faci naplyneniu a\u00a0oxid\u00e1cii miesta zvarov\u00e9ho spoja je pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd arg\u00f3n. Arg\u00f3n poskytuje \u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 krytie, preto\u017ee je \u0165a\u017e\u0161\u00ed ako vzduch a je lacnej\u0161\u00ed ako h\u00e9lium. Vo\u013eba ochrann\u00e9ho plynu je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na type z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho kovu (tab. 10.1). Spotreba plynov z\u00e1vis\u00ed od kon\u0161trukcie a\u00a0ve\u013ekosti zariadenia. Prietok sa m\u00f4\u017ee meni\u0165 od 0,1 l\/min pri mikroplazmovom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed a\u017e po 10\u00a0l\/min pri plazmovom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed s&nbsp;k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovou dierkou. Spotreba funk\u010dn\u00fdch plynov je v\u00a0mno\u017estv\u00e1ch:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>plazmov\u00fd plyn 0,5 \u2013 7 l\/min,<\/li>\n<li>fokusa\u010dn\u00fd plyn 3 \u2013 12 l\/min,<\/li>\n<li>ochrann\u00fd plyn 2 \u2013 16 l\/min.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Tab. 10.1 Aplik\u00e1cia plazmov\u00fdch a\u00a0ochrann\u00fdch plyny vzh\u013eadom na zv\u00e1ran\u00fd materi\u00e1l [7]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Zv\u00e1ran\u00fd materi\u00e1l<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Plazmov\u00fd plyn<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ochrann\u00fd plyn<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">M\u00e4kk\u00e9 ocele<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Arg\u00f3n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Arg\u00f3n, arg\u00f3n+ H2 (2 \u2013 5&nbsp;%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">N\u00edzkolegovan\u00e9 ovele<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Arg\u00f3n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Arg\u00f3n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Austenitick\u00e9 kor\u00f3ziivzdorn\u00e9 ocele<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Arg\u00f3n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Arg\u00f3n + H2 (2 \u2013 5&nbsp;%), h\u00e9lium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Nikel a jeho zliatiny<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Arg\u00f3n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Arg\u00f3n, arg\u00f3n + H2 (2 \u2013 5&nbsp;%)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Tit\u00e1n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Arg\u00f3n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Arg\u00f3n, 75&nbsp;% He + 25 %Ar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Hlin\u00edk a jeho zliatiny<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Arg\u00f3n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Arg\u00f3n, h\u00e9lium<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Me\u010f a jej zliatiny<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Arg\u00f3n<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Arg\u00f3n, 75&nbsp;% He + 25 %Ar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zmesi h\u00e9lium a\u00a0arg\u00f3n resp. h\u00e9lium je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 ako ochrann\u00e9 plyny na zv\u00fd\u0161enie tepelnej vodivosti plynu a\u00a0zv\u00fd\u0161enia \u00fa\u010dinku obl\u00faka na zvarov\u00fd k\u00fape\u013e. Aplik\u00e1cia h\u00e9lia prispieva k\u00a0vzniku \u0161ir\u0161\u00edch zvarov v\u00a0porovnan\u00ed s\u00a0arg\u00f3nom z\u00a0d\u00f4vodu produkcie vy\u0161\u0161ieho nap\u00e4tia v\u00a0obl\u00faku. Pr\u00edsadou vod\u00edka do arg\u00f3nu v\u00a0ochrannom plyne doch\u00e1dza k\u00a0z\u00fa\u017eeniu obl\u00faka a\u00a0t\u00fdm aj zvarov\u00e9ho k\u00fape\u013ea, nako\u013eko ide o\u00a0reduk\u010dn\u00fd plyn. Napriek tomu, \u017ee do arg\u00f3nu v&nbsp;ochrannom plyne je mo\u017en\u00e9 prida\u0165 h\u00e9lium a vod\u00edk za \u00fa\u010delom zv\u00fd\u0161enia tepeln\u00e9ho pr\u00edkonu a\u00a0n\u00e1rastu produktivity zv\u00e1rania, pou\u017eitie t\u00fdchto plynov v&nbsp;plazmovom plyne m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 za n\u00e1sledok prehriatie hor\u00e1ka a jeho po\u0161kodenie.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zv\u00e1rac\u00ed zdroj by mal dod\u00e1va\u0165 kon\u0161tantn\u00fd pr\u00fad. Najpou\u017e\u00edvanej\u0161ie s\u00fa tranzistorov\u00e9 a invertorov\u00e9 zv\u00e1racie zdroje. Na zaistenie spo\u013eahlivej inici\u00e1cie a prenosu pr\u00fadu hlavn\u00e9ho obl\u00faka je potrebn\u00e9 minim\u00e1lne nap\u00e4tie napr\u00e1zdno 80 V. Zv\u00e1rac\u00ed zdroj umo\u017e\u0148uje plynulo meni\u0165 zv\u00e1rac\u00ed pr\u00fad a meni\u0165 jeho svahovanie. Zdroje umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa v\u00fdber parametrov na prev\u00e1dzku v\u00a0impulznom re\u017eime.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zv\u00e1racie hor\u00e1ky<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rovnako ako ostatn\u00e9 procesy obl\u00fakov\u00e9ho zv\u00e1rania s\u00fa aj PAW hor\u00e1ky k&nbsp;dispoz\u00edcii v&nbsp;r\u00f4znych ve\u013ekostiach pre r\u00f4zne v\u00fdkony v&nbsp;manu\u00e1lnych i mechanizovan\u00fdch verzi\u00e1ch. Princ\u00edpy ich kon\u0161trukcie s\u00fa v&nbsp;ka\u017edom pr\u00edpade rovnak\u00e9. Elektr\u00f3da zo zliatiny volfr\u00e1mu je ulo\u017een\u00e1 v&nbsp;klie\u0161tin\u00e1ch v&nbsp;tele hor\u00e1ka. Aby sa predi\u0161lo jedn\u00e9mu z&nbsp;najbe\u017enej\u0161\u00edch defektov plazmov\u00fdch hor\u00e1kov, je pri kon\u0161trukcii a v\u00fdrobe hor\u00e1ka nevyhnutn\u00e9 zachova\u0165 s\u00faosovos\u0165 medzi volfr\u00e1movou elektr\u00f3dou a otvorom. Zostava elektr\u00f3d je umiestnen\u00e1 vo vn\u00fatri pretlakovej komory a do tejto komory je priv\u00e1dzan\u00fd plazmov\u00fd plyn. D\u00fdza so z\u00e1vitom zo zliatiny medi tvor\u00ed predn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 tejto komory, t. j. \u00fastie d\u00fdzy, ktor\u00e9 zabezpe\u010duje z\u00fa\u017eenie plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka. D\u00fdza ochrann\u00e9ho plynu je obvykle z\u00a0 izola\u010dn\u00e9ho\u00a0 keramick\u00e9ho\u00a0 materi\u00e1lu.\u00a0 Je\u00a0 navle\u010den\u00e1\u00a0 na\u00a0 predn\u00fd\u00a0 koniec\u00a0 hor\u00e1ka\u00a0 a\u00a0 obklopuje z\u00fa\u017een\u00fa d\u00fdzu, \u010d\u00edm vytv\u00e1ra prstenec cez ktor\u00fd je priv\u00e1dzan\u00fd ochrann\u00fd plyn. Hor\u00e1k je elektricky spojen\u00fd so zv\u00e1rac\u00edm zdrojom a elektr\u00f3da tvor\u00ed z\u00e1porn\u00fd p\u00f3l obvodu na zv\u00e1ranie jednosmern\u00fdm pr\u00fadom.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina z\u00fa\u017een\u00fdch d\u00fdz m\u00e1 jeden otvor v\u00a0strede (obr. 10.5). Na dosiahnutie \u010fal\u0161ieho z\u00fa\u017eenia obl\u00faka je v\u0161ak mo\u017en\u00e9 pre hor\u00e1ky s&nbsp;vy\u0161\u0161\u00edmi v\u00fdkonmi pou\u017ei\u0165 d\u00fdzy s\u00a0viacer\u00fdmi otvormi (obr. 10.6). Najbe\u017enej\u0161ia verzia tohto typu d\u00fdzy m\u00e1 centr\u00e1lny otvor obklopen\u00fd men\u0161\u00edm otvorom na ka\u017edej strane. Spolo\u010dn\u00e1 stredov\u00e1 os t\u00fdchto troch otvorov je po\u010das prev\u00e1dzky usporiadan\u00e1 v&nbsp;uhle 90\u00b0 k\u00a0povrchu zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-0 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:33.333333333333%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:5.76%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:5.76%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-5 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" title=\"image009\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image009-400x400.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1153\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image009-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image009-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image009.jpg 519w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 10.5 D\u00fdza pre plazmov\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie a\u00a0volfr\u00e1m-t\u00f3riov\u00e1 elektr\u00f3da [5]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-1 fusion_builder_column_inner_2_3 2_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:66.666666666667%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:2.88%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:2.88%;--awb-width-medium:66.666666666667%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:2.88%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:2.88%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-6 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"327\" title=\"image011\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image011-1-600x327.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1154\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image011-1-200x109.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image011-1-400x218.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image011-1-600x327.