{"id":1410,"date":"2026-01-08T09:32:44","date_gmt":"2026-01-08T08:32:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=1410"},"modified":"2026-01-10T20:45:50","modified_gmt":"2026-01-10T19:45:50","slug":"skusanie-zvarovych-spojov-preziarenim","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=1410","title":{"rendered":"Sk\u00fa\u0161anie zvarov\u00fdch spojov pre\u017eiaren\u00edm"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kontrola pre\u017eiaren\u00edm patr\u00ed medzi objemov\u00e9 NDT kontroly. Fyzik\u00e1lny princ\u00edp kontroly pre\u017eiaren\u00edm je zalo\u017een\u00fd na interakcii ionizuj\u00faceho \u017eiarenia s\u00a0hmotou v\u00fdrobku a\u00a0n\u00e1slednom zvidite\u013enen\u00ed prejden\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia za kontrolovan\u00fdm objektom vhodn\u00fdm detektorom. Ako detektor prejden\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia sa v\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnosti najviac pou\u017e\u00edva RTG film (r\u00e1diografia), ale \u010doraz viac sa dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa do popredia aj techniky digit\u00e1lnej a\u00a0po\u010d\u00edta\u010dovej r\u00e1diografie, kde sa na zvidite\u013enenie \u017eiarenia pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa IP platne (imaging plate) alebo ploch\u00e9 panelov\u00e9 detektory (DDR). Chyby a nehomogenity v\u00a0materi\u00e1li sp\u00f4sobia zmenu intenzity \u017eiarenia vo\u010di intenzite za materi\u00e1lom bez chyby a\u00a0prejavia sa in\u00fdm stup\u0148om s\u010dernania na v\u00fdsledku z\u00a0kontroly \u2013 r\u00e1diograme. R\u00e1diografick\u00e1 kontrola je vhodn\u00e1 hlavne pri objemov\u00fdch chyb\u00e1ch (p\u00f3ry, stiahnutiny, neprievary, tuh\u00e9 vtr\u00faseniny a\u00a0pod.); identifik\u00e1cia\u00a0 plo\u0161n\u00fdch ch\u00fdb (trhliny, chyby natavenia a\u00a0pod.) je obmedzen\u00e1. Princ\u00edp r\u00e1diografick\u00e9ho sk\u00fa\u0161ania je na obr. 5.1.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-1 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image001-2.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[rt]\" data-title=\"image001.\" title=\"image001.\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"561\" height=\"476\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image001-2.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1724\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image001-2-200x170.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image001-2-400x339.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image001-2.png 561w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 561px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5.1 Princ\u00edp r\u00e1diografick\u00e9ho sk\u00fa\u0161ania [1]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pod\u013ea druhu pou\u017eit\u00e9ho detektora \u017eiarenia sa pre\u017earovacie met\u00f3dy delia na:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong><em>r\u00e1diografiu<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 pomocou filmu mo\u017eno z\u00edska\u0165 trval\u00fd z\u00e1znam obrazu vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch ch\u00fdb sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobku a v\u00fdstupom je tzv. anal\u00f3gov\u00fd r\u00e1diogram;<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>r\u00e1dioskopiu<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 umo\u017e\u0148uje pozorova\u0165 chyby vizu\u00e1lne u\u017e v&nbsp;priebehu sk\u00fa\u0161ky, obvykle na fluorescen\u010dnom \u0161t\u00edte (tienidle), av\u0161ak nezachov\u00e1va sa z&nbsp;nej trval\u00fd z\u00e1znam;<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>r\u00e1diometriu<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 pri ktorej je zmena intenzity \u017eiarenia registrovan\u00e1 tzv. detektorom \u017eiarenia (napr. ioniza\u010dn\u00e1 kom\u00f4rka) a sign\u00e1l z&nbsp;detektora je spracov\u00e1van\u00fd elektronicky;<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>digit\u00e1lnu a po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fa r\u00e1diografiu<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 predstavuje digit\u00e1lny ekvivalent ku konven\u010dnej r\u00e1diografii pou\u017eit\u00edm digit\u00e1lnych sn\u00edma\u010dov, pri\u010dom prin\u00e1\u0161a ve\u013ek\u00e9 v\u00fdhody oproti spotrebe filmov a v\u00fdznamne eliminuje \u010das potrebn\u00fd na z\u00edskanie v\u00fdslednej sn\u00edmky;<\/li>\n<li><strong><em>digit\u00e1lnu (po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fa) tomografiu<\/em><\/strong> \u2013 umo\u017e\u0148uje 3D zobrazenie kontrolovanej \u010dasti, z\u00e1znam je uchovan\u00fd v&nbsp;digit\u00e1lnej forme a umo\u017e\u0148uje v\u00fdrazne zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 presnos\u0165 a prec\u00edznos\u0165 kontroly [2].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Druhy \u017eiarenia pri r\u00e1diografickej kontrole<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u017diarenie je mo\u017en\u00e9 definova\u0165 ako energiu \u0161\u00edriacu sa priestorom. Ak sa t\u00e1to energia \u0161\u00edri prostredn\u00edctvom vlnenia, ide o\u00a0elektromagnetick\u00e9 vlnenie (r\u00f6ntgenov\u00e9 \u017eiarenie a\u00a0\u017eiarenie gama). Ak je nosite\u013eom energie hmotn\u00e1 \u010dastica (elektr\u00f3n, neutr\u00f3n, \u010dastice alfa), ide o\u00a0korpuskul\u00e1rne vlnenie.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>\u017diarenie gama<\/em><\/strong> je kr\u00e1tkovlnn\u00e9 elektromagnetick\u00e9 fot\u00f3nov\u00e9 \u017eiarenie s\u00a0jednou alebo viacer\u00fdmi vlnov\u00fdmi d\u013a\u017ekami vznikaj\u00facimi v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou pri prechode at\u00f3mov\u00e9ho jadra z\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161ieho energetick\u00e9ho (excitovan\u00e9ho) stavu do ni\u017e\u0161ieho (r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvna premena v\u00a0r\u00e1dioizotopoch).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>R<\/em><\/strong><strong><em>\u00f6ntgenov\u00e9 \u017eiarenie (\u017eiarenie X, RTG \u017eiarenie)<\/em><\/strong> je ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 ako kr\u00e1tkovlnn\u00e9 fot\u00f3nov\u00e9 \u017eiarenie, vznikaj\u00face v\u00a0elektr\u00f3novom obale. Ide predov\u0161etk\u00fdm o\u00a0tzv. \u201ebrzden\u00e9\u201c \u017eiarenie, vznikaj\u00face spoma\u013eovan\u00edm nabit\u00fdch \u010dast\u00edc v\u00a0hmote, a\u00a0o\u00a0tzv. \u201echarakteristick\u00e9\u201c \u017eiarenie, vznikaj\u00face pri prechode elektr\u00f3nov z\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161ej energetickej hladiny do ni\u017e\u0161ej.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Gama a\u00a0r\u00f6ntgenov\u00e9 \u017eiarenie maj\u00fa nasleduj\u00face vlastnosti:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\u0161\u00edria sa priamo\u010diaro r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou svetla vo v\u00e1kuu (pribli\u017ene 300&nbsp;000 km.s<sup>-1<\/sup>),<\/li>\n<li>sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa s\u010dernenie fotografickej emulzie,<\/li>\n<li>ich smer sa ned\u00e1 vych\u00fdli\u0165 ani zmeni\u0165 magnetick\u00fdm po\u013eom.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Elektromagnetick\u00e9 vlny je mo\u017en\u00e9 rozdeli\u0165 pod\u013ea ich schopnost\u00ed prenika\u0165 pevnou hmotou. T\u00e1to vlastnos\u0165 je z\u00e1visl\u00e1 od energie vlnenia a\u00a0vlnovej d\u013a\u017eky. Vidite\u013en\u00e9 svetlo je pevnou l\u00e1tkou odrazen\u00e9 alebo\u00a0absorbovan\u00e9 alebo oboje. Pri absorpcii svetla telesom sa vidite\u013en\u00e9 svetlo premen\u00ed na in\u00fa formu energie. Ultrafialov\u00e9 svetlo (UV) je schopn\u00e9 prenika\u0165 pevnou hmotou do ur\u010ditej h\u013abky (napr. ko\u017ea). \u017diarenie X a\u00a0r\u00f6ntgenov\u00e9 \u017eiarenie je schopn\u00e9 prenikn\u00fa\u0165 celou pevnou hmotou, a\u00a0teda aj cel\u00fdm sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fdm objemom. Samozrejme, schopnos\u0165 prenikania bude z\u00e1visie\u0165 od zdroja energie, hr\u00fabky a\u00a0materi\u00e1lu sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho objektu [1].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u0161etky zmeny gama a\u00a0X \u017eiarenia, ich vznik, prechod pevnou hmotou, ako aj zoslabovanie (\u00fatlm) sa odohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa v\u00a0mikrosvete \u010dast\u00edc \u2013 at\u00f3mov.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00fdmi stavebn\u00fdmi prvkami hmoty s\u00fa at\u00f3my, ktor\u00e9 sa skladaj\u00fa z:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>prot\u00f3nov \u2013 maj\u00fa vysok\u00fa hmotnos\u0165 a\u00a0kladn\u00fd n\u00e1boj,<\/li>\n<li>neutr\u00f3nov \u2013 ich hmotnos\u0165 je rovnak\u00e1 ako pri prot\u00f3noch, ale s\u00fa bez n\u00e1boja,<\/li>\n<li>elektr\u00f3nov \u2013 maj\u00fa hmotnos\u0165 asi 8000-kr\u00e1t men\u0161iu ako prot\u00f3ny a z\u00e1porn\u00fd n\u00e1boj.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ka\u017ed\u00fd at\u00f3m je tvoren\u00fd jadrom a\u00a0elektr\u00f3nov\u00fdm obalom. V\u00a0jadre s\u00fa \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 \u010dastice \u2013 prot\u00f3ny a\u00a0neutr\u00f3ny. Elektr\u00f3nov\u00fd obal je pr\u00e1zdny priestor, v\u00a0ktorom obiehaj\u00fa z\u00e1porne nabit\u00e9 elektr\u00f3ny.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm predpokladom je, \u017ee v\u00a0elektr\u00f3nom obale existuj\u00fa stabiln\u00e9 dr\u00e1hy elektr\u00f3nov (energetick\u00e9 hladiny), po ktor\u00fdch sa m\u00f4\u017ee elektr\u00f3n pohybova\u0165 bez toho, aby vy\u017earoval energiu. Prechod elektr\u00f3nu z\u00a0jednej dr\u00e1hy (hladiny) do druhej, energeticky menej n\u00e1ro\u010dnej, je sprev\u00e1dzan\u00fd emisiou energie vo forme kvanta elektromagnetick\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia, fot\u00f3nu. Energia emitovan\u00e9ho fot\u00f3nu zodpoved\u00e1 rozdielu energi\u00ed oboch dr\u00e1h (hlad\u00edn). Ur\u010dit\u00fd prvok je op\u00edsan\u00fd po\u010dtom prot\u00f3nov v\u00a0jadre a\u00a0po\u010dtom elektr\u00f3nov vo svojom obale, at\u00f3mov\u00fdm \u010d\u00edslom. At\u00f3mov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo ud\u00e1va poz\u00edciu at\u00f3mu v\u00a0periodickej s\u00fastave prvkov. Po\u010det neutr\u00f3nov sa m\u00f4\u017ee meni\u0165; to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee jeden a\u00a0ten ist\u00fd prvok m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 r\u00f4zny po\u010det neutr\u00f3nov. Tieto rozdiely v\u00a0hmotnosti at\u00f3mov jedn\u00e9ho prvku sa naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa izotopy. Existenciu izotopu dan\u00e9ho prvku je mo\u017en\u00e9 pos\u00fadi\u0165<br \/>\nz&nbsp;hmotnostn\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ako charakteristika ur\u010dit\u00e9ho at\u00f3mu prvku sa uv\u00e1dzaj\u00fa dve \u010d\u00edsla, a\u00a0to A a\u00a0Z. Z\u00e1pis prvku potom vyzer\u00e1 ako <sup>A<\/sup><sub>Z<\/sub>X, kde:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">A \u2013 hmotnostn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo \u2013 uv\u00e1dza po\u010det prot\u00f3nov a\u00a0neutr\u00f3nov;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z \u2013 at\u00f3mov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo \u2013 po\u010det prot\u00f3nov v\u00a0at\u00f3movom jadre, poradov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo prvku;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">X \u2013 zna\u010dka at\u00f3mu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Fot\u00f3ny <\/em><\/strong>s\u00fa element\u00e1rne \u010dastice, kvantum elektromagnetick\u00e9ho po\u013ea. Maj\u00fa nulov\u00fa pokojov\u00fa hmotnos\u0165 (ak m\u00e1 fot\u00f3n nulov\u00fa r\u00fdchlos\u0165) a\u00a0pohybuj\u00fa sa r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou svetla. Pre priemyseln\u00fa r\u00e1diografiu s\u00fa nosite\u013emi inform\u00e1ci\u00ed o\u00a0chyb\u00e1ch v\u00a0kontrolovanom v\u00fdrobku, teda s\u00fa z\u00e1kladom pre pou\u017eitie r\u00e1diografickej met\u00f3dy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Nukle\u00f3n<\/em><\/strong> je spolo\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1zov pre prot\u00f3n a\u00a0neutr\u00f3n, teda \u010dastice tvoriace jadro at\u00f3mu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Nuklid<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0 je at\u00f3m (pr\u00edpadne len jadro at\u00f3mu), ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 ur\u010dit\u00fd konkr\u00e9tny po\u010det prot\u00f3nov a z\u00e1rove\u0148 ur\u010dit\u00fd konkr\u00e9tny po\u010det neutr\u00f3nov (niekedy sa ud\u00e1va aj ur\u010dit\u00fd konkr\u00e9tny energetick\u00fd stav). In\u00fdmi slovami, je to druh at\u00f3mu (pr\u00edpadne len jadra at\u00f3mu), kde &#8222;druh&#8220; je definovan\u00fd kombin\u00e1ciou konkr\u00e9tneho po\u010dtu prot\u00f3nov a konkr\u00e9tneho po\u010dtu neutr\u00f3nov (a pr\u00edpadne aj konkr\u00e9tneho energetick\u00e9ho stavu).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Izotopy<\/em><\/strong> s\u00fa nuklidy s\u00a0rovnak\u00fdm po\u010dtom prot\u00f3nov, ale r\u00f4znym po\u010dtom neutr\u00f3nov v\u00a0jadre.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>I\u00f3n<\/em><\/strong> je elektricky nabit\u00e1 \u010dastica (atom\u00e1rnej ve\u013ekosti), pri at\u00f3me r\u00f4zny po\u010det prot\u00f3nov v\u00a0jadre a\u00a0elektr\u00f3nov v\u00a0obale.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aby bol at\u00f3m elektricky neutr\u00e1lny, mus\u00ed ma\u0165 rovnak\u00fd po\u010det prot\u00f3nov a\u00a0elektr\u00f3nov. Ak nie je dodr\u017ean\u00e1 rovnos\u0165, m\u00e1 at\u00f3m elektrick\u00fd n\u00e1boj, ide teda o\u00a0i\u00f3n. Ak sa zmen\u00ed po\u010det prot\u00f3nov v\u00a0jadre, p\u00f4jde o\u00a0in\u00fd prvok. Ak sa zmen\u00ed po\u010det neutr\u00f3nov, p\u00f4jde o\u00a0izotop rovnak\u00e9ho prvku [1].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fot\u00f3ny \u017eiarenia X a\u00a0gama sp\u00f4sobia v\u00a0pre\u017earovanej hmote\u00a0 ioniz\u00e1ciu in\u00fdch at\u00f3mov, a\u00a0preto s\u00fa tieto \u017eiarenia naz\u00fdvan\u00e9 aj ionizuj\u00face \u017eiarenia. Fot\u00f3ny pri tejto ioniz\u00e1ci\u00ed spravidla zanikn\u00fa, a t\u00fdm sa zmen\u0161\u00ed ich po\u010det (intenzita). Tomuto sa hovor\u00ed zoslabenie alebo \u00fatlm.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">R\u00e1dioakt\u00edvne izotopy<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Izotop vybran\u00e9ho prvku m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 bu\u010f stabiln\u00fd\u00a0 alebo nestabiln\u00fd. Nestabiln\u00e9 izotopy sa naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvne. Nestabiln\u00e9 izotopy m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 prirodzen\u00e9 alebo umel\u00e9. Medzi prirodzen\u00e9 patria napr. r\u00e1dium a\u00a0ur\u00e1n. Umel\u00e9 izotopy vznikaj\u00fa \u00fa\u010dinkom neutr\u00f3nov v\u00a0jadrovom reaktore, tzv. aktiv\u00e1ciou. Aktiv\u00e1ciou vznikaj\u00fa nestabiln\u00e9 at\u00f3mov\u00e9 jadr\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 sa samovo\u013ene premie\u0148aj\u00fa za s\u00fa\u010dasnej emisie fot\u00f3nov. Tento jav sa naz\u00fdva r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvna premena. Veli\u010dinou, ktor\u00e1 vyjadruje r\u00fdchlos\u0165 premeny, je kon\u0161tanta premeny l. Ak uva\u017eujeme s\u00a0ve\u013ek\u00fdm po\u010dtom rovnak\u00fdch r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvnych jadier, tak za jednotku \u010dasu sa z\u00a0nich premen\u00ed \u03bbN jadier. S\u00fa\u010din \u03bbN sa naz\u00fdva aktivita l\u00e1tky a\u00a0ozna\u010duje sa A. Jednotkou aktivity jadier je Becquerel [Bq] (predt\u00fdm Curie [Ci], 1Ci = 37 Bq). 