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image011-1.jpg 605w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 10.6 D\u00fdza pre plazmov\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie s\u00a0viacer\u00fdmi otvormi [6]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\"><h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">ELEKTR\u00d3DY<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Elektr\u00f3dy pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pri plazmovom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed \u0161pecifikuje norma AWS A5.12.-92. Najpou\u017e\u00edvanej\u0161ou je volfr\u00e1m-t\u00f3riov\u00e1 elektr\u00f3da s\u00a0obsahom t\u00f3ria 2&nbsp;%. Ve\u013ekos\u0165 elektr\u00f3dy sa vol\u00ed pod\u013ea pou\u017eitej \u00farovne zv\u00e1racieho pr\u00fadu. Elektr\u00f3da je ukon\u010den\u00e1 ku\u017ee\u013eov\u00fdm hrotom, ktor\u00e9ho uhol z\u00e1vis\u00ed od ve\u013ekosti pou\u017eit\u00e9ho zv\u00e1racieho pr\u00fadu. Ve\u013ekosti elektr\u00f3d a\u00a0uhly hrotov pre r\u00f4zne \u00farovne zv\u00e1racieho pr\u00fadu s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 v\u00a0tab. 10.2.\u00a0 K\u00a0nov\u00fdm typom neodtavuj\u00facich sa elektr\u00f3d patria volfr\u00e1mov\u00e9 elektr\u00f3dy, ktor\u00e9 namiesto r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvneho t\u00f3ria obsahuj\u00fa prvky vz\u00e1cnych zem\u00edn. Tieto elektr\u00f3dy maj\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu \u017eivotnos\u0165 hrotu, s\u00fa ale v\u00fdrazne drah\u0161ie. V&nbsp;slabopr\u00fadov\u00fdch aplik\u00e1ci\u00e1ch mikroplazmov\u00e9ho zv\u00e1rania poskytuje ich lep\u0161ia emisivita jednoduch\u0161\u00ed prenos obl\u00faka a lep\u0161\u00ed celkov\u00fd v\u00fdkon.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Tab. 10.2 Parametre zv\u00e1rania a zv\u00e1rac\u00edch elektr\u00f3d [7]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-7 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"817\" title=\"Obr\u00e1zok3\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok3-600x817.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1199\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok3-200x272.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok3-400x545.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok3-600x817.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok3-800x1089.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok3-1200x1634.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok3-scaled.png 1880w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Plazmov\u00fd obl\u00fak m\u00f4\u017ee horie\u0165 prenesen\u00fdm (z\u00e1visl\u00fdm) resp. neprenesen\u00fdm (nez\u00e1visl\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom), obr. 10.7. Pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed elektricky vodiv\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov sa pou\u017e\u00edva zv\u00e1ranie s\u00a0prenesen\u00fdm obl\u00fakom. Neprenesen\u00fd obl\u00fak je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 takisto pre zv\u00e1ranie elektricky vodiv\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov, no prim\u00e1rne sa tento sp\u00f4sob pou\u017e\u00edva na tepelnom delen\u00ed elektricky nevodiv\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti na pou\u017eit\u00fdch pr\u00fadov\u00fdch re\u017eimoch sa procesy plazmov\u00e9ho zv\u00e1rania \u010dlenia na:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>Zv\u00e1ranie mikroplazmou (re\u017eim roztavenia) s\u00a0rozsahom zv\u00e1rac\u00edch pr\u00fadov od 0,1 do 15\u00a0A. Tento proces umo\u017e\u0148uje pomocou stabiln\u00e9ho koncentrovan\u00e9ho plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka zv\u00e1ranie kovov od hr\u00fabok 0,1 mm. Mikroplazmov\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie sa pou\u017e\u00edva najm\u00fa v\u00a0elektrotechnickom a\u00a0leteckom priemysle, ale tie\u017e pri v\u00fdrobe \u0161perkov.<\/li>\n<li>Strednopr\u00fadov\u00e9 plazmov\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie (re\u017eim tavenia) je ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie s\u00a0rozsahom zv\u00e1rac\u00edch pr\u00fadov od 15 do 100 A. V\u00a0tomto rozsahu pr\u00fadov met\u00f3da konkuruje zv\u00e1raniu TIG. Proces je vhodn\u00fd na ru\u010dn\u00e9 aj mechanizovan\u00e9 sp\u00f4soby zv\u00e1rania. Pou\u017e\u00edva sa na zv\u00e1ranie tenk\u00fdch plechov bez deform\u00e1ci\u00ed pri v\u00fdrobe komponentov pre automobilov\u00fd a\u00a0potrevin\u00e1rsky priemysel.<\/li>\n<li>Zv\u00e1ranie k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovou dierkou (key hole) (&gt; 100 A). Tento typ zv\u00e1rania je pomenovan\u00fd pod\u013ea tvaru prierezu zvarov\u00e9ho kovu pripom\u00ednaj\u00faceho k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa dierku. T\u00e1 vznik\u00e1 pri roztaven\u00ed\u00a0 okrajov tup\u00e9ho zvarov\u00e9ho spoja dynamick\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dinkom plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Medzi t\u00fdmito pr\u00fadov\u00fdmi rozsahmi existuje ur\u010dit\u00fd stupe\u0148 prekr\u00fdvania. Mikroplazma a\u00a0strednopr\u00fadov\u00e1 plazma sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa pre materi\u00e1ly do hr\u00fabky 3 mm, zatia\u013e \u010do re\u017eim k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovej dierky pre v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie hr\u00fabky a\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161ie r\u00fdchlosti zv\u00e1rania.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-8 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image014-1.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[PA]\" data-title=\"image014\" title=\"image014\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"334\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image014-1-600x334.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1155\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image014-1-200x111.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image014-1-400x223.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image014-1-600x334.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image014-1.jpg 709w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 10.7 Sch\u00e9ma zapojenia zv\u00e1racieho zariadenia (DC \u2013 jednosmern\u00fd zdroj pr\u00fadu, VF \u2013 vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00fd zdroj pr\u00fadu) [4]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Okrem toho, \u017ee je plazmov\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie prev\u00e1dzkovan\u00e9 v&nbsp;nepretr\u017eitom a ust\u00e1lenom re\u017eime negat\u00edvnej elektr\u00f3dy jednosmern\u00fdm pr\u00fadom (DCEN), je mo\u017en\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie vykon\u00e1va\u0165 pomocou pulzn\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu DCEN. Mo\u017en\u00e9 je tie\u017e aplikova\u0165 zv\u00e1ranie v&nbsp;re\u017eime s&nbsp;premenlivou polaritou, ktor\u00fd vyu\u017e\u00edva kladn\u00fa elektr\u00f3du a jednosmern\u00fd pr\u00fad (DCEP) a prep\u00ednanie z\u00e1pornej polarity elektr\u00f3dy. Re\u017eim pulzn\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu (DCEN aj DCEN\/DCEP) sa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edva vtedy, ke\u010f sa na plazmov\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovou dierkou pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa \u00farovne pr\u00fadu nad 100 A.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pozit\u00edvna zlo\u017eka pri premenlivej polarite zv\u00e1rania (VPPA) zabezpe\u010duje kat\u00f3dov\u00e9 \u010distenie zv\u00e1ran\u00e9ho povrchu od oxidick\u00fdch zl\u00fa\u010den\u00edn pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed hlin\u00edka a jeho zliatin. Konven\u010dne sa pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed plazmou striedav\u00fdm pr\u00fadom aplikuje 20 ms pulz pre negat\u00edvnu polaritu na elektr\u00f3de a\u00a03 ms pre pozit\u00edvnu polaritu elektr\u00f3dy. Zv\u00e1ranie plazmou striedav\u00fdm pr\u00fadom sa aplikuje najm\u00e4 pri v\u00fdrobe v\u00a0leteckom a\u00a0raketovom priemysle. Uplatnenie m\u00e1 tie\u017e v\u00a0lodiarenskom priemysle a\u00a0pri v\u00fdrobe dopravn\u00fdch prostriedkov, najm\u00e4 pri v\u00fdrobe vag\u00f3nov a autobusov.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00fdhody a nev\u00fdhody zv\u00e1rania plazmou<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Spomedzi v\u00fdhod zv\u00e1rania plazmou je mo\u017en\u00e9 uvies\u0165:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>koncentrovan\u00fd vysoko stabiln\u00fd obl\u00fak u\u017e pri n\u00edzkych zv\u00e1rac\u00edch pr\u00fadoch,<\/li>\n<li>mal\u00e1 citlivos\u0165 na zmeny d\u013a\u017eky obl\u00faka,<\/li>\n<li>vysok\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 zv\u00e1rania (v&nbsp;porovnan\u00ed s\u00a0TIG a\u017e o\u00a0400&nbsp;%),<\/li>\n<li>mal\u00e1 teplom ovplyvnen\u00e1 oblas\u0165, men\u0161ie deform\u00e1cie,<\/li>\n<li>kvalitn\u00fd prievar technikou k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovej dierky,<\/li>\n<li>mo\u017enos\u0165 zv\u00e1ra\u0165 tup\u00e9 zvary bez pr\u00eddavn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov do hr\u00fabok 8 mm,<\/li>\n<li>tavn\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie je mo\u017en\u00e9 realizova\u0165 aj pri ve\u013emi tenk\u00fdch materi\u00e1loch (0,1 mm),<\/li>\n<li>vysok\u00e1 metalurgick\u00e1 kvalita zvarov v\u00a0porovnan\u00ed s\u00a0konven\u010dnou met\u00f3dou TIG,<\/li>\n<li>s\u00a0v\u00fdnimkou hor\u010d\u00edka je met\u00f3da vhodn\u00e1 pre zv\u00e1ranie rovnak\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov ako pri\u00a0konven\u010dnej met\u00f3dy TIG,<\/li>\n<li>hlavnou oblas\u0165ou automatizovan\u00e9ho plazmov\u00e9ho zv\u00e1rania je zv\u00e1ranie potrub\u00ed z\u00a0kor\u00f3ziivzdorn\u00fdch ocel\u00ed,<\/li>\n<li>plazmov\u00e9 zvary s\u00fa charakteristick\u00e9 n\u00edzkou konvexnos\u0165ou zvaru a\u00a0malou kore\u0148ovou p\u00e4tkou, \u010do je v\u00fdhodou najm\u00e4 pri v\u00fdrobe zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch kon\u0161trukci\u00ed za\u0165a\u017een\u00fdch \u00fanavou.<\/li>\n<li>vysok\u00e1 produktivita zv\u00e1rania.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ako hlavn\u00e9 nev\u00fdhody zv\u00e1rania plazmou je mo\u017en\u00e9 spomen\u00fa\u0165:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>vy\u0161\u0161ie n\u00e1klady na zariadenie a\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161ie n\u00e1klady na technick\u00e9 plyny,<\/li>\n<li>z\u00fa\u017eenie plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka si vy\u017eaduje presnej\u0161ie ustavenie hor\u00e1ka nad miestom spoja v\u00a0porovnan\u00ed s\u00a0met\u00f3dou TIG, kde sa na zv\u00e1ranie pou\u017e\u00edva \u0161ir\u0161\u00ed zv\u00e1rac\u00ed obl\u00fak,<\/li>\n<li>na udr\u017eanie konzistentnej kvality zvarov je potrebn\u00e9 kontrolova\u0165 a\u00a0udr\u017eiava\u0165 presn\u00fa polohu hrotu elektr\u00f3dy vzh\u013eadom na otvor d\u00fdzy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aplik\u00e1cia plazmov\u00e9ho zv\u00e1rania v&nbsp;praxi<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zv\u00e1ranie plazmou sa okrem zv\u00e1rania n\u00edzkolegovan\u00fdch ocel\u00ed s&nbsp;v\u00fdhodou pou\u017e\u00edva najm\u00e4 na zv\u00e1ranie nehrdzavej\u00facich ocel\u00ed v&nbsp;\u0161irokom rozsahu hr\u00fabok. Tento sp\u00f4sob je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 aj pre uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 a legovan\u00e9 ocele, zliatiny hlin\u00edka, tit\u00e1nu, medi, niklu a \u0161peci\u00e1lne materi\u00e1ly, ako s\u00fa zirk\u00f3nium a tantal. Hr\u00fabky, ktor\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 zv\u00e1ra\u0165 v&nbsp;jednom priechode, sa pohybuj\u00fa od 0,025\u00a0mm pre mikroplazmov\u00e9 aplik\u00e1cie a\u017e do 12,5 mm pre zv\u00e1ranie hlin\u00edka VPPA. Pulz\u00e1ciu jednosmern\u00fdm pr\u00fadom je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 na v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inu zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Proces PAW sa vykon\u00e1va preva\u017ene v&nbsp;autog\u00e9nnom re\u017eime, to znamen\u00e1 bez pr\u00eddavn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Ke\u010f sa pou\u017e\u00edva skosenie hr\u00e1n, na dokon\u010denie spoja je potrebn\u00fd pr\u00eddavn\u00fd materi\u00e1l. Pr\u00eddavn\u00fd materi\u00e1l sa pou\u017e\u00edva aj v\u00a0re\u017eime s&nbsp;k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovou dierkou, aby sa zabr\u00e1nilo vzniku z\u00e1palov pri vysok\u00fdch r\u00fdchlostiach zv\u00e1rania. Zlo\u017eenie zv\u00e1racieho dr\u00f4tu z\u00e1vis\u00ed od zlo\u017eenia z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov v&nbsp;spoji. Pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 s\u00fa dr\u00f4ty, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa tie\u017e u\u00a0met\u00f3d TIG.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vysok\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 zv\u00e1rania, ktor\u00fa je mo\u017en\u00e9 dosiahnu\u0165 spolu s&nbsp;n\u00edzkou toleranciou odch\u00fdlok, rob\u00ed tento proces atrakt\u00edvnym pre ve\u013ekoobjemov\u00fa v\u00fdrobu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Plazmov\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie s&nbsp;k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovou dierkou sa vo ve\u013ekej miere pou\u017e\u00edva na zv\u00e1ranie r\u00farok a n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed z&nbsp;kor\u00f3ziivzdorn\u00fdch ocel\u00ed. Aplikuje sa na v\u00fdrobu n\u00e1dob z&nbsp;kor\u00f3ziivzdornej ocele v&nbsp;potravin\u00e1rskom a chemickom priemysle. V\u00fdroba r\u00far z\u00a0p\u00e1su kor\u00f3ziivzdornej ocele bola jednou z&nbsp;prv\u00fdch aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed PAW, nako\u013eko tento proces m\u00f4\u017ee spo\u013eahlivo vyr\u00e1ba\u0165 zvary s&nbsp;plnou penetr\u00e1ciou bez pou\u017eitia podlo\u017eky, \u010do je v\u00fdhodou pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed s\u00a0pr\u00edstupom iba z\u00a0jednej strany. Zv\u00e1ranie plazmou s\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00edm striedav\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu sa aplikuje pri v\u00fdrobe rozmern\u00fdch komponentov raketopl\u00e1nov z\u00a0hlin\u00edkov\u00fdch zliatin resp. vonkaj\u0161\u00edch palivov\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zv\u00e1ranie plazmou je vhodnou technol\u00f3giou na zv\u00e1ranie medi a\u00a0jej zliatin. Je porovnate\u013en\u00e9 s\u00a0met\u00f3dou TIG. Na zv\u00e1ranie v\u0161etk\u00fdch zliatin sa pou\u017e\u00edva arg\u00f3n, h\u00e9lium alebo ich zmesi. Pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed medi by sa nikdy nemal pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 plynn\u00fd vod\u00edk. Plazmov\u00e9 obl\u00fakov\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie m\u00e1 oproti TIG zv\u00e1raniu dve v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 v\u00fdhody:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>volfr\u00e1mov\u00e1 elektr\u00f3da je skryt\u00e1 a \u00faplne chr\u00e1nen\u00e1, \u010do v\u00fdrazne zni\u017euje kontamin\u00e1ciu elektr\u00f3dy, najm\u00e4 pri zliatin\u00e1ch so zlo\u017ekami s&nbsp;n\u00edzkou teplotou tavenia, ako s\u00fa mosadze, bronzy, fosforov\u00e9 bronzy a hlin\u00edkov\u00e9 bronzy,<\/li>\n<li>z\u00fa\u017een\u00fd obl\u00fak vedie k&nbsp;vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm energi\u00e1m obl\u00faka pri minimaliz\u00e1cii rastu TOO.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rovnako ako pri met\u00f3de TIG je mo\u017en\u00e9 pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed plazmou pou\u017ei\u0165 aj pulz\u00e1ciu pr\u00fadu a stup\u0148ovanie pr\u00fadu. Plazmov\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie medi a\u00a0jej zliatin sa m\u00f4\u017ee vykon\u00e1va\u0165 bez pr\u00eddavn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu alebo s&nbsp;pr\u00eddavn\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom. V\u00fdhodou je tie\u017e mo\u017en\u00e1 automatiz\u00e1cia a mechaniz\u00e1cia tohto procesu. Polohy zv\u00e1rania pre PAW s\u00fa rovnak\u00e9 ako pre TIG. Re\u017eim plazmovej k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovej dierky je v\u0161ak v\u00fdhodnej\u0161\u00ed pre hrub\u0161ie materi\u00e1ly zv\u00e1ran\u00e9 v&nbsp;polohe zvislej nahor.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Typy spojov<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Najpou\u017e\u00edvanej\u0161\u00edm typom spoja pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed plazmou je tup\u00fd spoj. Mikroplazmov\u00fd re\u017eim sa pou\u017e\u00edva s&nbsp;prekr\u00fdvaj\u00facimi sa tup\u00fdmi spojmi a spojmi, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa integr\u00e1lny zvarov\u00fd kov (tab.\u00a010.3.).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>Tab. 10.3 Typy spojov pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 pri plazmovom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed [7]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-9 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"416\" title=\"Obr\u00e1zok5\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok5-800x416.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1204\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok5-200x104.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok5-400x208.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok5-600x312.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok5-800x416.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok5-1200x624.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\"><p><em>Tab. 10.4 Parametre zv\u00e1rania r\u00far z\u00a0kor\u00f3ziivzdorn\u00fdch ocel\u00ed typu 304L\/316L technikou k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovej dierky [7]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-10 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"737\" title=\"Obr\u00e1zok6\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok6-800x737.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1206\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok6-200x184.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok6-400x369.