1Bq znamen\u00e1 jeden rozpad za 1 s. Aktivita ka\u017ed\u00e9ho r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvneho izotopu sa zmen\u0161uje s\u00a0\u010dasom pod\u013ea fyzik\u00e1lneho z\u00e1kona (dN = Ndt) a\u00a0r\u00fdchlos\u0165 je z\u00e1visl\u00e1 od typu izotopu. Tento z\u00e1kon zmen\u0161ovania aktivity r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvneho izotopu sa ozna\u010duje ako pol\u010das rozpadu. Pol\u010das rozpadu T<sub>1\/2 <\/sub>je teda \u010das, za ktor\u00fd aktivita r\u00e1dioizotpou klesne na polovicu. V\u00a0oblasti pre\u017earovania sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa r\u00e1dioizotopy Ir192 a\u00a0Co60, ktor\u00fdch pol\u010das rozpadu je Ir192 \u2013 74&nbsp;dn\u00ed a\u00a0Co60 \u2013 5,3 roka [1].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Intenzita \u017eiarenia kles\u00e1 so \u0161tvorcom vzdialenosti od zdroja \u017eiarenia. V\u00a0praxi to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pri dvojn\u00e1sobnom zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161en\u00ed hodnoty ohniskovej vzdialenosti (vzdialenos\u0165 \u017eiari\u010da od detektora \u017eiarenia), klesne intenzita \u017eiarenia\u00a0 \u0161tvorn\u00e1sobne a\u00a0naopak. T\u00e1to z\u00e1konitos\u0165 sa vyu\u017e\u00edva\u00a0 v&nbsp;praxi na v\u00fdpo\u010det expozi\u010dn\u00e9ho \u010dasu pri zmene geometrick\u00fdch podmienok pre\u017earovania, napr. pri zmene ohniskovej vzdialenosti.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vznik r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvneho \u017eiarenia<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ako u\u017e bolo uveden\u00e9, r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvne \u017eiarenie vznik\u00e1 ako d\u00f4sledok energetick\u00fdch premien v&nbsp;at\u00f3movom jadre alebo pri interakcii r\u00fdchlo sa pohybuj\u00facich elektr\u00f3nov s&nbsp;l\u00e1tkou, pri\u010dom jeho hlavn\u00fdmi typmi s\u00fa r\u00f6ntgenov\u00e9 a gama \u017eiarenie.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vznik r\u00f6ntgenov\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aby bol dosiahnut\u00fd vznik r\u00f6ntgenov\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia, je potrebn\u00fd zdroj elektr\u00f3nov, zariadenie na ich ur\u00fdchlenie a\u00a0ter\u010d\u00edk na zabrzdenie ur\u00fdchlen\u00fdch elektr\u00f3nov. R\u00f6ntgenov\u00e9 \u017eiarenie je umel\u00fd zdroj r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvneho \u017eiarenia a\u00a0je mo\u017en\u00e9 ho vytvori\u0165 v\u00a0zariaden\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sa naz\u00fdva r\u00f6ntgenka (r\u00f6ntgenov\u00e1 lampa) a pracuje nasleduj\u00faco:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Roz\u017eeraven\u00e1 volfr\u00e1mov\u00e1 \u0161pir\u00e1la je zdrojom elektr\u00f3nov. Vo\u013en\u00e9 elektr\u00f3ny s\u00fa ur\u00fdch\u013eovan\u00e9 elektromagnetick\u00fdm po\u013eom medzi kat\u00f3dou (\u2013) an\u00f3dou (+) pri vysokom nap\u00e4t\u00ed. Elektr\u00f3ny vysokou r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou dopadaj\u00fa na ter\u010d\u00edk umiestnen\u00fd na an\u00f3de. Kinetick\u00e1 energia elektr\u00f3nov pri dopade na ter\u010d\u00edk an\u00f3dy sa men\u00ed na teplo a\u00a0r\u00f6ntgenov\u00e9 \u017eiarenie. Ter\u010d\u00edk je vyroben\u00fd z\u00a0volfr\u00e1mu a\u00a0je umiestnen\u00fd nad an\u00f3dou, ktor\u00e1 je vyroben\u00e1 z\u00a0mas\u00edvneho meden\u00e9ho kusa (obr. 5.2).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kinetick\u00e1 energia elektr\u00f3nu sa men\u00ed pri zr\u00e1\u017eke elektr\u00f3nu s\u00a0elektr\u00f3nov\u00fdm obalom ter\u010d\u00edka a\u00a0odovzdan\u00edm energie pri zabrzden\u00ed elektr\u00f3nu kladne nabit\u00fdm elektrick\u00fdm po\u013eom jadra at\u00f3mu [1].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri zr\u00e1\u017eke s\u00a0elektr\u00f3nov\u00fdm obalom at\u00f3mu ter\u010d\u00edka je niektor\u00fd z\u00a0elektr\u00f3nov ter\u010d\u00edka vyrazen\u00fd z\u00a0obalu jeho at\u00f3mu ur\u00fdchlen\u00fdm elektr\u00f3nom, \u010d\u00edm ur\u00fdchlen\u00fd elektr\u00f3n strat\u00ed \u010das\u0165 svojej kinetickej energie. Zr\u00e1\u017eky sa opakuj\u00fa a\u017e do \u010dasu, ke\u010f u\u017e elektr\u00f3n nem\u00e1 dostato\u010dn\u00fa energiu na vyrazenie \u010fal\u0161ieho elektr\u00f3nu z\u00a0obalu at\u00f3mu.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-2 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image005-2.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[rt]\" data-title=\"image005.\" title=\"image005.\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"287\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image005-2-800x287.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1725\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image005-2-200x72.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image005-2-400x144.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image005-2-600x215.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image005-2-800x287.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image005-2-1200x431.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image005-2.png 1301w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5.2 R\u00f6ntgenka [2]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zvy\u0161ok jeho energie sa premen\u00ed na teplo. Na vo\u013en\u00e9 miesto po vyrazenom elektr\u00f3ne sa presunie elektr\u00f3n z\u00a0vy\u0161\u0161ej energetickej hladiny a\u00a0rozdiel energie medzi hladinami sa vy\u017eiari ako charakteristick\u00e9 \u017eiarenie, ktor\u00e9 nie je z\u00e1visl\u00e9 od energie ur\u00fdchlen\u00e9ho elektr\u00f3nu, ale je z\u00e1visl\u00e9 od energetick\u00fdch rozdielov medzi jednotliv\u00fdmi hladinami v\u00a0at\u00f3me ter\u010d\u00edka.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u010eal\u0161ia zmena kinetickej energie ur\u00fdchlen\u00e9ho elektr\u00f3nu sa uskuto\u010dn\u00ed pri zabrzden\u00ed ur\u00fdchlen\u00e9ho elektr\u00f3nu kladne nabit\u00fdm elektrick\u00fdm po\u013eom jadra elektr\u00f3nu. Teoreticky m\u00f4\u017ee brzdn\u00e9 \u017eiarenie dosahova\u0165 energie od 0 a\u017e po maxim\u00e1lnu energiu, ke\u010f je elektr\u00f3n \u00faplne zabrzden\u00fd a\u00a0vytvor\u00ed tak \u017eiarenie s\u00a0maxim\u00e1lnou energiou (obr. 5.3).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-3 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image007.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[rt]\" data-title=\"image007.\" title=\"image007.\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"319\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image007-600x319.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1726\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image007-200x106.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image007-400x212.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image007-600x319.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image007-800x425.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image007.jpg 827w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5.3 Mechanizmus zabrzdenia elektr\u00f3nu kladn\u00fdm n\u00e1bojom jadra at\u00f3mu [1]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Energia spojit\u00e9ho spektra z\u00e1vis\u00ed od energie ur\u00fdchlen\u00fdch elektr\u00f3nov a od \u0161pecifickej hmotnosti (at\u00f3mov\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla) materi\u00e1lu ter\u010d\u00edka. Preto\u017ee energia r\u00f6ntgenov\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia z\u00e1vis\u00ed od vysok\u00e9ho nap\u00e4tia, je praktick\u00e9 vyjadri\u0165 energiu v\u00a0jednotk\u00e1ch elektr\u00f3nvolt [eV]. Kinetick\u00e1 energia 1\u00a0elektr\u00f3nu z\u00edskan\u00e1 nap\u00e4t\u00edm 1 V&nbsp;je 1 eV. Aby sa dosiahla hrani\u010dn\u00e1 energia RTG \u017eiarenia 200 keV, mus\u00ed by\u0165 medzi kat\u00f3dou a\u00a0an\u00f3dou nap\u00e4tie U = 200 kV. Intenzitu vy\u017earovanej energie je mo\u017en\u00e9 meni\u0165 zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm \u017eeraviaceho pr\u00fadu volfr\u00e1mov\u00e9ho vl\u00e1kna r\u00f6ntgenky, \u010d\u00edm sa zv\u00fd\u0161i po\u010det emitovan\u00fdch elektr\u00f3nov z\u00a0vl\u00e1kna za jednotku \u010dasu, alebo zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm ur\u00fdch\u013eovacieho nap\u00e4tia, \u010d\u00edm sa zv\u00fd\u0161i energia, a\u00a0t\u00fdm aj d\u00e1vka \u017eiarenia. RTG pr\u00edstroje sa be\u017ene dod\u00e1vaj\u00fa s\u00a0maxim\u00e1lnym ur\u00fdch\u013eovac\u00edm nap\u00e4t\u00edm do 450 kV.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vznik gama \u017eiarenia<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na rozdiel od r\u00f6ntgenov\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia, ktor\u00e9 vznik\u00e1 v\u00fdmenn\u00fdm energetick\u00fdm procesom medzi ur\u00fdchlen\u00fdmi elektr\u00f3nmi a\u00a0at\u00f3mami ter\u010d\u00edka, vznik\u00e1 gama \u017eiarenie ako nieko\u013eko ostro definovan\u00fdch jadrov\u00fdch procesov. Spektrum gama \u017eiarenia sa preto sklad\u00e1 z\u00a0nieko\u013eko ostr\u00fdch \u010diar v\u00a0\u010diarovom spektre (obr. 5.4).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-4 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image009-2.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[rt]\" data-title=\"image009.\" title=\"image009.\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"252\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image009-2-600x252.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1727\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image009-2-200x84.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image009-2-400x168.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image009-2-600x252.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image009-2-800x335.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image009-2.png 1040w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5.4 \u010ciarov\u00e9 spektrum gama \u017eiarenia [5]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Energia \u017eiarenia gama je v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia ako RTG \u017eiarenia a\u00a0m\u00e1 preto in\u00e9 r\u00e1diografick\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dinky. Rozdiel medzi gama a\u00a0RTG \u017eiaren\u00edm je v\u0161ak iba v\u00a0ich vzniku. Ir192 z\u00a0h\u013eadiska r\u00e1diografick\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dinku zodpoved\u00e1 maxim\u00e1lnej energii RTG \u017eiarenia 600 keV,\u00a0Co60 energii RTG \u017eiarenia pribli\u017ene 2500 keV a\u00a0Se75 pribli\u017ene 100 keV. Tieto hodnoty porovn\u00e1vac\u00edch energi\u00ed s\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pri vo\u013ebe zdroja \u017eiarenia. Vlastnosti r\u00e1dioizotopu z\u00e1visia teda od troch faktorov, a\u00a0to od druhu r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvneho izotopu, od jeho aktivity a\u00a0od pol\u010dasu rozpadu. Preto\u017ee priebeh r\u00e1dioakt\u00edvnych premien pri izotopoch vy\u017earuj\u00facich gama \u017eiarenie nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 preru\u0161i\u0165, na rozdiel od r\u00f6ntgeniek, v&nbsp;ktor\u00fdch mo\u017eno generovanie \u017eiarenia riadi\u0165, tieto zdroje sa ukladaj\u00fa do tieniacich krytov z&nbsp;olova alebo<br \/>\nz&nbsp;in\u00fdch \u0165a\u017ek\u00fdch kovov (napr. ur\u00e1nu) [1].<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Porovnanie RTG a GAMA \u017eiarenia<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri rozhodovan\u00ed, ak\u00fd zdroj \u017eiarenia pou\u017ei\u0165, je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 bra\u0165 do \u00favahy ich v\u00fdhody a\u00a0nev\u00fdhody.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Tab. 5.1 Porovnanie RTG a\u00a0gama \u017eiarenia [5]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; height: 216px;\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 56.5141%; text-align: center;\" width=\"293\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Parametre<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.2711%; text-align: center;\" width=\"113\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Izotop<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20.3345%; text-align: center;\" width=\"103\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>R<\/strong><strong>\u00f6<\/strong><strong>ntgenka<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 56.5141%; text-align: center;\" width=\"293\">Obstar\u00e1vacia cena<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.2711%; text-align: center;\" width=\"113\">ni\u017e\u0161ia<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20.3345%; text-align: center;\" width=\"103\">vy\u0161\u0161ia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 56.5141%; text-align: center;\" width=\"293\">Energetick\u00e1 n\u00e1ro\u010dnos\u0165<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.2711%; text-align: center;\" width=\"113\">minim\u00e1lna<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20.3345%; text-align: center;\" width=\"103\">vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 56.5141%; text-align: center;\" width=\"293\">Mo\u017enos\u0165 regul\u00e1cie \u010di vypnutie zdroja \u017eiarenia<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.2711%; text-align: center;\" width=\"113\">nie<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20.3345%; text-align: center;\" width=\"103\">\u00e1no<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 56.5141%; text-align: center;\" width=\"293\">Kontrast (do 40 mm hr\u00fabky)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.2711%; text-align: center;\" width=\"113\">ni\u017e\u0161\u00ed<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20.3345%; text-align: center;\" width=\"103\">vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 56.5141%; text-align: center;\" width=\"293\">Mobilita<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.2711%; text-align: center;\" width=\"113\">vy\u0161\u0161ia<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20.3345%; text-align: center;\" width=\"103\">ni\u017e\u0161ia<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 56.5141%; text-align: center;\" width=\"293\">Chladenie<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.2711%; text-align: center;\" width=\"113\">nie<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20.3345%; text-align: center;\" width=\"103\">\u00e1no<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 56.5141%; text-align: center;\" width=\"293\">Mo\u017enos\u0165 pre\u017earovania valcov\u00fdch dielov<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.2711%; text-align: center;\" width=\"113\">dobr\u00e9<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20.3345%; text-align: center;\" width=\"103\">obmedzen\u00e9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 56.5141%; text-align: center;\" width=\"293\">Spektrum<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 22.2711%; text-align: center;\" width=\"113\">\u010diarov\u00e9<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 20.3345%; text-align: center;\" width=\"103\">spojit\u00e9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ak porovn\u00e1vame vy\u017earovacie spektr\u00e1 oboch zdrojov, na dosiahnutie lep\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdsledkov pre\u017earovania je vhodnej\u0161ie zvoli\u0165 RTG \u017eiarenie, ktor\u00e9 m\u00e1 spojit\u00e9 spektrum. Najlep\u0161ie v\u00fdsledky s\u00fa dosahovan\u00e9 na jednosmerne nap\u00e1jan\u00fdch priemyslov\u00fdch r\u00f6ntgenoch.