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok6-600x553.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok6-800x737.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok6-1200x1106.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pr\u00edprava a\u00a0up\u00ednanie zvarkov si v\u00a0porovnan\u00ed so zv\u00e1ran\u00edm TIG vy\u017eaduje viac \u010dasu. D\u00f4vodom je u\u017e\u0161\u00ed plazmov\u00fd obl\u00fak. Pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovou dierkou doch\u00e1dza k\u00a0prechodu zv\u00e1racieho plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka cez z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly a\u00a0vytv\u00e1ra v\u00fdtokov\u00fa (effluxn\u00fa) plazmu, ktor\u00e1 m\u00e1 presah 10 mm pod spodn\u00fa hranu plechu. Tento faktor je potrebn\u00e9 zoh\u013eadni\u0165 pri n\u00e1vrhu podporn\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov (podlo\u017eiek). Nedodr\u017eanie dostato\u010dnej medzery medzi sp\u00e1jan\u00fdmi materi\u00e1lmi m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 za n\u00e1sledok turbulencie vo v\u00fdtokovej plazme, \u010do sa prejav\u00ed na kvalite zvarov\u00e9ho spoja, najm\u00e4 p\u00f3rovitosti. Pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed pozd\u013a\u017enych \u0161vov v\u00a0r\u00farke je mo\u017en\u00e9 proces zv\u00e1rania za\u010da\u0165 na n\u00e1behovej pr\u00edlo\u017eke a\u00a0ukon\u010di\u0165 na v\u00fdbehovej podlo\u017eke. N\u00e1beh a\u00a0v\u00fdbeh zvaru s\u00fa naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00edmi zdrojmi ch\u00fdb najm\u00e4 v&nbsp;re\u017eime k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovej dierky. Probl\u00e9mom pri plazmovom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed zv\u00e1rania bolo obvodov\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie r\u00farok. Pri uzatv\u00e1ran\u00ed zvaru, kde sa prekr\u00fdval za\u010diatok a\u00a0koniec zvaru, vznikala vo zvare p\u00f3rovitos\u0165. Tento negat\u00edvny jav sa odstr\u00e1nil pomocou regul\u00e1cie zv\u00e1racieho pr\u00fadu \u2013 jeho zn\u00ed\u017een\u00edm za s\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9ho zn\u00ed\u017eenia prietoku plazmov\u00fdch plynov.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Prev\u00e1dzkov\u00fdmi parametrami zv\u00e1rania, ktor\u00e9 zad\u00e1va zv\u00e1ra\u010d, s\u00fa zv\u00e1rac\u00ed pr\u00fad, zv\u00e1racie nap\u00e4tie, r\u00fdchlos\u0165 zv\u00e1rania pri mechanizovanom resp. automatickom re\u017eime a prietoky plynov. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdmi parametrami s\u00fa parametre hor\u00e1ka, geometria a\u00a0typ d\u00fdz, uhol vrcholu elektr\u00f3dy a vzdialenos\u0165 elektr\u00f3dy od zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch povrchov.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri ukon\u010den\u00ed procesu zv\u00e1rania k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovou dierkou je nevyhnutn\u00e9 zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 zv\u00e1rac\u00ed pr\u00fad a\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasne prietok plazmov\u00fdch plynov, \u010do je prezentovan\u00e9 aj na obr. 10.8.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-11 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image025-2.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[PA]\" data-title=\"image025\" title=\"image025\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"287\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image025-2-600x287.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1166\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image025-2-200x96.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image025-2-400x191.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image025-2-600x287.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image025-2.png 613w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 10.8 Priebeh parametrov zv\u00e1rania ocele hr\u00fabky 9,5 mm technikou k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovej dierky [7]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Procesy plazmov\u00e9ho zv\u00e1rania sa realizuj\u00fa v\u00a0mechanizovanej resp. automatizovanej prev\u00e1dzke, ktor\u00e1 si nevy\u017eaduje z\u00e1sah obsluhy po\u010das zv\u00e1rania. Po naprogramovan\u00ed parametrov zv\u00e1rania je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 ustavenie zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov. D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e1 je kontrola s\u00faosovosti otvoru d\u00fdzy vo\u010di netaviacej sa elektr\u00f3de a\u00a0tie\u017e uhol hrotu elektr\u00f3dy. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ou chybou zvarov\u00fdch spojov s\u00fa obojstrann\u00e9 z\u00e1paly zvarov. D\u00f4vodom m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 nespr\u00e1vne zarovnanie hor\u00e1ka, elektr\u00f3dy vo\u010di otvoru v\u00a0d\u00fdze alebo nespr\u00e1vne upnutie zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">CHYBY ZVAROV\u00ddCH SPOJOV<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie chyby zvarov\u00fdch spojov s\u00fa dokumentovan\u00e9 na obr. 10.9.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-12 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image027.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[PA]\" data-title=\"image027\" title=\"image027\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"756\" height=\"217\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image027.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1167\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image027-200x57.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image027-400x115.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image027-600x172.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image027.jpg 756w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 756px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 10.9 Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie chyby zvarov vznikaj\u00face pri plazmovom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed [3]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Povrchov\u00e9 chyby, ak\u00fdmi s\u00fa z\u00e1paly, prelia\u010den\u00fd zvar, line\u00e1rne presadenie, nadmern\u00e9 prev\u00fd\u0161enie a\u00a0chyby rozmerov, je mo\u017en\u00e9 identifikova\u0165 vizu\u00e1lnou kontrolou. Chyby vy\u00fas\u0165uj\u00face na povrch zvarov\u00e9ho kovu, chyby kore\u0148a a\u00a0v\u00a0teplom ovplyvnenej oblasti je mo\u017en\u00e9 identifikova\u0165 kapil\u00e1rnymi resp. magnetick\u00fdmi sk\u00fa\u0161kami. Na identifik\u00e1ciu vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch ch\u00fdb, kam patria p\u00f3ry, studen\u00e9 spoje, chyby natavenia zvarov\u00fdch hr\u00e1n a\u00a0trhliny, je potrebn\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 ultrazvukov\u00e9 a\u00a0pre\u017earovacie sk\u00fa\u0161ky. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ou chybou vyskytuj\u00facou sa pri\u00a0plazmov\u00fdch zvarov\u00fdch spojov, s\u00fa vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 p\u00f3ry. Pomocou r\u00e1diografickej met\u00f3dy je mo\u017en\u00e9 identifikova\u0165 p\u00f3ry presahuj\u00face cca 1 \u2013 2&nbsp;% hr\u00fabky materi\u00e1lu. V\u00fdskyt vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch neprievarov m\u00e1 s\u00favis s\u00a0nespr\u00e1vnym nastaven\u00edm hor\u00e1ka a\u00a0r\u00fdchlosti zv\u00e1rania. Chyby natavenia sa vyskytuj\u00fa pri\u00a0jednovrstvov\u00fdch, ale aj viacvrstvov\u00fdch zvarov. Tieto diskontinuity s\u00fa v\u00fdsledkom nedostato\u010dn\u00e9ho pr\u00edvodu tepla na \u00fapln\u00e9 prepojenie zvarov\u00e9ho kovu (h\u00fasenice) s\u00a0natavenou zvarovou hranou. Na identifik\u00e1ciu tohto druhu ch\u00fdb je vhodn\u00e9 aplikova\u0165 ultrazvukov\u00fa resp. pre\u017earovaciu met\u00f3du. V\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti od orient\u00e1cie chyby m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 jedna z\u00a0t\u00fdchto met\u00f3d v\u00fdhodu vo\u010di druhej, preto je vhodn\u00e9 na identifik\u00e1ciu t\u00fdchto ch\u00fdb pou\u017ei\u0165 obe kontroly. K\u00a0\u0161pecifick\u00fdm chyb\u00e1m pri plazmovom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed patr\u00ed aj kontamin\u00e1cia zvaru me\u010fou. T\u00e1to podpovrchov\u00e1 kontamin\u00e1cia vznik\u00e1 vtedy, ke\u010f sa me\u010f z\u00a0d\u00fdzy hor\u00e1ka dostane do zvaru. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie t\u00e1to chyba vznik\u00e1 p\u00f4soben\u00fdm nadmern\u00e9ho tepla, ktor\u00e9 vznik\u00e1 najm\u00e4 pri manu\u00e1lnom, oprav\u00e1renskom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed, ke\u010f je d\u00fdza hor\u00e1ka umiestnen\u00e1 bl\u00edzko zvaru, najm\u00e4 v\u00a0jeho dr\u00e1\u017eke. T\u00e1to kontamin\u00e1cia zvarov\u00e9ho kovu sa ned\u00e1 zisti\u0165 konven\u010dn\u00fdmi nede\u0161trukt\u00edvnymi met\u00f3dami kontroly. Jedin\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom je sledovanie povrchu d\u00fdzy a jej rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165anie oper\u00e1torom zv\u00e1rania. Po\u0161koden\u00fa d\u00fdzu je potrebn\u00e9 opracova\u0165. K\u00a0chyb\u00e1m patr\u00ed tie\u017e zne\u010distenie zvaru a\u00a0jeho okolia splodinami horenia obl\u00faka vplyvom nedostato\u010dnej ochrany plynom. Vy\u0161\u0161ia akos\u0165 zvarov\u00fdch spojov sa dosiahne automatiz\u00e1ciou procesu zv\u00e1rania.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">ZV\u00c1RANIE PLAZMA \u2013 MIG \/PAW \u2013 GMAW\/<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hybridn\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie plazma-MIG mo\u017eno definova\u0165 ako kombin\u00e1ciu plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00fakov\u00e9ho zv\u00e1rania (PAW) a zv\u00e1rania odtavuj\u00facou sa elektr\u00f3dou v\u00a0ochrannej atmosf\u00e9re plynov (GMAW) v&nbsp;r\u00e1mci jedn\u00e9ho hor\u00e1ka, kde je zv\u00e1rac\u00ed dr\u00f4t veden\u00fd cez otvor plazmovej d\u00fdzy. Tento proces je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 na zv\u00e1ranie aj na povrchov\u00fa \u00fapravu. Proces zv\u00e1rania plazma-MIG bol vyn\u00e1jden\u00fd vo v\u00fdskumn\u00fdch laborat\u00f3ri\u00e1ch spolo\u010dnosti Philips v&nbsp;Eindhovene\u00a0 v\u00a0Holandsku v&nbsp;roku 1969 [1]. Sch\u00e9ma zariadenia PAW-MIG je na obr. 10.10.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-13 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image029.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[PA]\" data-title=\"image029\" title=\"image029\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"472\" height=\"348\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image029.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1168\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image029-200x147.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image029-400x295.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image029.jpg 472w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 472px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 10.10 Sch\u00e9ma zv\u00e1rania Plazma-MIG [4]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zariadenie pou\u017e\u00edva dva samostatn\u00e9 nap\u00e1jacie zdroje. Medzi volfr\u00e1movou elektr\u00f3dou a\u00a0zv\u00e1ran\u00fdmi materi\u00e1lmi hor\u00ed plazmov\u00fd obl\u00fak ako pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed plazmou.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zv\u00e1rac\u00ed obl\u00fak pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed m\u00f4\u017ee horie\u0165 medzi zv\u00e1rac\u00edm dr\u00f4tom prech\u00e1dzaj\u00facim cez plazmov\u00fd obl\u00fak a\u00a0zv\u00e1ran\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom, resp. je prid\u00e1van\u00fd do zvarov\u00e9ho k\u00fape\u013ea vplyvom natavenia plazmov\u00fdm obl\u00fakom bez toho, aby horel zv\u00e1rac\u00ed obl\u00fak priamo medzi zv\u00e1rac\u00edm dr\u00f4tom a\u00a0zv\u00e1ran\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zv\u00e1rac\u00ed dr\u00f4t je mo\u017en\u00e9 priv\u00e1dza\u0165 do plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka \u010di u\u017e s\u00a0alebo bez vytvoren\u00e9ho obl\u00faka GMAW. Bez nap\u00e1jania zv\u00e1racieho dr\u00f4tu m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 syst\u00e9m prev\u00e1dzkovan\u00fd ako PAW so s\u00fastreden\u00fdm pod\u00e1van\u00edm zv\u00e1racieho dr\u00f4tu v\u00a0osi plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka. Nov\u0161ie verzie syst\u00e9mu pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa prstencov\u00fa elektr\u00f3du, ktor\u00e1 nahradila ofsetov\u00fa volfr\u00e1mov\u00fa elektr\u00f3du vo zv\u00e1racom hor\u00e1ku.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed sa pou\u017e\u00edva jednosmern\u00fd pr\u00fad tzv.\u00a0priama polarita \u2013 m\u00ednus p\u00f3l na volfr\u00e1movej elektr\u00f3de (DCEN). Rovnako je na m\u00ednus p\u00f3l zapojen\u00fd pr\u00eddavn\u00fd materi\u00e1l v\u00a0syst\u00e9me GMAW. Teplo plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka je dostato\u010dn\u00e9 na dosiahnutie dobrej stability prenosu kovu v\u00a0syst\u00e9me GMAW, a\u00a0to aj napriek skuto\u010dnosti, \u017ee ak sa tento syst\u00e9m pou\u017e\u00edva oddelene, takmer v\u017edy sa pou\u017e\u00edva v\u00a0re\u017eime jednosmern\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu s\u00a0kladnou polaritou na zv\u00e1racom dr\u00f4te tzv. nepriamej polarite (DCEP). Zv\u00e1rac\u00ed dr\u00f4t je ohrievan\u00fd z\u00fa\u017een\u00fdm plazmov\u00fdm obl\u00fakom, ako aj kat\u00f3dov\u00fdm ohrievan\u00edm z&nbsp;vlastn\u00e9ho zv\u00e1racieho obl\u00faka a\u00a0odporov\u00fdm ohrevom pozd\u013a\u017e vysunut\u00e9ho dr\u00f4tu.\u00a0 Z\u00a0toho d\u00f4vodu s\u00fa r\u00fdchlosti tavenia a\u00a0nan\u00e1\u0161ania dr\u00f4tu vy\u0161\u0161ie ako r\u00fdchlosti dosiahnut\u00e9 pri zahrievan\u00ed samotn\u00fdm obl\u00fakom GMAW.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na prenos kovu vpl\u00fdva pr\u00fadenie plazmy a\u00a0tie\u017e sila obl\u00faka medzi \u0161pi\u010dkou dr\u00f4tu a\u00a0zvarkom. Roztaven\u00fd pr\u00eddavn\u00fd materi\u00e1l vo forme kvap\u00f4\u010dok je \u00faplne uzatvoren\u00fd pr\u00fadom plazmy. Sprchov\u00fd prenos prebieha, aj ke\u010f syst\u00e9m GMAW pracuje s\u00a0negat\u00edvnou polaritou.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00ddHODY A NEV\u00ddHODY PROCESU<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">K\u00a0v\u00fdhod\u00e1m procesu plazma-MIG patr\u00ed vysok\u00e1 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 prenosu roztaven\u00e9ho kovu, ako aj proces vyhotovenia zvarov\u00fdch spojov v\u00a0porovnan\u00ed s\u00a0konven\u010dn\u00fdm procesom MIG. Nez\u00e1visl\u00e9 ovl\u00e1danie plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka a\u00a0pr\u00fadu do zv\u00e1racieho dr\u00f4tu vedie k\u00a0lep\u0161ej kontrole ukladania zvarov\u00e9ho kovu. Tento faktor prin\u00e1\u0161a zv\u00fd\u0161enie produktivity zv\u00e1rania,\u00a0dobr\u00fa flexibilitu pri riaden\u00ed tepeln\u00e9ho pr\u00edkonu,\u00a0charakterist\u00edk obl\u00faka pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed a\u00a0tvorbe vrstiev. Dobr\u00e1 kontrola prenosu kovu sa dosiahne aj v\u00a0syst\u00e9me bez nap\u00e1jania zv\u00e1racieho dr\u00f4tu. Vysok\u00e1 stabilita prenosu kovu pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed m\u00e1 priazniv\u00fd vplyv na minimaliz\u00e1ciu rozstreku zvarov\u00e9ho kovu v\u00a0porovnan\u00ed s\u00a0konven\u010dn\u00fdm zv\u00e1ran\u00edm GMAW. V\u00a0porovnan\u00ed s\u00a0konven\u010dnou GMAW je v\u00fdhodou tie\u017e vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u010distiaci \u00fa\u010dinok plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka a\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161ia p\u00f3rovitos\u0165 zvarov\u00a0hlin\u00edkov\u00fdch zliatin.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">K\u00a0nev\u00fdhod\u00e1m patria vysok\u00e9 investi\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na dva zdroje energie, v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia zlo\u017eitos\u0165 zv\u00e1racieho hor\u00e1ka a\u00a0dlh\u0161ie \u010dasy na \u00fadr\u017ebu zariadenia. V\u00a0porovnan\u00ed s\u00a0konven\u010dn\u00fdm zv\u00e1ran\u00edm GMAW s\u00fa potrebn\u00e9 pri pou\u017eit\u00ed dvoch zdrojov energie dlh\u0161ie \u010dasy nastavenia parametrov zv\u00e1rania.\u00a0 Vy\u0161\u0161ie s\u00fa tie\u017e n\u00e1klady na technick\u00e9 plyny.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">ZV\u00c1RACIE ZARIADENIE<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ako u\u017e bolo uveden\u00e9 vy\u0161\u0161ie, z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 vybavenie zv\u00e1racieho zariadenia obsahuje zdroj energie pre plazmov\u00fd obl\u00fak a zdroj energie pre \u010das\u0165 syst\u00e9mu GMAW. Vy\u017eaduje sa \u0161peci\u00e1lny hor\u00e1k obsahuj\u00faci kontaktn\u00fa \u0161pi\u010dku pre prvok GMAW a\u00a0volfr\u00e1mov\u00fa kat\u00f3du pre prvok PAW. P\u00f4vodn\u00fd n\u00e1vrh zah\u0155\u0148al ofsetov\u00fa volfr\u00e1mov\u00fa elektr\u00f3du, ako aj zu\u017euj\u00facu sa hubicu hor\u00e1ka a\u00a0kontaktn\u00fa meden\u00fa \u0161pi\u010dku v\u00a0tvare r\u00farky na pr\u00edvod pr\u00fadu a\u00a0pr\u00eddavn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu vo forme dr\u00f4tu. Nov\u0161\u00ed dizajn hor\u00e1ka prezentovan\u00fd u\u017e na obr. 10.2 obsahuje prstencov\u00fa kat\u00f3du pre plazmov\u00fd obl\u00fak (obr. 10.11).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-14 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image031.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[PA]\" data-title=\"image031\" title=\"image031\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"425\" height=\"419\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image031.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1169\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image031-200x197.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image031-400x394.