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">R\u00e1diografick\u00fd kontrast<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">R\u00f6ntgenov\u00e9 a\u00a0gama \u017eiarenie je schopn\u00e9 prenika\u0165 materi\u00e1lom. Pri prenikan\u00ed sa zoslabuje jeho intenzita. Ve\u013ekos\u0165 zoslabenia je t\u00fdm v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia, \u010d\u00edm \u017eiarenie prenik\u00e1 hrub\u0161\u00edm materi\u00e1lom. Princ\u00edp r\u00e1diografie je teda zalo\u017een\u00fd na detekcii prejden\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia, ktor\u00e9 vplyvom hr\u00fabky alebo pr\u00edtomnos\u0165ou defektu men\u00ed svoju intenzitu. Zoslabenie je teda zmen\u0161enie intenzity \u017eiarenia pri prenikan\u00ed materi\u00e1lom. Aby sme z\u00edskali \u010do najlep\u0161ie v\u00fdsledky pre\u017earovania, je potrebn\u00e9 zvoli\u0165 optim\u00e1lnu energiu pre dan\u00fd materi\u00e1l a\u00a0jeho hr\u00fabku.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri prenikan\u00ed ioniza\u010dn\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia kontrolovan\u00fdm v\u00fdrobkom sa \u010das\u0165 energie dostane cez v\u00fdrobok na detektor priamo, to je po priamke v&nbsp;smere \u017eiari\u010d-detektor. Toto \u017eiarenie sa naz\u00fdva priame. Zvy\u0161n\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 \u017eiarenia je materi\u00e1lom v\u00fdrobku rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e1 od priameho smeru a\u00a0naz\u00fdva sa rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 \u017eiarenie. Defekt zobrazen\u00fd na r\u00e1diograme je zobrazen\u00fd iba prostredn\u00edctvom priameho \u017eiarenia. Rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 \u017eiarenie p\u00f4sob\u00ed ako ru\u0161iv\u00e9 pozadie a\u00a0nem\u00f4\u017ee chybu zobrazi\u0165. V\u00a0praxi sa preto sna\u017e\u00edme, aby na detektor dopadalo \u010do najviac priameho \u017eiarenia a\u00a0\u010do najmenej rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9ho. Z\u00a0tohto d\u00f4vodu sa niekedy medzi v\u00fdrobok a\u00a0detektor vkladaj\u00fa kovov\u00e9 filtre.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ako sa\u00a0 \u017eiarenie zoslab\u00ed pri prechode sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fdm materi\u00e1lom a\u00a0\u010di jeho intenzita bude dostato\u010dn\u00e1 na zobrazenie ch\u00fdb vo v\u00fdrobku, je mo\u017en\u00e9 ur\u010di\u0165 na z\u00e1klade z\u00e1kona zoslabenia, ktor\u00e9ho v\u00fdsledkom je zoslabovacia krivka. Tvar krivky z\u00e1vis\u00ed od energie pou\u017eit\u00e9ho zdroja a pre\u017earovan\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu (obr. 5.5).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-5 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image011.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[rt]\" data-title=\"image011.\" title=\"image011.\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"457\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image011-600x457.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1728\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image011-200x152.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image011-400x305.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image011-600x457.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image011.png 642w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5.5 D\u00e1vkov\u00fd pr\u00edkon<br \/>\nD<sub>0 <\/sub>\u2013 d\u00e1vkov\u00fd pr\u00edkon prim\u00e1rneho \u017eiarenia pred v\u00fdrobkom, D<sub>p<\/sub> \u2013 d\u00e1vkov\u00fd pr\u00edkon prim\u00e1rneho \u017eiarenia za v\u00fdrobkom, d \u2013 hr\u00fabka pre\u017earovan\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu [1]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pou\u017eitie tohto z\u00e1kona umo\u017e\u0148uje ur\u010di\u0165 d\u00e1vkov\u00fd pr\u00edkon (intenzitu \u017eiarenia) za pre\u017earovan\u00fdm objektom. S\u00a0rozpt\u00fdlen\u00fdm \u017eiaren\u00edm sa pri tomto v\u00fdpo\u010dte neuva\u017euje.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vplyv rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia sa vyjadruje pomocou tzv. vzrastov\u00e9ho faktora B, ktor\u00fd mo\u017eno stanovi\u0165 experiment\u00e1lne. Skuto\u010dn\u00fa hodnotu d\u00e1vkov\u00e9ho pr\u00edkonu za v\u00fdrobkom je mo\u017en\u00e9 vypo\u010d\u00edta\u0165 ako:<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1785 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image013-3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"93\" height=\"26\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">(5.1)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde:<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 54.4014%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 2.67756%;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1786\" style=\"text-align: justify;\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image015-3.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"15\" height=\"29\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 11.4362%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">[Gy]<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.2875%;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2013 d\u00e1vkov\u00fd pr\u00edkon pred sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fdm objektom,<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 2.67756%;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1787\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image017-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"14\" height=\"28\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 11.4362%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">[Gy]<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.2875%;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00a0\u2013 d\u00e1vkov\u00fd pr\u00edkon za sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fdm objektom,<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 2.67756%; text-align: center;\"><em style=\"text-align: justify;\">m<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 11.4362%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">[m<\/span><sup style=\"text-align: justify;\">-1<\/sup><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">]<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.2875%;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2013 line\u00e1rny s\u00fa\u010dinite\u013e zoslabenia,<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 2.67756%; text-align: center;\"><em style=\"text-align: justify;\">d<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 11.4362%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">[m]<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.2875%;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2013 hr\u00fabka steny,<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 2.67756%; text-align: center;\"><em style=\"text-align: justify;\">e<\/em><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 11.4362%; text-align: center;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">[\u2013]<\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 40.2875%;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u2013 z\u00e1klad prirodzen\u00fdch logaritmov, Eulerovo \u010d\u00edslo, e = 2,718.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed vplyv na zoslabenie m\u00e1 at\u00f3mov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo Z. To je hlavn\u00fd d\u00f4vod, pre\u010do sa pri materi\u00e1loch na tienenie \u017eiarenia vyu\u017e\u00edva izotop ochudobnen\u00fd ur\u00e1n. M\u00e1 toti\u017e vy\u0161\u0161ie at\u00f3mov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo ako olovo, a\u00a0t\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobuje vy\u0161\u0161ie zoslabenie \u017eiarenia. Star\u0161ie kryty z\u00a0olova s\u00fa preto \u0165a\u017e\u0161ie a\u00a0hor\u0161ie mobiln\u00e9 ako ur\u00e1nov\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u010c\u00edm je sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fd v\u00fdrobok hrub\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0\u010d\u00edm m\u00e1 materi\u00e1l, z\u00a0ktor\u00e9ho je vyroben\u00fd, vy\u0161\u0161ie at\u00f3mov\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo (viac elektr\u00f3nov v\u00a0obale), t\u00fdm je aj vy\u0161\u0161ia pravdepodobnos\u0165, \u017ee d\u00f4jde k\u00a0interakcii prim\u00e1rnych fot\u00f3nov a \u017eiarenie bude viac zoslaben\u00e9. Tak\u00e1 hr\u00fabka, ktor\u00e1 zn\u00ed\u017ei d\u00e1vku \u017eiarenia (intenzitu) na polovicu, sa naz\u00fdva polohr\u00fabka [1].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Tab. 5.2 Polohr\u00fabky pri r\u00f4znych izotopoch<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 31.162%; text-align: center;\" width=\"95\"><strong>Izotop<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.9789%; text-align: center;\" width=\"104\"><strong>Ir192<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.9789%; text-align: center;\" width=\"104\"><strong>Co60<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 31.162%; text-align: center;\" width=\"95\">Oce\u013e<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.9789%; text-align: center;\" width=\"104\">13 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.9789%; text-align: center;\" width=\"104\">25 mm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 31.162%; text-align: center;\" width=\"95\">Olovo<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.9789%; text-align: center;\" width=\"104\">2,5 mm<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.9789%; text-align: center;\" width=\"104\">13 mm<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aby sme zachytili chybu vo v\u00fdrobku na detektore, je potrebn\u00e9, aby bol rozdiel v\u00a0intenzite \u017eiarenia prejdenej cez zdrav\u00fd materi\u00e1l a\u00a0chybu \u010do najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed. V\u00a0takom pr\u00edpade bud\u00fa rozdiely v\u00a0intenzite zobrazen\u00e9 na r\u00e1diograme dobr\u00fdm kontrastom. V\u00a0praxi to pre pre\u017earovanie znamen\u00e1, \u017ee je potrebn\u00e9 na pre\u017earovanie spr\u00e1vne zvoli\u0165 energiu. Na z\u00edskanie ve\u013ek\u00e9ho kontrastu pri sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00ed mal\u00fdch hr\u00fabok je potrebn\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 n\u00edzke hodnoty \u017eiarenia, pri ktor\u00fdch aj mal\u00e1 hr\u00fabka sp\u00f4sob\u00ed ve\u013ek\u00fd rozdiel v\u00a0prejdenej energii cez chybu a\u00a0cez zdrav\u00fd materi\u00e1l.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rozdiel intenzity \u017eiarenia za sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fdm predmetom je z\u00e1visl\u00fd od zoslabenia prim\u00e1rneho \u017eiarenia, ve\u013ekosti rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia a\u00a0rozdielu hr\u00fabok materi\u00e1lu (prev\u00fd\u0161enie zvaru, kore\u0148a, kor\u00f3zia, defekt a\u00a0pod.). Tieto rozdiely v\u00a0intenzite (subjekt\u00edvny kontrast) musia by\u0165 premenen\u00e9 detektorom do vidite\u013en\u00e9ho r\u00e1diografick\u00e9ho kontrastu (rozdiel v\u00a0s\u010dernen\u00ed dvoch miest na r\u00e1diograme).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Subjekt\u00edvny kontrast je z\u00e1visl\u00fd od pou\u017eitej energie \u017eiarenia, od materi\u00e1lu pre\u017earovan\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobku a\u00a0od rozdielu hr\u00fabok. Prv\u00e9 dve z\u00e1vislosti s\u00fa vyjadren\u00e9 koeficientom zoslabenia \u03bc. Najvhodnej\u0161ie by bolo pou\u017ei\u0165 pri pre\u017earovan\u00ed ocele vysok\u00e9 koeficienty zoslabenia. V\u00a0takomto pr\u00edpade by v\u0161ak podiel mno\u017estva rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia\u00a0 (faktor B) bol najvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed. Je teda potrebn\u00e9 v\u017edy voli\u0165 kompromis medzi zoslaben\u00edm \u03bc a\u00a0ve\u013ekos\u0165ou faktora B.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00a0praxi sa na pre\u017earovanie mal\u00fdch hr\u00fabok odpor\u00fa\u010da pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 RTG \u017eiarenie. Konven\u010dn\u00e9 pre\u017earovanie je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 do hr\u00fabky materi\u00e1lu 80 mm. Pri v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edch hr\u00fabkach je potrebn\u00e9 pre\u017earova\u0165 gama \u017eiaren\u00edm, a\u00a0to Ir192 (nad 20 mm) a Co60 (nad 40 mm).<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Filmov\u00e1 a geometrick\u00e1 neostros\u0165<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm detektorom na zachytenie intenzity prejden\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia je r\u00e1diografick\u00fd film. V\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnosti je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 ako detektory prejden\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia aj digit\u00e1lne panelov\u00e9 detektory (DDR) a\u00a0pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9 platne (IP platne).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Detekcia prejden\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia je umo\u017enen\u00e1 v\u010faka interakcii fot\u00f3nov s\u00a0detek\u010dnou l\u00e1tkou pomocou ich ioniza\u010dn\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dinkov. Priemyslov\u00fd r\u00e1diografick\u00fd film (obr. 5.6) sa sklad\u00e1 z:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>nosnej podlo\u017eky (hr\u00fabka pribli\u017ene 0,1 mm),<\/li>\n<li>obojstrannej emulznej vrstvy (hr\u00fabka pribli\u017ene 0,01 mm),<\/li>\n<li>obojstrannej ochrannej vrstvy (hr\u00fabka pribli\u017ene 0,001 mm).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-6 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Radiograficky-film.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[rt]\" data-title=\"Radiograficky film\" title=\"Radiograficky film\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"439\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Radiograficky-film.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1836\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Radiograficky-film-200x146.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Radiograficky-film-400x293.