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image031.jpg 425w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 425px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-17\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 10.11 Sch\u00e9ma zv\u00e1racieho hor\u00e1ka s\u00a0prstencovou elektr\u00f3dou [4, 7]<\/h6>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">ZDROJE ENERGIE<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri syst\u00e9me s\u00a0plazmov\u00fdm obl\u00fakom sa na zap\u00e1lenie obl\u00faka pou\u017e\u00edva zdroj kon\u0161tantn\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu\u00a0 s\u00a0vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00fdm obvodom. Pri syst\u00e9me s\u00a0MIG obl\u00fakom sa ako zdroj pr\u00fadu pou\u017e\u00edva usmer\u0148ova\u010d s\u00a0kon\u0161tantn\u00fdm nap\u00e4t\u00edm alebo s\u00a0kon\u0161tantn\u00fdm pr\u00fadom. Zdroje energie dod\u00e1vaj\u00fa zv\u00e1racie pr\u00fady v\u00a0rozsahu od 40 do 200 A\u00a0pre plazmov\u00fd obl\u00fak a\u00a0od 60 do 300 A\u00a0pre MIG obl\u00fak pri 100&nbsp;% za\u0165a\u017eovate\u013eovi. Na tvorbu funk\u010dn\u00fdch povrchov\u00fdch vrstiev s\u00fa k\u00a0dispoz\u00edcii zariadenia so zv\u00e1rac\u00edmi pr\u00fadmi do 800 A.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">ZV\u00c1RACIE HOR\u00c1KY<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa \u0161peci\u00e1lne zv\u00e1racie hor\u00e1ky umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00face pr\u00edvod zv\u00e1racieho dr\u00f4tu stredom hor\u00e1ka. Horenie plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka zabezpe\u010duje ofsetov\u00e1, u\u00a0nov\u0161\u00edch modelov prstencov\u00e1 volfr\u00e1mov\u00e1 elektr\u00f3da. Za \u00fa\u010delom z\u00fa\u017eenia (kolim\u00e1cie) plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka sa pou\u017e\u00edva vodou chladen\u00e1 d\u00fdza zo zliatiny medi. Na z\u00fa\u017eenie plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka sa pou\u017e\u00edva plyn z\u00a0plazmovej clony a tzv. fokusa\u010dn\u00fd plyn z\u00a0rovnak\u00e9ho zdroja. Fokusa\u010dn\u00fd plyn prim\u00e1rne zabezpe\u010duje efekt\u00edvnej\u0161ie z\u00fa\u017eenie obl\u00faka a\u00a0jeho lep\u0161iu stabilitu, sekund\u00e1rne predl\u017euje \u017eivotnos\u0165 zu\u017euj\u00facej sa d\u00fdzy vytvoren\u00edm hrani\u010dnej plynnej vrstvy medzi \u00fastim d\u00fdzy a\u00a0plazmov\u00fdm obl\u00fakom. Do oblasti zv\u00e1rania sa priv\u00e1dza kan\u00e1lmi medzi plazmovou zv\u00e1racou elektr\u00f3dou a\u00a0zu\u017euj\u00facou sa d\u00fdzou. Kontaktn\u00e1 \u0161pi\u010dka, plazmov\u00e1 kat\u00f3da a\u00a0zu\u017euj\u00faca sa d\u00fdza s\u00fa chladen\u00e9 vodou.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">OCHRANN\u00c9 PLYNY<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na zv\u00e1ranie sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa tri ochrann\u00e9 plyny a\u00a0to plazmov\u00fd plyn (clona) na zaistenie dodato\u010dn\u00e9ho z\u00fa\u017eenia obl\u00faka a stabilitu obl\u00faka a\u00a0taktie\u017e plyn na doplnkov\u00fa ochranu. Plazmov\u00fd a fokusa\u010dn\u00fd plyn je zvy\u010dajne arg\u00f3n, preto\u017ee na zabr\u00e1nenie oxid\u00e1cie elektr\u00f3dy PAW je potrebn\u00fd inertn\u00fd plyn. Doplnkov\u00fdm ochrann\u00fdm plynom m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 zmes arg\u00f3n, arg\u00f3n-kysl\u00edk, arg\u00f3n-oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd alebo arg\u00f3n-vod\u00edk, v&nbsp;z\u00e1vislosti od povahy zv\u00e1ran\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu, resp. od nan\u00e1\u0161an\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu v\u00a0pr\u00edpade povrchovej \u00fapravy. Arg\u00f3n sa pou\u017e\u00edva na zv\u00e1ranie zliatin hlin\u00edka, zatia\u013e \u010do na zv\u00e1ranie ocel\u00ed sa pou\u017e\u00edva zmes arg\u00f3n-kysl\u00edk a arg\u00f3n-oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd. Arg\u00f3n-vod\u00edk sa pou\u017e\u00edva na zv\u00e1ranie kor\u00f3ziivzdorn\u00fdch ocel\u00ed alebo na povrchov\u00fa \u00fapravu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Parametre zv\u00e1rania met\u00f3dou Plazma-MIG s\u00fa prezentovan\u00e9 v\u00a0tab. 10.5.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>Tab. 10.5 Parametre zv\u00e1rania Plazma-MIG s&nbsp;pou\u017eit\u00edm zv\u00e1racieho obl\u00faka a bez pou\u017eitia obl\u00faka pri met\u00f3de MIG [1]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>PAW<\/strong> <strong>Zv\u00e1rac\u00ed pr\u00fad<\/strong> <strong>[A]<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>PAW<\/strong> <strong>Zv\u00e1racie nap\u00e4tie<\/strong> <strong>[V]<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>MIG<\/strong> <strong>Zv\u00e1rac\u00ed pr\u00fad<\/strong> <strong>[A]<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>MIG<\/strong> <strong>Zv\u00e1racie nap\u00e4tie<\/strong> <strong>[V]<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>Priemer zv\u00e1racieho dr\u00f4tu<\/strong> <strong>[mm]<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>R\u00fdchlos\u0165 odtavovavnia zv\u00e1racieho dr\u00f4tu<\/strong> <strong>[g\/min]<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">110<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">29<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">\u2013<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">\u2013<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">0,9<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">22<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">135<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">30<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">\u2013<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">\u2013<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">0,9<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">160<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">32<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">\u2013<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">\u2013<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">0,9<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">190<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">34<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">\u2013<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">\u2013<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">0,9<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">40<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">190<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">37<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">100<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">31<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">1,2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">85<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">190<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">38<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">150<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">32<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">1,2<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">130<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>PAW \u2013 (Plasma Arc Welding), MIG \u2013 (Metal Inert Gas) welding, zv\u00e1rac\u00ed dr\u00f4t \u2013 stredne legovan\u00e1 oce\u013e, plazmov\u00fd plyn \u2013 arg\u00f3n, ochrann\u00fd plyn \u2013 89&nbsp;% Ar + 6&nbsp;% CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 5&nbsp;% O<sub>2<\/sub><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kvalita zvarov\u00fdch spojov pri pou\u017eit\u00ed met\u00f3dy plazma-MIG je vysok\u00e1. Prevy\u0161uje kvalitu dosiahnute\u013en\u00fa pou\u017eit\u00edm iba smostatn\u00fdch zv\u00e1rac\u00edch met\u00f3d. To plat\u00ed najm\u00e4 pre zliatiny hlin\u00edka, preto\u017ee \u010distiaci \u00fa\u010dinok plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka \u010dasto vedie k\u00a0zn\u00ed\u017eeniu p\u00f3rovitosti.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vysok\u00e1 kvalita zvarov\u00fdch spojov si vy\u017eaduje monitorovanie parametrov zv\u00e1rania pri oboch zdrojoch a\u00a0tie\u017e monitorovanie stavu otvoru d\u00fdzy, najm\u00e4 jej opotrebenie a s\u00faosovos\u0165. Er\u00f3zia otvoru d\u00fdzy zo zliatiny medi m\u00f4\u017ee zapr\u00ed\u010dini\u0165 zmenu tvaru obl\u00faka, a\u00a0tak ovplyvni\u0165 rozmery zvaru. Tryska by mala by\u0165 pravidelne kontrolovan\u00e1.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">APLIK\u00c1CIE<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Proces plazma-MIG je vhodn\u00fd na zv\u00e1ranie r\u00f4znych materi\u00e1lov. Vysok\u00e1 tepeln\u00e1 energia dod\u00e1van\u00e1 plazmov\u00fdm a plynovo-kovov\u00fdm obl\u00fakom rob\u00ed tento proces vhodn\u00fdm pre materi\u00e1ly s&nbsp;vysokou teplotou tavenia ako je volfr\u00e1m a molybd\u00e9n. Najbe\u017enej\u0161ou aplik\u00e1ciou je zv\u00e1ranie hlin\u00edkov\u00fdch plechov a dosiek. Vhodn\u00e1 je tie\u017e na v\u00fdrobu tvrdon\u00e1varov\u00fdch vrstiev na oteruvzdorn\u00e9 ocele. Pou\u017e\u00edva sa na nav\u00e1ranie kor\u00f3ziivzdorn\u00fdch austenitick\u00fdch ocel\u00ed typov 308, 309 a\u00a0347, ako aj na zliatiny niklu, ako napr. zliatiny 625. Na zv\u00e1ranie a nav\u00e1ranie je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 pln\u00e9, ale aj r\u00farkov\u00e9 dr\u00f4ty.