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Radiograficky-film.png 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5.6 R\u00e1diografick\u00fd film [5]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ako nosn\u00e9 podlo\u017eky sa dnes pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa polyetyl\u00e9nov\u00e9 \u010di polyesterov\u00e9 f\u00f3lie, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa pre svetlo transparentn\u00e9. Na nosn\u00fa f\u00f3liu je nanesen\u00e1 vrstva emulzie zlo\u017een\u00e1 zo zmesi \u017eelat\u00edny a\u00a0z\u0155n bromidu strieborn\u00e9ho (AgBr). \u017delat\u00edna zabezpe\u010duje kontakt s\u00a0vodn\u00fdmi roztokmi chemik\u00e1li\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa p\u00f4sobi\u0165 na zrn\u00e1 bromidu strieborn\u00e9ho pri vyvol\u00e1vacom procese filmu (v\u00fdvojka, usta\u013eova\u010d a\u00a0voda). Pri vyvol\u00e1van\u00ed filmu je nebezpe\u010denstvo po\u0161kodenia tejto g\u00e9lovej vrstvy, preto sa na \u0148u nan\u00e1\u0161a ochrann\u00e1 vrstva.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ke\u010f ionizuj\u00face \u017eiarenie zasiahne kry\u0161t\u00e1ly bromidu strieborn\u00e9ho v\u00a0citlivej vrstve filmu, nastan\u00fa v\u00a0nich ur\u010dit\u00e9 fotochemick\u00e9 zmeny, ktor\u00e9 ved\u00fa k\u00a0vzniku nepatrn\u00fdch z\u00e1rodkov kovov\u00e9ho striebra, tzv. latentn\u00e9ho obrazu. \u010eal\u0161\u00edm spracovan\u00edm (negat\u00edvnym procesom), teda vyvolan\u00edm, sa v\u00fd\u0165a\u017eok fotochemick\u00e9ho deja o\u00a0nieko\u013eko r\u00e1dov zv\u00fd\u0161i.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vlastnosti filmu s\u00fa zn\u00e1zornen\u00e9 charakteristickou krivkou, naz\u00fdvanou aj krivka s\u010dernania. Charakteristickou krivkou filmu sa ozna\u010duje diagram, v\u00a0ktorom je na osi x zn\u00e1zornen\u00e9 s\u010dernanie a\u00a0na osi y logaritmus relat\u00edvnej intenzity osvetlenia. Charakteristick\u00e9 krivky b\u00fdvaj\u00fa uveden\u00e9 v\u00a0katal\u00f3goch v\u00fdrobcov r\u00e1diografick\u00fdch filmov.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Citlivos\u0165 filmu sa d\u00e1 definova\u0165 ako d\u00e1vka, ktor\u00fa potrebuje film, aby bol dosiahnut\u00fd ur\u010dit\u00fd stupe\u0148 s\u010dernania. Filmy s\u00a0r\u00f4znou citlivos\u0165ou potrebuj\u00fa r\u00f4zne dlh\u00fd expozi\u010dn\u00fd \u010das, aby sa dosiahol ur\u010dit\u00fd stupe\u0148 s\u010dernania. Zrnitos\u0165 filmu ovplyv\u0148uje jeho citlivos\u0165, ako aj priebeh charakteristickej krivky. Hrubozrnn\u00e9\u00a0 filmy maj\u00fa najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161iu citlivos\u0165, zatia\u013e \u010do jemnozrnn\u00e9 filmy maj\u00fa citlivos\u0165 najmen\u0161iu. R\u00e1diografick\u00e9 filmy na pre\u017earovanie sa vyberaj\u00fa na z\u00e1klade:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>typu pre\u017earovan\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu a\u00a0jeho hr\u00fabky,<\/li>\n<li>energie na pre\u017earovanie,<\/li>\n<li>triedy sk\u00fa\u0161ania (kvalitat\u00edvne po\u017eiadavky na sk\u00fa\u0161anie pod\u013ea noriem) [1].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Filmov\u00e1 neostros\u0165<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ka\u017ed\u00e1 presne definovan\u00e1 hrana v\u00fdrobku sa po pre\u017eiaren\u00ed r\u00f6ntgenov\u00fdm alebo gama \u017eiaren\u00edm zobraz\u00ed ako neostr\u00e1 (obr. 5.7). Znamen\u00e1 to, \u017ee existuje plynul\u00e1 zmena s\u010dernania tejto hrany na r\u00e1diograme. \u0160\u00edrka tohto prechodu sa naz\u00fdva filmov\u00e1 neostros\u0165 alebo vn\u00fatorn\u00e1 neostros\u0165 N<sub>v<\/sub> a\u00a0meria sa v\u00a0mm [1].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri interakcii\u00a0 fot\u00f3nu r\u00f6ntgenov\u00e9ho alebo gama \u017eiarenia s\u00a0kry\u0161t\u00e1lom halog\u00e9nu striebra (zrna filmovej emulzie) sa fotoefektom uvo\u013en\u00ed elektr\u00f3n. Tieto elektr\u00f3ny vych\u00e1dzaj\u00fa zo zrna do okolia v\u0161etk\u00fdmi smermi a\u00a0s\u00fa zachyt\u00e1van\u00e9 okolit\u00fdmi zrnami. Tieto zrn\u00e1, aj ke\u010f neboli priamo zasiahnut\u00e9 \u017eiaren\u00edm, s\u00fa scitliven\u00e9 uvo\u013enen\u00fdmi elektr\u00f3nmi a\u00a0vytvoria latentn\u00fd obraz na filme. \u010c\u00edm je energia vy\u0161\u0161ia, t\u00fdm je vy\u0161\u0161ia aj kinetick\u00e1 energia, ktor\u00fa udelia fot\u00f3ny prim\u00e1rneho \u017eiarenia vyrazen\u00fdm fotoelektr\u00f3nom, a\u00a0t\u00fdm je dlh\u0161ia cesta, ktor\u00fa prejd\u00fa tieto vyrazen\u00e9 elektr\u00f3ny v\u00a0emulzii, \u010d\u00edm sa zv\u00fd\u0161i filmov\u00e1 neostros\u0165.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-7 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image021-2.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[rt]\" data-title=\"image021.\" title=\"image021.\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"563\" height=\"439\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image021-2.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1789\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image021-2-200x156.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image021-2-400x312.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image021-2.png 563w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 563px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5.7 Filmov\u00e1 vn\u00fatorn\u00e1 neostros\u0165 [1]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Filmov\u00fa neostros\u0165 nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 \u00faplne odstr\u00e1ni\u0165. Filmov\u00e1 neostros\u0165 v\u0161ak nie je jedinou neostros\u0165ou pre\u017earovania.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Geometrick\u00e1 neostros\u0165<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Geometrick\u00e1 neostros\u0165 vznik\u00e1 z\u00a0princ\u00edpu zobrazenia ch\u00fdb pri pre\u017earovan\u00ed \u2013 centrickou projekciou chyby. Z\u00e1sadn\u00fd vplyv na geometrick\u00e9 neostrosti maj\u00fa rozmery pou\u017eit\u00e9ho \u017eiari\u010da (ohnisko r\u00f6ntgenky, rozmer izotopu) (obr. 5.8a).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-8 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image023-1.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[rt]\" data-title=\"image023.\" title=\"image023.\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"254\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image023-1-800x254.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1790\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image023-1-200x63.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image023-1-400x127.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image023-1-600x190.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image023-1-800x254.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image023-1-1200x381.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image023-1.png 1498w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5.8 Geometrick\u00e1 neostros\u0165<br \/>\na \u2013 vplyv ve\u013ekosti zdroja, b \u2013 vplyv umiestnenia filmu<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tento jav sp\u00f4sobuje pri pre\u017earovan\u00ed vznik tzv. polotie\u0148a, ktor\u00fd sp\u00f4sob\u00ed, \u017ee obraz chyby niekedy nebude ostr\u00fd, \u010do limituje dosiahnutie najmen\u0161ej ve\u013ekosti detailov zobrazen\u00fdch na r\u00e1diograme. Jednou z\u00a0mo\u017enost\u00ed zmen\u0161enia geometrickej neostrosti je zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161enie vzdialenosti medzi zdrojom \u017eiarenia a\u00a0povrchom sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobku. Druhou mo\u017enos\u0165ou je pribl\u00ed\u017eenie filmu \u010do najviac k\u00a0pre\u017earovan\u00e9mu v\u00fdrobku (obr. 5.8b).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Skuto\u010dnosti op\u00edsan\u00e9 vy\u0161\u0161ie sa daj\u00fa matematicky vyjadri\u0165 ako:<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1791\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image025-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"46\" height=\"36\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">(5.2)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>N<sub>g<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [mm]\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 geometrick\u00e1 neostros\u0165,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>D<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [mm]\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 rozmer ohniska \u017eiari\u010da,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>s<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [mm]\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 pre\u017earovan\u00e1 hr\u00fabka,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>f <\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [mm]\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 ohniskov\u00e1 vzdialenos\u0165.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Celkov\u00e1 neostros\u0165 r\u00e1diogramu<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri prehliadan\u00ed vyvolan\u00fdch r\u00e1diogramov \u013eudsk\u00e9 oko nevid\u00ed ani geometrick\u00fa, ani filmov\u00fa neostros\u0165, ale celkov\u00fa neostros\u0165, ktor\u00e1 je v\u00fdsledkom oboch neostrost\u00ed. Najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00ed vz\u0165ah na vyjadrenie celkovej neostrosti r\u00e1diogramu je:<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1792\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image027-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"92\" height=\"31\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">(5.3)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>N<sub>c<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [mm]\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 celkov\u00e1 neostros\u0165,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>N<sub>g<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [mm]\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 geometrick\u00e1 neostros\u0165,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>N<sub>v<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [mm]\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 filmov\u00e1 (vn\u00fatorn\u00e1) neostros\u0165.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Celkov\u00e1 neostros\u0165 m\u00e1 negat\u00edvny vplyv na zistite\u013enos\u0165 ch\u00fdb na r\u00e1diograme, ako aj na zobrazenie mal\u00fdch ch\u00fdb, hlavne v\u00a0pr\u00edpadoch, ke\u010f ich prie\u010dny smer je men\u0161\u00ed ako ve\u013ekos\u0165 N<sub>c<\/sub>. Z\u00a0tohto d\u00f4vodu je ve\u013emi zlo\u017eit\u00e9 hodnoti\u0165 na r\u00e1diograme chyby, ako s\u00fa mikrop\u00f3ry, trhliny, studen\u00e9 spoje a\u00a0pod., ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa na r\u00e1diograme v\u00a0podstate zachyten\u00e9, ale z\u00a0d\u00f4vodu neostrosti ich nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 \u013eudsk\u00fdm okom identifikova\u0165. Pr\u00ed\u010dinou degrad\u00e1cie t\u00fdchto ch\u00fdb je prekr\u00fdvanie kriviek neostrosti v\u00a0miestach skokovitej zmeny s\u010dernania (hrany trhl\u00edn).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dosiahnutie \u010do najmen\u0161ej hodnoty neostrosti je jednou z\u00a0podmienok zistite\u013enosti mal\u00fdch ch\u00fdb a\u00a0je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 najm\u00e4 pri sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00ed zvarov\u00fdch spojov.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z te\u00f3rie je zrejm\u00e9, \u017ee zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ovan\u00edm vzdialenosti ohnisko \u017eiari\u010da \u2013 sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fd v\u00fdrobok s\u00edce dosahujeme zn\u00ed\u017eenie geometrickej neostrosti, ale t\u00fdm narast\u00e1 expozi\u010dn\u00fd \u010das, ktor\u00fd sa zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161uje so \u0161tvorcom narastaj\u00facej vzdialenosti od zdroja.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pod\u013ea te\u00f3rie Bertholda je celkov\u00e1 neostros\u0165 r\u00e1diogramu N<sub>c<\/sub> optim\u00e1lna, ak je geometrick\u00e1 aj vn\u00fatorn\u00e1 neostros\u0165 zhodn\u00e1. Potom je mo\u017en\u00e9 nap\u00edsa\u0165:<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1793\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image029-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"85\" height=\"38\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">(5.4)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>f<sub>opt<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [mm]\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 optim\u00e1lna ohniskov\u00e1 vzdialenos\u0165,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>D<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [mm]\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 rozmer ohniska \u017eiari\u010da,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>s<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [mm]\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 pre\u017earovan\u00e1 hr\u00fabka,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>f<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [mm]\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 ohniskov\u00e1 vzdialenos\u0165,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>N<sub>g<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [mm]\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 geometrick\u00e1 neostros\u0165,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>N<sub>v<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [mm]\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 filmov\u00e1 (vn\u00fatorn\u00e1) neostros\u0165.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pomocou tohto vzorca a\u00a0hodnoty N<sub>v <\/sub>(je mo\u017en\u00e9 ju zisti\u0165 meran\u00edm alebo z&nbsp;tabuliek) je mo\u017en\u00e9 vypo\u010d\u00edta\u0165 minim\u00e1lnu ohniskov\u00fa vzdialenos\u0165 na pre\u017earovanie, pri ktorej je dosiahnut\u00e1 rovnos\u0165 geometrickej a\u00a0filmovej neostrosti. Ido o\u00a0Bertholdovu podmienku optim\u00e1lnej (minim\u00e1lnej) ohniskovej vzdialenosti, ktor\u00e1 sa vyu\u017e\u00edva pri kon\u0161trukcii pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch nomogramov. V\u00a0praxi s\u00fa optim\u00e1lne vzdialenosti uveden\u00e9 v\u00a0pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch norm\u00e1ch [1].<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sp\u00f4soby pre\u017earovania<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u0161etky mo\u017en\u00e9 sp\u00f4soby pre\u017earovania na z\u00e1klade princ\u00edpu pre\u017earovania, pou\u017eit\u00e9ho detektora a\u00a0sk\u00fa\u0161obnej triedy s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 v\u00a0norm\u00e1ch STN EN ISO 17636. Z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 sp\u00f4soby pre\u017earovania s\u00fa:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>pre\u017earovanie cez jednu stenu,\n<ul>\n<li>pre\u017earovanie rovinn\u00fdch objektov,<\/li>\n<li>pre\u017earovanie zakriven\u00fdch objektov\n<ul>\n<li>so zdrojom na vonkaj\u0161ej strane a\u00a0filmom na vn\u00fatornej strane,<\/li>\n<li>so zdrojom na vn\u00fatornej strane a\u00a0filmom na vonkaj\u0161ej strane,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>pre\u017earovanie cez jednu stenu so zdrojom vo vn\u00fatri objektu<br \/>\nna panoramatick\u00fa expoz\u00edciu,<\/li>\n<li>pre\u017earovanie zvarov vsaden\u00fdch a\u00a0nasaden\u00fdch hrdiel na r\u00fare so zdrojom vo vn\u00fatri objektu a\u00a0filmom na vonkaj\u0161ej strane,<\/li>\n<li>pre\u017earovanie zvarov vsaden\u00fdch a\u00a0nasaden\u00fdch hrdiel na r\u00fare so zdrojom na vonkaj\u0161ej strane objektu a\u00a0filmom na vn\u00fatornej strane,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>pre\u017earovanie cez dve steny\n<ul>\n<li>s\u00a0hodnoten\u00edm obrazu oboch stien\n<ul>\n<li>eliptickou technikou,<\/li>\n<li>kolmou technikou,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>s\u00a0hodnoten\u00edm obrazu jednej steny [7, 8].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ak je to mo\u017en\u00e9, odpor\u00fa\u010da sa pre\u017earova\u0165 cez jednu stenu, pri\u010dom film sa mus\u00ed \u010do najviac pribl\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 k&nbsp;sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9mu objektu. Eliptick\u00fa techniku (cez dve steny na hodnotenie dvoch obrazov) sa odpor\u00fa\u010da pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 pri vonkaj\u0161om priemere potrubia D<sub>e <\/sub>\u2264 100 mm, hr\u00fabke steny t \u2264 8 mm a\u00a0\u0161\u00edrke zvaru b \u2264 D<sub>e<\/sub>\/4. Pokia\u013e t\/D<sub>e <\/sub>&lt; 0,12, posta\u010duj\u00fa dva obrazy pooto\u010den\u00e9 o\u00a090\u00b0, inak s\u00fa potrebn\u00e9 tri eliptick\u00e9 obrazy. Vzdialenos\u0165 medzi dvoma eliptick\u00fdmi obrazmi sa mus\u00ed rovna\u0165 pribli\u017ene \u0161\u00edrke zvaru.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pokia\u013e pre D<sub>e <\/sub>\u2264 100 mm nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 vykona\u0165 eliptick\u00fd sp\u00f4sob sk\u00fa\u0161ania, je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 kolm\u00fa techniku. V\u00a0tomto pr\u00edpade sa vy\u017eaduj\u00fa tri expoz\u00edcie navz\u00e1jom pooto\u010den\u00e9 o\u00a0120\u00b0 alebo 60\u00b0, v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti od pr\u00edstupu k\u00a0potrubiu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Tab. 5.3 Sp\u00f4soby pre\u017earovania [7, 8]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; height: 336px;\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<th style=\"height: 24px; width: 99.2958%; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"><strong>Pre\u017earovanie cez jednu stenu<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" width=\"256\">Pre\u017earovanie rovinn\u00fdch objektov cez jednu stenu<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" width=\"243\">Pre\u017earovanie zakriven\u00fdch objektov cez jednu stenu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1794\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image031-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"372\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image031-1-200x142.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image031-1-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image031-1-400x283.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image031-1-600x425.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image031-1-768x544.png 768w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image031-1-800x567.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image031-1.png 867w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 372px) 100vw, 372px\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1795\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image033-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1294\" height=\"628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image033-1-200x97.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image033-1-300x146.png 300w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image033-1-400x194.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image033-1-600x291.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image033-1-768x373.png 768w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image033-1-800x388.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image033-1-1024x497.png 1024w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image033-1-1200x582.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image033-1.png 1294w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1294px) 100vw, 1294px\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" width=\"256\">Pre\u017earovanie zakriven\u00fdch objektov so zdrojom na vonkaj\u0161ej strane a\u00a0filmom na vn\u00fatornej strane<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" width=\"243\">Pre\u017earovanie cez jednu stenu so zdrojom vo vn\u00fatri objektu na panoramatick\u00fa expoz\u00edciu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1796\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image035-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"805\" height=\"700\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image035-2-200x174.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image035-2-300x261.png 300w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image035-2-400x348.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image035-2-600x522.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image035-2-768x668.png 768w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image035-2-800x696.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image035-2.png 805w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 805px) 100vw, 805px\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1797\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image037-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1126\" height=\"435\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image037-1-200x77.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image037-1-300x116.png 300w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image037-1-400x155.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image037-1-600x232.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image037-1-768x297.png 768w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image037-1-800x309.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image037-1-1024x396.png 1024w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image037-1.png 1126w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1126px) 100vw, 1126px\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 99.2958%; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\">Pre\u017earovanie zakriven\u00fdch objektov so zdrojom vo vn\u00fatri a filmom na vonkaj\u0161ej strane (centrick\u00e1 projekcia)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1798\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image039-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1304\" height=\"641\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image039-2-200x98.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image039-2-300x147.png 300w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image039-2-400x197.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image039-2-600x295.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image039-2-768x378.png 768w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image039-2-800x393.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image039-2-1024x503.png 1024w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image039-2-1200x590.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image039-2.png 1304w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1304px) 100vw, 1304px\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1799\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image041-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1199\" height=\"543\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image041-2-200x91.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image041-2-300x136.png 300w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image041-2-400x181.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image041-2-600x272.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image041-2-768x348.png 768w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image041-2-800x362.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image041-2-1024x464.png 1024w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image041-2.png 1199w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1199px) 100vw, 1199px\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 99.2958%; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"><strong>Pre\u017earovanie cez dve steny<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" width=\"249\">Pre\u017earovanie cez dve steny s\u00a0hodnoten\u00edm obrazu oboch stien eliptickou technikou<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" width=\"250\">Pre\u017earovanie cez dve steny s\u00a0hodnoten\u00edm obrazu oboch stien kolmou technikou<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1800\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image043-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1147\" height=\"585\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image043-1-200x102.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image043-1-300x153.png 300w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image043-1-400x204.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image043-1-600x306.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image043-1-768x392.png 768w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image043-1-800x408.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image043-1-1024x522.png 1024w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image043-1.png 1147w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1147px) 100vw, 1147px\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1801\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image045-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1381\" height=\"694\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image045-1-200x101.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image045-1-300x151.png 300w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image045-1-400x201.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image045-1-540x272.png 540w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image045-1-600x302.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image045-1-768x386.png 768w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image045-1-800x402.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image045-1-1024x515.png 1024w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image045-1-1200x603.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image045-1.png 1381w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1381px) 100vw, 1381px\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" width=\"249\">Pre\u017earovanie cez dve steny s\u00a0hodnoten\u00edm obrazu jednej steny<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" width=\"250\">Pre\u017earovanie cez dve steny hrdiel odbo\u010diek<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1802\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image047-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"991\" height=\"679\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image047-1-200x137.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image047-1-300x206.png 300w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image047-1-400x274.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image047-1-600x411.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image047-1-768x526.png 768w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image047-1-800x548.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image047-1.png 991w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 991px) 100vw, 991px\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1803\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image049-2.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1273\" height=\"547\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image049-2-200x86.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image049-2-300x129.png 300w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image049-2-400x172.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image049-2-600x258.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image049-2-768x330.png 768w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image049-2-800x344.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image049-2-1024x440.png 1024w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image049-2-1200x516.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image049-2.png 1273w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1273px) 100vw, 1273px\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" width=\"246\">Pre\u017earovanie objektov s\u00a0r\u00f4znymi hr\u00fabkami stien<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" width=\"252\">Pre\u017earovanie k\u00fatov\u00fdch zvarov so \u0161ikmou polohou filmu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1804\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image051-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"298\" height=\"233\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image051-1-200x157.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image051-1-300x235.png 300w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image051-1-400x313.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image051-1-600x470.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image051-1.png 651w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 298px) 100vw, 298px\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 49.6479%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1805\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image053-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"301\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image053-1-66x66.png 66w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image053-1-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image053-1-200x199.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image053-1-400x398.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image053-1-600x597.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image053-1.png 690w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 301px) 100vw, 301px\" \/><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\"><h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">R\u00e1diografick\u00e9 mierky<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na pos\u00fadenie kvality r\u00e1diogramov sa vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa IQI (Image Quality Indicator) mierky, a to bu\u010f dr\u00f4tikov\u00e1 alebo mierka s&nbsp;otvormi. Kvalita r\u00e1diogramu sa hodnot\u00ed na z\u00e1klade pr\u00edtomnosti umelo vytvorenej indik\u00e1cie dan\u00e9ho rozmeru a d\u013a\u017eky na r\u00e1diograme (dr\u00f4t, otvor). Na z\u00e1klade IQI mierky zobrazenej na r\u00e1diograme m\u00e1 pracovn\u00edk vyhodnocuj\u00faci r\u00e1diogram istotu, \u017ee bola splnen\u00e1 predp\u00edsan\u00e1 citlivos\u0165 kontroly, ktor\u00e1 je stanoven\u00e1 normami.