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Met\u00f3da plazma-MIG sa pou\u017e\u00edva na zv\u00e1ranie kor\u00f3ziivzdorn\u00fdch ocel\u00ed a zliatin na b\u00e1ze niklu odoln\u00fdch vo\u010di kor\u00f3zii pri stavbe plo\u0161\u00edn v\u00a0\u0165a\u017eiarenskom priemysle, na v\u00fdrobu s\u00edl, zemn\u00fdch strojov, bagrov, z\u00e1sobn\u00edkov a cisternov\u00fdch pr\u00edvesov vyroben\u00fdch zo zliatin hlin\u00edka a na nav\u00e1ranie [2].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na zv\u00e1ranie plechov plazma-MIG\u00a0 sa be\u017ene pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa tup\u00e9 spoje s\u00a0jednostrannou V\u00a0\u00fapravou zvarov\u00fdch pl\u00f4ch. Plne penetrovan\u00fd zvar je mo\u017en\u00e9 vykona\u0165 na jeden prechod do hr\u00fabky plechu 9,5 mm pri s\u00fa\u010dasnom pou\u017eit\u00ed plazmov\u00e9ho aj GMAW zv\u00e1racieho obl\u00faka. Pri pou\u017eit\u00ed samotnej met\u00f3dy plazmy by sa tento zvar realizoval na tri prechody a\u00a0pri samotnom MIG na dva a\u017e tri prechody. Pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed plechov zo zliatin hlin\u00edka na tupo v\u00a0hr\u00fabkach od 4,6 do 6,1 mm je mo\u017en\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie vykona\u0165 v\u00a0jednom prechode s\u00a0viac ako dvojn\u00e1sobnou r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou pojazdu v\u00a0porovnan\u00ed so zv\u00e1ran\u00edm samostatnou met\u00f3dou MIG (tab. 10.6).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>Tab. 10.6 Porovnanie zv\u00e1rac\u00edch r\u00fdchlosti na zv\u00e1ranie hlin\u00edka a\u00a0ocele met\u00f3dou MIG a\u00a0plazma-MIG [3]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-15 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"300\" title=\"Obr\u00e1zok7\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok7-800x300.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1211\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok7-200x75.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok7-400x150.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok7-600x225.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok7-800x300.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok7-1200x450.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-19\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Technol\u00f3gia plazma-MIG umo\u017e\u0148uje efekt\u00edvnu v\u00fdrobu tvrdon\u00e1varov\u00fdch vrstiev pri obnove funk\u010dn\u00fdch pl\u00f4ch \u0165a\u017eobn\u00fdch strojov. Umo\u017e\u0148uje dosiahnu\u0165 r\u00fdchlos\u0165 nav\u00e1rania a\u017e 20 kg\/h (tab.\u00a010.7) [3].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>Tab. 10.7 N\u00e1vary zhotoven\u00e9 plnen\u00fdmi dr\u00f4tmi z&nbsp;kor\u00f3ziivzdornej ocele na stredne legovanej oceli met\u00f3dou plazma-MIG [3]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"width: 8.28678%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>Pr\u00eddavn\u00fd materi\u00e1l<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 10.4283%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>MIG<\/strong> <strong>Zv\u00e1rac\u00ed pr\u00fad<\/strong> <strong>[A]<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 13.4078%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>MIG<\/strong> <strong>Zv\u00e1racie nap\u00e4tie<\/strong> <strong>[V]<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 10.4283%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>PAW<\/strong> <strong>Zv\u00e1rac\u00ed pr\u00fad<\/strong> <strong>[A]<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 13.4078%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>PAW<\/strong> <strong>Zv\u00e1racie nap\u00e4tie<\/strong> <strong>[V]<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 13.9665%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>Zv\u00e1racia r\u00fdchlos\u0165<\/strong> <strong>[mm\/min]<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 15.5493%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>R\u00fdchlos\u0165 nav\u00e1rania<\/strong> <strong>[kg\/h]<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 13.1285%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>Vysunutie dr\u00f4tu<\/strong> <strong>[mm]<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 8.28678%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Zvarov\u00fd kov<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.4283%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">300<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4078%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">39<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.4283%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">150<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4078%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">44<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.9665%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">110<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.5493%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">10<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.1285%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">35<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 8.28678%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">PZ 6400<br \/>\n(347) n\u00e1var<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.4283%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">200<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4078%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">31<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.4283%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">150<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4078%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">40<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.9665%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">80<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.5493%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">6,6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.1285%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 8.28678%; text-align: center;\" width=\"85\">PZ 6410<br \/>\n(308) n\u00e1var<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.4283%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">300<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4078%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">44<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.4283%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">150<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4078%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">46<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.9665%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">140<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.5493%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">13<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.1285%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 8.28678%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">PZ 6415<br \/>\n(309) n\u00e1var<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.4283%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">400<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4078%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">50<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 10.4283%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">150<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.4078%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">51<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.9665%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">190<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 15.5493%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">20<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 13.1285%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-16 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image033.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[PA]\" data-title=\"image033\" title=\"image033\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"477\" height=\"399\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image033.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1170\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image033-200x167.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image033-400x335.