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dr\u00f4tikov\u00e1 mierka (obr. 5.9a) sa sklad\u00e1 z\u00a0radu paralelne narezan\u00fdch dr\u00f4tikov r\u00f4zneho priemeru. Pre rovnomerne odstup\u0148ovanie sk\u00fa\u0161obnej citlivosti uva\u017euj\u00fa normy s\u00a0logaritmick\u00fdm stup\u0148ovan\u00edm priemerov dr\u00f4tikov. V\u00a0norm\u00e1ch je uveden\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo dr\u00f4tiku W s\u00a0jeho menovit\u00fdm priemerom. Norma po\u017eaduje kvalitu r\u00e1diogramu na z\u00e1klade stanoven\u00e9ho \u010d\u00edsla W, v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti od hr\u00fabky steny, triedy r\u00e1diografickej kontroly, sp\u00f4sobu pre\u017earovania a\u00a0umiestnenia mierky.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Otvorov\u00e1 mierka (obr. 5.9b) je mierka stanovenej hr\u00fabky (2&nbsp;% zo sk\u00fa\u0161anej \u010dasti) s\u00a0presne vyroben\u00fdmi otvormi. Sl\u00fa\u017ei na stanovenie kvality r\u00e1diogramu, \u010do sa t\u00fdka hr\u00fabkovej citlivosti aj neostrosti obrazu. Ka\u017ed\u00fa otvorov\u00fa mierku je mo\u017en\u00e9 nahradi\u0165 dr\u00f4tikovou mierkou [5].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-9 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image055-1.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[rt]\" data-title=\"image055.\" title=\"image055.\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"286\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image055-1-600x286.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1806\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image055-1-200x95.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image055-1-400x190.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image055-1-600x286.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image055-1-800x381.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image055-1-1200x571.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image055-1.png 1246w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5.9 Mierky na RTG kontrolu: a) dr\u00f4tikov\u00e1, b) otvorov\u00e1 mierka<\/h6>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Prehliadanie a hodnotenie r\u00e1diogramov<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Po ru\u010dnom alebo automatickom vyvolan\u00ed r\u00e1diografick\u00e9ho filmu, pr\u00edpadne po digit\u00e1lnom zosn\u00edman\u00ed prejden\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia pomocou DDR detektora alebo naskenovan\u00ed pam\u00e4\u0165ovej platne, nasleduje prehliadka a hodnotenie r\u00e1diogramu.\u00a0Prehliadka\u00a0 m\u00e1 za cie\u013e zisti\u0165 skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee podmienky pri zhotoven\u00ed r\u00e1diogramu boli optim\u00e1lne,\u00a0r\u00e1diogram reprezentuje sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fd v\u00fdrobok, a\u00a0m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 pou\u017eit\u00fd na\u00a0vyhodnotenie v\u00fdrobku.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Prehliadka sa zameriava hlavne na identifik\u00e1ciu ch\u00fdb filmu sp\u00f4soben\u00fdch:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>procesom vyvolania filmu a\u00a0pri manipul\u00e1cii s\u00a0n\u00edm,<\/li>\n<li>nespr\u00e1vnymi podmienkami pre\u017earovania.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Prehliadnut\u00edm r\u00e1diogramu sa v\u00a0z\u00e1sade zis\u0165uje, \u010di:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>r\u00e1diogram zobrazuje predp\u00edsan\u00fd rozsah a\u00a0oblasti sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobku,<\/li>\n<li>boli dodr\u017ean\u00e9 podmienky pre\u017earovania,<\/li>\n<li>s\u00fa pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 chyby z\u00a0vyvol\u00e1vania,<\/li>\n<li>m\u00e1 r\u00e1diogram predp\u00edsan\u00e9 s\u010dernenie,<\/li>\n<li>m\u00e1 r\u00e1diogram po\u017eadovan\u00fa kvalitu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Prehliadanie a hodnotenie anal\u00f3gov\u00fdch r\u00e1diogramov prebieha na negatoskopoch (obr. 5.10). Negatoskop m\u00e1 regulovate\u013en\u00fd zdroj svetla, ktor\u00fd sa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou zap\u00edna nohou pomocou ped\u00e1lu. Po\u017eiadavka na negatoskop je, aby produkoval dif\u00fazne rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 svetlo s\u00a0teplotou matnice max. 50&nbsp;\u00b0C. Z\u00a0d\u00f4vodu spektr\u00e1lnej citlivosti oka pracovn\u00edka m\u00e1 ma\u0165 svetlo bielu, pr\u00edpadne svetlozelen\u00fa farbu. Hodnotenie sa vykon\u00e1va zo vzdialenosti pribli\u017ene 30 cm. pokia\u013e mo\u017eno kolmo na\u00a0r\u00e1diogram. Osvetlenie v\u00a0miestnosti by nemalo presahova\u0165 intenzitu svetla vych\u00e1dzaj\u00faceho z\u00a0prehliadan\u00e9ho r\u00e1diogramu (\u0161ero v\u00a0miestnosti) [1].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-10 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image057-1.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[rt]\" data-title=\"image057.\" title=\"image057.\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"194\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image057-1-600x194.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1807\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image057-1-200x65.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image057-1-400x129.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image057-1-600x194.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image057-1-800x259.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image057-1-1200x388.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image057-1.png 1363w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5.10\u00a0 Negatoskop<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Digit\u00e1lne r\u00e1diogramy sa hodnotia na obrazovke monitora s\u00a0dostato\u010dnou farebnou h\u013abkou na odtiene sivej a\u00a0dostato\u010dn\u00fdm rozl\u00ed\u0161en\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pre hodnotenie r\u00e1diogramov je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm parametrom s\u010dernanie. Je to zoslabenie svetla pri prechode r\u00e1diogramom, ktor\u00e9 je sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 absorpciou svetla\u00a0 zrnami striebra v\u00a0emulzii a\u00a0rozptylom od z\u0155n. S\u010dernenie sa naz\u00fdva aj optick\u00e1 hustota D. Je dan\u00e1 ako dekadick\u00fd logaritmus pomeru jasu dopadaj\u00faceho na film L<sub>0<\/sub>\u00a0a\u00a0jasu prejden\u00e9ho filmom L<sub>F<\/sub>.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1808\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image059-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"60\" height=\"32\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; text-align: right;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">(5.5)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>D<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [\u2013]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 optick\u00e1 hustota \u2013 s\u010dernenie,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>L<sub>0<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [cd\u00d7m<sup>-2<\/sup>]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 intenzita jasu dopadaj\u00faceho na film,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>L<sub>F<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [cd\u00d7m<sup>-2<\/sup>]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 intenzita jasu dopadaj\u00faceho na film.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pr\u00edklad r\u00e1diogramu je na obr. 5.11.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-11 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image061-1.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[rt]\" data-title=\"image061.\" title=\"image061.\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"318\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image061-1-800x318.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1809\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image061-1-200x80.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image061-1-400x159.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image061-1-600x239.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image061-1-800x318.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image061-1.jpg 918w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5.11 Pr\u00edklad r\u00e1diogramu<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hodnotenie r\u00e1diogramov sa vykon\u00e1va pod\u013ea STN EN ISO 10675-1 alebo STN EN ISO 10675-2. Norma STN EN 10&nbsp;675-1 je ur\u010den\u00e1 pre ocele, nikel tit\u00e1n a\u00a0ich zliatiny a\u00a0norma STN EN ISO 10675-2 je ur\u010den\u00e1 pre hlin\u00edk a\u00a0jeho zliatiny. Normy\u00a0 \u0161pecifikuj\u00fa stupne pr\u00edpustnosti pre indik\u00e1cie ch\u00fdb tup\u00fdch zvarov identifikovan\u00fdch pri r\u00e1diografickom sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00ed. V&nbsp;pr\u00edpade dohody m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 stupne pr\u00edpustnosti pou\u017eit\u00e9 aj pre in\u00e9 druhy zvarov alebo materi\u00e1lov. Stupne pr\u00edpustnosti sa m\u00f4\u017eu vz\u0165ahova\u0165 na normy pre zv\u00e1ranie, vykon\u00e1vacie normy, \u0161pecifik\u00e1cie alebo pravidl\u00e1. T\u00e1to norma predpoklad\u00e1, \u017ee r\u00e1diografick\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161anie bolo vykonan\u00e9 pod\u013ea STN EN ISO 17636-1, resp. STN EN ISO 17636-2, \u010do s\u00fa normy, ktor\u00e9 \u0161pecifikuj\u00fa podmienky r\u00e1diografick\u00e9ho sk\u00fa\u0161ania r\u00f6ntgenov\u00fdm a\u00a0gama \u017eiaren\u00edm s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm filmu alebo digit\u00e1lnych detektorov. Norma rozozn\u00e1va tri stupne pr\u00edpustnosti (1, 2, 3), kde je u\u017e zahrnut\u00e1 aj met\u00f3da sk\u00fa\u0161ania, nielen kvantifik\u00e1cia ch\u00fdb (tab. 5.5) [7-10].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Tab. 5.5 Stupne pr\u00edpustnosti v\u00a0nadv\u00e4znosti na normu STN EN ISO 5817 (STN EN ISO 10042)[7, 8]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%;\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.8028%; text-align: center;\" width=\"170\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Stupe\u0148 pr\u00edpustnosti\u00a0 pod\u013ea\u00a0 STN EN\u00a0 10675-1(STN EN ISO 10675-2)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0106%; text-align: center;\" width=\"166\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Technika sk\u00fa\u0161ania pod\u013ea STN EN ISO 17636-1 (STN EN ISO 17636-2)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.3063%; text-align: center;\" width=\"162\"><span style=\"color: #ffffff;\"><strong>Stupe\u0148 kvality pod\u013ea STN\u00a0 EN ISO 5817 (resp. STN EN ISO 10042)<\/strong><\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.8028%; text-align: center;\" width=\"170\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0106%; text-align: center;\" width=\"166\">B<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.3063%; text-align: center;\" width=\"162\">B<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.8028%; text-align: center;\" width=\"170\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0106%; text-align: center;\" width=\"166\">B<sup>x<\/sup><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.3063%; text-align: center;\" width=\"162\">C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.8028%; text-align: center;\" width=\"170\">3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 33.0106%; text-align: center;\" width=\"166\">A<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 32.3063%; text-align: center;\" width=\"162\">D<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 33.8028%; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\">x \u2013 minim\u00e1lny po\u010det r\u00e1diogramov pri sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00ed obvodov\u00fdch zvarov m\u00f4\u017ee zodpoveda\u0165 po\u017eiadavk\u00e1m triedy A pod\u013ea STN EN ISO 17636.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Stupne pr\u00edpustnosti pod\u013ea tejto normy platia v&nbsp;z\u00e1sade pre hodnotenie ch\u00fdb, ktor\u00e9 nem\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 zisten\u00e9 a vyhodnoten\u00e9 pri vizu\u00e1lnej kontrole. Povrchov\u00e9 chyby (z\u00e1pal, nadmerne prev\u00fd\u0161enie kore\u0148a zvaru, po\u0161kodenie povrchu a pod), ktor\u00e9 nem\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 vyhodnoten\u00e9 z&nbsp;d\u00f4vodu geometrie objektu a o ktor\u00fdch m\u00e1 sk\u00fa\u0161aj\u00faci pochybnosti, \u017ee nevyhovuj\u00fa stup\u0148om kvality pod\u013ea STN EN ISO 5817, sa musia presk\u00fa\u0161a\u0165 \u010fal\u0161\u00edmi kontrolami.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pr\u00edklady zobrazenia naj\u010dastej\u0161\u00edch ch\u00fdb zvarov na r\u00e1diogramoch s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 v&nbsp;tab. 5.6. Pr\u00edklad r\u00e1diogramu s\u00a0v\u00fdskytom a\u00a0ozna\u010den\u00edm ch\u00fdb je na obr. 5.12.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-12 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image063-1.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[rt]\" data-title=\"image063.\" title=\"image063.\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"373\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image063-1-800x373.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1810\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image063-1-200x93.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image063-1-400x187.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image063-1-600x280.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image063-1-800x373.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image063-1-1200x560.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image063-1.png 1397w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-17\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5.12 R\u00e1diogram zvaru s\u00a0v\u00fdskytom ch\u00fdb [6]<\/h6>\n<p><em>Tab. 5.6 Zobrazenie ch\u00fdb na r\u00e1diograme s\u00a0ozna\u010den\u00edm chyby pod\u013ea STN EN ISO 6520-1[6]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"awb-gallery-wrapper awb-gallery-wrapper-1 button-span-no\" style=\"--more-btn-alignment:center;\"><div style=\"margin:-5px;--awb-bordersize:1px;\" class=\"fusion-gallery fusion-gallery-container fusion-grid-3 fusion-columns-total-18 fusion-gallery-layout-grid fusion-gallery-1\"><div style=\"padding:5px;\" class=\"fusion-grid-column fusion-gallery-column fusion-gallery-column-3 hover-type-none awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-1\"><div class=\"fusion-gallery-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image065.png\" data-title=\"image065.\" title=\"image065.\" rel=\"noreferrer\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[gallery_image_1]\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image065.png\" width=\"395\" height=\"704\" alt=\"\" title=\"image065.\" aria-label=\"image065.\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1755\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image065-200x356.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image065.png 395w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 2200px) 100vw, (min-width: 784px) 397px, (min-width: 712px) 595px, (min-width: 640px) 712px, \" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><h2 class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-title\">\u010d. 1011 \u2013 pozd\u013a\u017ena trhlina vo zvarovom kove<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div style=\"padding:5px;\" class=\"fusion-grid-column fusion-gallery-column fusion-gallery-column-3 hover-type-none awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-1\"><div class=\"fusion-gallery-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image095.png\" data-title=\"image095.\" title=\"image095.\" rel=\"noreferrer\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[gallery_image_1]\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image095.png\" width=\"389\" height=\"701\" alt=\"\" title=\"image095.\" aria-label=\"image095.\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1770\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image095-200x360.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image095.png 389w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 2200px) 100vw, (min-width: 784px) 397px, (min-width: 712px) 595px, (min-width: 640px) 712px, \" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><h2 class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-title\">\u010d. 511 \u2013 preh\u013aben\u00fd povrch zvaru<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div style=\"padding:5px;\" class=\"fusion-grid-column fusion-gallery-column fusion-gallery-column-3 hover-type-none awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-1\"><div class=\"fusion-gallery-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image097.png\" data-title=\"image097.\" title=\"image097.\" rel=\"noreferrer\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[gallery_image_1]\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image097.png\" width=\"390\" height=\"695\" alt=\"\" title=\"image097.\" aria-label=\"image097.\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1771\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image097-200x356.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image097.png 390w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 2200px) 100vw, (min-width: 784px) 397px, (min-width: 712px) 595px, (min-width: 640px) 712px, \" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><h2 class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-title\">\u010d. 515 \u2013 preh\u013aben\u00fd kore\u0148<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"clearfix\"><\/div><div style=\"padding:5px;\" class=\"fusion-grid-column fusion-gallery-column fusion-gallery-column-3 hover-type-none awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-1\"><div class=\"fusion-gallery-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image093.png\" data-title=\"image093.\" title=\"image093.\" rel=\"noreferrer\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[gallery_image_1]\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image093.png\" width=\"378\" height=\"698\" alt=\"\" title=\"image093.\" aria-label=\"image093.\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1769\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image093-200x369.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image093.png 378w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 2200px) 100vw, (min-width: 784px) 397px, (min-width: 712px) 595px, (min-width: 640px) 712px, \" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><h2 class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-title\">\u010d. 5042 \u2013 plynul\u00fd nadmerne prete\u010den\u00fd kore\u0148<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div style=\"padding:5px;\" class=\"fusion-grid-column fusion-gallery-column fusion-gallery-column-3 hover-type-none awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-1\"><div class=\"fusion-gallery-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image091.png\" data-title=\"image091.\" title=\"image091.\" rel=\"noreferrer\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[gallery_image_1]\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image091.png\" width=\"386\" height=\"710\" alt=\"\" title=\"image091.\" aria-label=\"image091.\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1768\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image091-200x368.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image091.png 386w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 2200px) 100vw, (min-width: 784px) 397px, (min-width: 712px) 595px, (min-width: 640px) 712px, \" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><h2 class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-title\">\u010d. 502 \u2013 nadmerne prev\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd zvar<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div style=\"padding:5px;\" class=\"fusion-grid-column fusion-gallery-column fusion-gallery-column-3 hover-type-none awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-1\"><div class=\"fusion-gallery-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image087.png\" data-title=\"image087.\" title=\"image087.\" rel=\"noreferrer\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[gallery_image_1]\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image087.png\" width=\"390\" height=\"699\" alt=\"\" title=\"image087.\" aria-label=\"image087.\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1766\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image087-200x358.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image087.png 390w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 2200px) 100vw, (min-width: 784px) 397px, (min-width: 712px) 595px, (min-width: 640px) 712px, \" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><h2 class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-title\">\u010d. 5011 \u2013 s\u00favisl\u00fd z\u00e1pal<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"clearfix\"><\/div><div style=\"padding:5px;\" class=\"fusion-grid-column fusion-gallery-column fusion-gallery-column-3 hover-type-none awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-1\"><div class=\"fusion-gallery-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image089.png\" data-title=\"image089.\" title=\"image089.\" rel=\"noreferrer\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[gallery_image_1]\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image089.png\" width=\"380\" height=\"696\" alt=\"\" title=\"image089.\" aria-label=\"image089.\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1767\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image089-200x366.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image089.png 380w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 2200px) 100vw, (min-width: 784px) 397px, (min-width: 712px) 595px, (min-width: 640px) 712px, \" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><h2 class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-title\">\u010d. 5013 \u2013 z\u00e1pal v koreni<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div style=\"padding:5px;\" class=\"fusion-grid-column fusion-gallery-column fusion-gallery-column-3 hover-type-none awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-1\"><div class=\"fusion-gallery-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image085.png\" data-title=\"image085.\" title=\"image085.\" rel=\"noreferrer\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[gallery_image_1]\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image085.png\" width=\"383\" height=\"700\" alt=\"\" title=\"image085.\" aria-label=\"image085.\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1765\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image085-200x366.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image085.png 383w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 2200px) 100vw, (min-width: 784px) 397px, (min-width: 712px) 595px, (min-width: 640px) 712px, \" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><h2 class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-title\">\u010d. 4021 \u2013 neprevaren\u00fd kore\u0148 + \u010d. 5071 \u2013 line\u00e1rne presadenie<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div style=\"padding:5px;\" class=\"fusion-grid-column fusion-gallery-column fusion-gallery-column-3 hover-type-none awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-1\"><div class=\"fusion-gallery-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image099.png\" data-title=\"image099.\" title=\"image099.\" rel=\"noreferrer\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[gallery_image_1]\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image099.png\" width=\"373\" height=\"709\" alt=\"\" title=\"image099.\" aria-label=\"image099.\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1772\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image099-200x380.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image099.png 373w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 2200px) 100vw, (min-width: 784px) 397px, (min-width: 712px) 595px, (min-width: 640px) 712px, \" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><h2 class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-title\">\u010d. 602 - rozstrek<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"clearfix\"><\/div><div style=\"padding:5px;\" class=\"fusion-grid-column fusion-gallery-column fusion-gallery-column-3 hover-type-none awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-1\"><div class=\"fusion-gallery-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image083.png\" data-title=\"image083.\" title=\"image083.\" rel=\"noreferrer\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[gallery_image_1]\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image083.png\" width=\"379\" height=\"703\" alt=\"\" title=\"image083.\" aria-label=\"image083.\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1764\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image083-200x371.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image083.png 379w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 2200px) 100vw, (min-width: 784px) 397px, (min-width: 712px) 595px, (min-width: 640px) 712px, \" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><h2 class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-title\">\u010d. 4021 \u2013 neprevaren\u00fd kore\u0148<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div style=\"padding:5px;\" class=\"fusion-grid-column fusion-gallery-column fusion-gallery-column-3 hover-type-none awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-1\"><div class=\"fusion-gallery-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image081.png\" data-title=\"image081.\" title=\"image081.\" rel=\"noreferrer\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[gallery_image_1]\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image081.png\" width=\"376\" height=\"703\" alt=\"\" title=\"image081.\" aria-label=\"image081.\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1763\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image081-200x374.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image081.png 376w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 2200px) 100vw, (min-width: 784px) 397px, (min-width: 712px) 595px, (min-width: 640px) 712px, \" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><h2 class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-title\">\u010d. 4021 \u2013 neprevaren\u00fd kore\u0148<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div style=\"padding:5px;\" class=\"fusion-grid-column fusion-gallery-column fusion-gallery-column-3 hover-type-none awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-1\"><div class=\"fusion-gallery-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image077.png\" data-title=\"image077.\" title=\"image077.\" rel=\"noreferrer\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[gallery_image_1]\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image077.png\" width=\"396\" height=\"702\" alt=\"\" title=\"image077.\" aria-label=\"image077.\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1761\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image077-200x355.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image077.png 396w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 2200px) 100vw, (min-width: 784px) 397px, (min-width: 712px) 595px, (min-width: 640px) 712px, \" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><h2 class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-title\">\u010d. 3041 \u2013 kovov\u00fd pr\u00edmesok volfr\u00e1mu<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"clearfix\"><\/div><div style=\"padding:5px;\" class=\"fusion-grid-column fusion-gallery-column fusion-gallery-column-3 hover-type-none awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-1\"><div class=\"fusion-gallery-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image079.png\" data-title=\"image079.\" title=\"image079.\" rel=\"noreferrer\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[gallery_image_1]\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image079.png\" width=\"383\" height=\"704\" alt=\"\" title=\"image079.\" aria-label=\"image079.\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1762\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image079-200x368.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image079.png 383w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 2200px) 100vw, (min-width: 784px) 397px, (min-width: 712px) 595px, (min-width: 640px) 712px, \" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><h2 class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-title\">\u010d. 402 - neprievar<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div style=\"padding:5px;\" class=\"fusion-grid-column fusion-gallery-column fusion-gallery-column-3 hover-type-none awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-1\"><div class=\"fusion-gallery-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image075-1.png\" data-title=\"image075.\" title=\"image075.\" rel=\"noreferrer\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[gallery_image_1]\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image075-1.png\" width=\"392\" height=\"699\" alt=\"\" title=\"image075.\" aria-label=\"image075.\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1760\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image075-1-200x357.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image075-1.png 392w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 2200px) 100vw, (min-width: 784px) 397px, (min-width: 712px) 595px, (min-width: 640px) 712px, \" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><h2 class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-title\">\u010d. 3012 \u2013 troskov\u00fd pr\u00edmesok jednotliv\u00fd<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div style=\"padding:5px;\" class=\"fusion-grid-column fusion-gallery-column fusion-gallery-column-3 hover-type-none awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-1\"><div class=\"fusion-gallery-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image073.png\" data-title=\"image073.\" title=\"image073.\" rel=\"noreferrer\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[gallery_image_1]\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image073.png\" width=\"405\" height=\"703\" alt=\"\" title=\"image073.\" aria-label=\"image073.