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image033.jpg 477w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 477px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-20\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 10.12 Sch\u00e9ma zv\u00e1rania prenesenou plazma-TIG met\u00f3dou [10]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00a0porovnan\u00ed s\u00a0konven\u010dnou met\u00f3dou TIG m\u00e1 hybridn\u00e1 met\u00f3da plazma-TIG nieko\u013eko v\u00fdhod, hlavne z\u00a0d\u00f4vodu pou\u017eitia\u00a0z\u00fa\u017een\u00e9ho st\u013apca plazmy. V\u00a0porovnan\u00ed s\u00a0met\u00f3dou TIG je teplo koncentrovan\u00e9 na men\u0161iu oblas\u0165, \u010do umo\u017e\u0148uje vytv\u00e1ra\u0165 ve\u013emi stabiln\u00fd kontrolovate\u013en\u00fd obl\u00fak pri pr\u00fadoch u\u017e 0,1A. Proces zv\u00e1rania m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 realizovan\u00fd technikou k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovej dierky (key hole) pri ru\u010dnom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed, ale najvy\u0161\u0161iu kvalitu zvarov\u00fdch spojov je mo\u017en\u00e9 dosiahnu\u0165 mechaniz\u00e1ciou a\u00a0automatiz\u00e1ciou procesu zv\u00e1rania. Plazmov\u00fd obl\u00fak je mo\u017en\u00e9 nasmerova\u0165 u\u017e pri n\u00edzkych pr\u00fadoch. Na rozdiel od k\u00f3nick\u00e9ho tvaru zv\u00e1racieho obl\u00faka, ktor\u00fd poskytuje met\u00f3da TIG, valcovit\u00fd tvar plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka zaru\u010duje kon\u0161tantn\u00fd pr\u00edvod tepla bez oh\u013eadu na vzdialenos\u0165 hor\u00e1ka od zv\u00e1ran\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu. Umiestnenie volfr\u00e1movej elektr\u00f3dy, ktor\u00e1 je zapusten\u00e1 v\u00a0hor\u00e1ku ju chr\u00e1ni pred jej kontamin\u00e1ciou. Kvalita zvarov\u00fdch spojov vyhotoven\u00fdch met\u00f3dou plazma-TIG je vy\u0161\u0161ia v\u00a0porovnan\u00ed s\u00a0met\u00f3dou TIG. Zvarov\u00e9 spoje maj\u00fa ni\u017e\u0161iu p\u00f3rovitos\u0165 a\u00a0men\u0161ie s\u00fa tie\u017e ich deform\u00e1cie. Pou\u017eitie vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch zv\u00e1rac\u00edch pr\u00fadov umo\u017e\u0148uje zv\u00e1ranie materi\u00e1lov s\u00a0hr\u00fabkou a\u017e 15 mm s\u00a0\u00fapravou zvarov\u00fdch hr\u00e1n technikou k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovej dierky v\u00a0jednom prechode. Pr\u00eddavn\u00fd materi\u00e1l vo forme dr\u00f4tu m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165\u00a0 do miesta zvaru pod\u00e1van\u00fd ru\u010dne alebo automaticky. Automatiz\u00e1cia procesu pod\u00e1vania pr\u00eddavn\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov zaru\u010duje nemennos\u0165 rozmerov a\u00a0vysok\u00fa kvalitu zvarov\u00fdch spojov. Probl\u00e9mom plazma-TIG zv\u00e1rania je, \u017ee proces konven\u010dne pracuje s&nbsp;jednosmern\u00fdm pr\u00fadom (DC) a negat\u00edvnou polaritou. V&nbsp;procese zv\u00e1rania tak\u00a0 nedoch\u00e1dza\u00a0 ku\u00a0 katodick\u00e9mu\u00a0 \u010disteniu, \u010do je nev\u00fdhodou\u00a0 pri\u00a0 zv\u00e1ran\u00ed\u00a0 hlin\u00edka a jeho zliatin. Na odstr\u00e1nenie tohto nedostatku bol vyvinut\u00fd zdroj s\u00a0premenlivou polaritou, kde \u0161tvorcov\u00fd priebeh vlny a\u00a0striedanie polarity zabezpe\u010duje tavenie a\u00a0odstra\u0148ovanie (\u010distenie) oxidu Al<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>PRINC\u00cdPY PLAZMOV\u00c9HO OBL\u00daKA S&nbsp;PREMENLIVOU POLARITOU<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aby sa vytvorila plazma, najsk\u00f4r sa v&nbsp;medzikru\u017e\u00ed hor\u00e1ka pomocou vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00e9ho v\u00fdboja zap\u00e1li pilotn\u00fd obl\u00fak. Pri prechode plazmov\u00e9ho plynu t\u00fdmto vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00fdm v\u00fdbojom doch\u00e1dza k\u00a0jeho ioniz\u00e1cii a\u00a0vzniku plazmov\u00e9ho obl\u00faka. Prietok plazmov\u00e9ho plynu je ve\u013emi mal\u00fd, obvykle 1 \u2013 5 l\/min. To je nedostato\u010dn\u00e9 na zabezpe\u010denie adekv\u00e1tnej ochrany zvaru, a\u00a0preto potrebn\u00e9 aplikova\u0165 sekund\u00e1rny ochrann\u00fd plyn. Plyny s\u00fa vo v\u0161eobecnosti na b\u00e1ze arg\u00f3nu, resp. arg\u00f3nu a\u00a0h\u00e9lia s&nbsp;vysokou \u010distotou, podobne ako pri met\u00f3de TIG. Stabilita obl\u00faka a\u00a0\u010distenie oxidickej vrstvy je lep\u0161ie v\u00a0porovnan\u00ed s\u00a0met\u00f3dami TIG a\u00a0MIG. Typick\u00e9 parametre priebehu pr\u00fadovej vlny striedav\u00e9ho pr\u00fadu pre vybran\u00e9 zliatiny s\u00fa v\u00a0tab. 10.8.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Tab. 10.8 Typick\u00e9 parametre zv\u00e1rania Al zliatin hr\u00fabky 6,5 mm met\u00f3dou plazma-TIG technikou k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovej dierky [4]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-17 hover-type-none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok8-800x363.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[PA]\" data-title=\"Obr\u00e1zok8\" title=\"Obr\u00e1zok8\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"363\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok8-800x363.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1216\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok8-200x91.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok8-400x182.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok8-600x272.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok8-800x363.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok8-1200x545.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-21\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hr\u00fabky viac ako 8 mm je potrebn\u00e9 zv\u00e1ra\u0165 s\u00a0upravenou zvarovou hranou a s\u00a0pr\u00eddavn\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom, aj ke\u010f v&nbsp;polohe zvislej nahor (PF) je mo\u017en\u00e9 zv\u00e1ra\u0165 materi\u00e1l s&nbsp;hr\u00fabkou a\u017e 16 mm. Priemer pr\u00eddavn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu je spravidla \u00f8 1,6 alebo \u00f8 2,4 mm. V\u00a0tab. 10.9 s\u00fa prezentovan\u00e9 parametre zv\u00e1rania tup\u00fdch zvarov met\u00f3dou plazma-TIG techniku k\u013e\u00fa\u010dovej dierky pre vybran\u00e9 typy kor\u00f3ziivzdorn\u00fdch ocel\u00ed a\u00a0tit\u00e1nu.<\/p>\n<p><em>Tab. 10.9 Parametre zv\u00e1rania tup\u00fdch spojov vybran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov met\u00f3dou plazma-TIG [4]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-18 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"784\" title=\"Obr\u00e1zok9\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok9-800x784.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1218\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok9-200x196.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok9-400x392.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok9-600x588.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok9-800x784.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Obrazok9-1200x1176.png 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-22\"><h2>Literat\u00fara<\/h2>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ESSERS, W.G., LIEFKENS, A.C.H.G., TICHELAAR, G.W.: Plasma-Mig Welding, Proc. Conf. Advances In. Welding Processes, The Welding Institute, 1971, s. 216-219<\/p>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 SWART, J.D.: Plasma-Mig Boosts Tank Trailer Output, Weld. Des. Fabr., Feb 1983, s. 54-59.<\/p>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 EICHHORN, F., VAN GAEVER, E.: Advantageous Surfacing With Plasma-Mig Using Cored Wires, Proc. 1st Int. Conf. Surface Engineering, The Welding Institute, 1986, s. 99-110<\/p>\n<p>[4]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 LUCAS, W.: TIG and Plasma Welding, Process Techniques, Recommended Practices and Applications, Abington Publishing, 2008, s. 243<\/p>\n<p>[5]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/pwpind.com\/product-range\/plasma-welding-basics\/ [cit. 2021-10-10]\n[6]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/www.tbi-industries.com\/en\/products\/plasma\/tbi-plasma-welding-torches-mechanised [cit. 2021-10-10]\n[7]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 CONDRA, J. R., a kol.: Plasma Arc Welding. ASM Handbook, Welding, Brasing and Soldering, Vol. 6.&nbsp;1993, 2873 s.<\/p>\n<p>[8]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 TUR\u0147A, M.: \u0160peci\u00e1lne met\u00f3dy zv\u00e1rania, Alfa, 1989, ISBN 80-05-00097-9, 379 s.<\/p>\n<p>[9]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NGUYEN, A.V., a kol.: Undercut formation mechanism in keyhole plasma arc welding, Welding Journal, 2019, doi:10.29391\/2019.98.018.<\/p>\n<p>[10]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 RAO, C.S., PRASAD, K. S.: Advances in Plasma Arc Welding\u202f: Review Journal Mechanical Engineering Technology, 2012, 16 s.<\/p>\n<p>[11]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 HUGHES, S. E.: Welding Processes. In. A Quick Guide to Welding and Weld Inspection, 2010.<\/p>\n<p>[12]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 NISHIGUCHI, K.: Plasma Arc Welding And Cutting. Advanced Joining Technologies, 1990, 12 s.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":58,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-132","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/132","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=132"}],"version-history":[{"count":40,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/132\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1222,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/132\/revisions\/1222"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/58"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=132"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}