\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1759\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image073-200x347.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image073-400x694.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image073.png 405w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 2200px) 100vw, (min-width: 784px) 397px, (min-width: 712px) 595px, (min-width: 640px) 712px, \" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><h2 class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-title\">\u010d. 3011 \u2013 troskov\u00fd pr\u00edmesok line\u00e1rny<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"clearfix\"><\/div><div style=\"padding:5px;\" class=\"fusion-grid-column fusion-gallery-column fusion-gallery-column-3 hover-type-none awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-1\"><div class=\"fusion-gallery-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image071.png\" data-title=\"image071.\" title=\"image071.\" rel=\"noreferrer\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[gallery_image_1]\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image071.png\" width=\"378\" height=\"703\" alt=\"\" title=\"image071.\" aria-label=\"image071.\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1758\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image071-200x372.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image071.png 378w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 2200px) 100vw, (min-width: 784px) 397px, (min-width: 712px) 595px, (min-width: 640px) 712px, \" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><h2 class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-title\">\u010d. 2013 \u2013 zhluk p\u00f3rov<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div style=\"padding:5px;\" class=\"fusion-grid-column fusion-gallery-column fusion-gallery-column-3 hover-type-none awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-1\"><div class=\"fusion-gallery-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image069-1.png\" data-title=\"image069.\" title=\"image069.\" rel=\"noreferrer\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[gallery_image_1]\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image069-1.png\" width=\"382\" height=\"702\" alt=\"\" title=\"image069.\" aria-label=\"image069.\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1757\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image069-1-200x368.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image069-1.png 382w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 2200px) 100vw, (min-width: 784px) 397px, (min-width: 712px) 595px, (min-width: 640px) 712px, \" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><h2 class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-title\">\u010d. 1047 \u2013 kr\u00e1terov\u00e9 trhlina hviezdicov\u00e1<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div style=\"padding:5px;\" class=\"fusion-grid-column fusion-gallery-column fusion-gallery-column-3 hover-type-none awb-imageframe-style awb-imageframe-style-below awb-imageframe-style-1\"><div class=\"fusion-gallery-image\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image067.png\" data-title=\"image067.\" title=\"image067.\" rel=\"noreferrer\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[gallery_image_1]\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" target=\"_self\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image067.png\" width=\"391\" height=\"707\" alt=\"\" title=\"image067.\" aria-label=\"image067.\" class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1756\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image067-200x362.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image067.png 391w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 2200px) 100vw, (min-width: 784px) 397px, (min-width: 712px) 595px, (min-width: 640px) 712px, \" \/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-container\" style=\"text-align:center;\"><div class=\"awb-imageframe-caption\"><h2 class=\"awb-imageframe-caption-title\">image067.<\/h2><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"clearfix\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18\"><h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Met\u00f3dy pre\u017earovania pod\u013ea pou\u017eit\u00e9ho detektora prejden\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na z\u00e1klade detektora prejden\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia je mo\u017en\u00e9 pre\u017earovanie rozdeli\u0165 na konven\u010dn\u00fa r\u00e1diografiu, digit\u00e1lnu r\u00e1diografiu a\u00a0po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fa r\u00e1diografiu.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Konven\u010dn\u00e1 r\u00e1diografia<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z uveden\u00fdch sp\u00f4sobov realiz\u00e1cie pre\u017earovania sa pri kontrole zvarov\u00fdch spojov a materi\u00e1lov potrub\u00ed naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edva konven\u010dn\u00e1 r\u00e1diografick\u00e1 pre\u017earovacia met\u00f3da s&nbsp;pou\u017eit\u00edm RTG filmov. Je najroz\u0161\u00edrenej\u0161ou z&nbsp;met\u00f3d kontroly v\u00fdrobkov pre\u017eiaren\u00edm a jej v\u00fdhodou je najm\u00e4 mo\u017enos\u0165 vyhotovenia a\u00a0archiv\u00e1cie trval\u00e9ho z\u00e1znamu z&nbsp;vykonanej kontroly \u2013 r\u00e1diogramu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nev\u00fdhodou je, \u017ee sa nem\u00f4\u017eu kontrolova\u0165 v\u00fdrobky v&nbsp;pohybe, a aj to, \u017ee hodnotenie je mo\u017en\u00e9 vykona\u0165 a\u017e po spracovan\u00ed filmu (v&nbsp;tmavej komore, resp. vo vyvol\u00e1vacom zariaden\u00ed). Kvalita r\u00e1diogramu m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 v\u00fdrazne ovplyvnen\u00e1 hlavne rozpt\u00fdlen\u00fdm \u017eiaren\u00edm, ve\u013ekos\u0165ou ohniska, ohniskovou vzdialenos\u0165ou a zrnitos\u0165ou filmu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00fdsledkom konven\u010dnej r\u00e1diografickej kontroly je r\u00e1diogram. Z\u00edskan\u00edm r\u00e1diogramu nie je \u010dinnos\u0165 ukon\u010den\u00e1, preto\u017ee pracovn\u00edk s&nbsp;pr\u00edslu\u0161nou kvalifik\u00e1ciou mus\u00ed prist\u00fapi\u0165 ku kone\u010dnej f\u00e1ze kontroln\u00e9ho procesu \u2013 vyhodnoteniu r\u00e1diogramu. Prehliadka filmu m\u00e1 overi\u0165, \u010di podmienky pri zhotoven\u00ed r\u00e1diogramu boli optim\u00e1lne a \u010di r\u00e1diogram reprezentuje sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fd v\u00fdrobok. Prehliadka sa zameriava na zistenie ch\u00fdb filmu sp\u00f4soben\u00fdch negat\u00edvnym procesom alebo nespr\u00e1vnymi podmienkami pre\u017earovania.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na kontrolu kvality r\u00e1diogramu a\u00a0citlivosti kontroly sa vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa etal\u00f3nov\u00e9 mierky zodpovedaj\u00faceho tvaru a\u00a0rozmerov (dr\u00f4tikov\u00e1, otvorov\u00e1, stup\u0148ovit\u00e1 mierka), ktor\u00e9 sa polo\u017eia pred kontrolou na pre\u017earovan\u00fd kus, a\u00a0na z\u00e1klade zobrazenia mierky na r\u00e1diograme sa ur\u010d\u00ed kvalita obrazu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri sk\u00fa\u0161ke tie\u017e\u00a0 treba po\u010d\u00edta\u0165 so skreslen\u00edm obrazu chyby, \u010do sp\u00f4sobuje naj\u010dastej\u0161ie skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee predmet je trojrozmern\u00fd a chyba sa zobrazuje na dvojrozmernej ploche \u2013 r\u00e1diograme. Pri pre\u017earovan\u00ed napr. obvodov\u00e9ho zvaru na film umiestnen\u00fd v\u00a0r\u00fare s\u00fa obrazy defektov na koncoch filmu skreslen\u00e9. Pre\u017earovan\u00e1 hr\u00fabka je v\u00a0oblasti koncov filmu v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia, s\u010dernenie r\u00e1diogramu je men\u0161ie a\u00a0citlivos\u0165 na zistite\u013enos\u0165 defektov je hor\u0161ia. Vyu\u017eite\u013en\u00e1 d\u013a\u017eka r\u00e1diogramu je pri jednej expoz\u00edcii obmedzen\u00e1. Na obr. 5.13 je zn\u00e1zornen\u00fd vplyv umiestnenia zdroja \u017eiarenia na ostros\u0165 obrazu pri identifik\u00e1cii studen\u00e9ho spoja vo zvare.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-13 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image101.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[rt]\" data-title=\"image101.\" title=\"image101.\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"348\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image101-800x348.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1773\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image101-200x87.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image101-400x174.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image101-600x261.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image101-800x348.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image101.png 1021w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-19\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5.13 Vplyv umiestnenia zdroja \u017eiarenia na identifik\u00e1ciu studen\u00e9ho spoja na r\u00e1diograme<br \/>\na \u2013 neostr\u00fd obraz chyby, b \u2013 ostr\u00fd obraz chyby<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z\u00a0obr. 5.13 je zrejm\u00e9, \u017ee studen\u00fd spoj na zvarovej ploche bude lep\u0161ie detegovate\u013en\u00fd v\u00a0poz\u00edcii zdroja \u017eiarenia \u201eB\u201c, preto\u017ee d\u00f4jde k\u00a0v\u00fdraznej\u0161ej zmene intenzity prejden\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia, a\u00a0teda aj k\u00a0ostrej\u0161iemu zobrazeniu na r\u00e1diograme.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zv\u00fd\u0161enie ostrosti a\u00a0preh\u013eadnosti r\u00e1diogramu prin\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa mo\u017enosti digitaliz\u00e1cie klasick\u00fdch RTG filmov pomocou skenerov r\u00e1diogramov (obr. 5.14). Skener RTG sn\u00edmok umo\u017e\u0148uje prenies\u0165 obrazov\u00e9 d\u00e1ta RTG\u00a0 filmu do digit\u00e1lneho d\u00e1tov\u00e9ho form\u00e1tu, ktor\u00fd nesie inform\u00e1ciu o d\u00e1tume kontroly, \u010d\u00edsle projektu a \u010fal\u0161ie s\u00favisiace inform\u00e1cie. Syst\u00e9my umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa obrazov\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy\u00a0 jednoduch\u0161ie archivova\u0165, prehliada\u0165, opisova\u0165 a zdie\u013ea\u0165. Tie\u017e je mo\u017en\u00e1 digit\u00e1lna optimaliz\u00e1cia obrazu s&nbsp;n\u00edzkou \u00farov\u0148ou \u0161umu a roz\u0161\u00edrenie mo\u017enost\u00ed hodnotenia tmav\u00fdch oblast\u00ed filmu. Skenery produkuj\u00fa vysoko kvalitn\u00fd a lep\u0161ie vidite\u013en\u00fd obraz. Skenery v\u0161ak nie s\u00fa rie\u0161en\u00edm pri zle vyhotoven\u00fdch r\u00e1diografick\u00fdch sn\u00edmkach, \u010di\u017ee kvalitn\u00e1 softv\u00e9rov\u00e1 \u00faprava digit\u00e1lneho r\u00e1diogramu vych\u00e1dza z\u00a0kvalitne vyhotovenej r\u00e1diografickej sn\u00edmky.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-14 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image103.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[rt]\" data-title=\"image103.\" title=\"image103.\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"296\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image103-800x296.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1774\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image103-200x74.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image103-400x148.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image103-600x222.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image103-800x296.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image103.png 1018w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-20\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5.14 Digitaliz\u00e1cia sn\u00edmok<br \/>\na \u2013 skener RTG sn\u00edmok, b \u2013 softv\u00e9rov\u00e1 \u00faprava obrazu<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pr\u00edklad kvalitne vyhotovenej klasickej anal\u00f3govej r\u00e1diografickej sn\u00edmky a\u00a0jej digit\u00e1lna \u00faprava je na obr. 5.15. Na sn\u00edmke je vidite\u013en\u00e1 aj etal\u00f3nov\u00e1 dr\u00f4tikov\u00e1 mierka na stanovenie kvality r\u00e1diogramu.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-15 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image105.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[rt]\" data-title=\"image105.\" title=\"image105.\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"505\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image105-800x505.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1775\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image105-200x126.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image105-400x252.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image105-600x379.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image105-800x505.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image105.png 1076w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-21\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5.15 Digitalizovan\u00e1 anal\u00f3gov\u00e1 RTG sn\u00edmka<br \/>\na) r\u00e1diogram, b) softv\u00e9rovo upraven\u00e1 digit\u00e1lna sn\u00edmka [2]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sk\u00fa\u0161ka pre\u017eiaren\u00edm sa m\u00e1 vykona\u0165 v\u00a0s\u00falade s\u00a0normou STN EN ISO 17636-1 a\u00a0STN EN ISO 17636-2. Krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 pr\u00edpustnosti pre pre\u017earovaciu met\u00f3du s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 v\u00a0norme STN EN ISO 10675-1\u00a0 pre oce\u013e a\u00a0STN EN ISO 10675-2 pre hlin\u00edk a\u00a0jeho zliatiny [4].<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a name=\"_Toc198276890\"><\/a>Digit\u00e1lna a po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e1 r\u00e1diografia \u2013 DR\/CR<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Digit\u00e1lna (DR) a po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e1 r\u00e1diografia (CR) sa za\u010dala vyv\u00edja\u0165 pred viac ako 30 rokmi. Met\u00f3dy DR\/CR s\u00fa zalo\u017een\u00e9 na pou\u017eit\u00ed pevn\u00fdch alebo ohybn\u00fdch sn\u00edma\u010dov ionizuj\u00faceho \u017eiarenia namiesto klasick\u00fdch RTG filmov. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi sn\u00edma\u010dmi s\u00fa pevn\u00e9, neohybn\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de \u017eiarenia \u2013 DDA detektory (Digital Detector Arrays) a ohybn\u00e9 sn\u00edma\u010de, ktor\u00e9 sa pribli\u017euj\u00fa ohybnos\u0165ou\u00a0 ku klasick\u00fdm RTG filmom \u2013 IP platne (Imaging Plates). Hlavn\u00fdm pr\u00ednosom DR\/CR je nahradenie klasick\u00e9ho r\u00e1diografick\u00e9ho filmu za viackr\u00e1t pou\u017eite\u013en\u00e9 detektory, \u010d\u00edm sa minimalizuje ekologick\u00e1 z\u00e1\u0165a\u017e a tie\u017e \u010das potrebn\u00fd na vykonanie a\u00a0vyhodnotenie kontroly [4].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong><em>Digit\u00e1lna r\u00e1diografia<\/em><\/strong> (DR) nahr\u00e1dza RTG film pevn\u00fdmi panelov\u00fdmi DDA detektormi. Panelov\u00e9 detektory obsahuj\u00fa bu\u010f vrstvu amorfn\u00e9ho sel\u00e9nu na ploche tenk\u00fdch filmov\u00fdch tranzistorov (TFT), ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa zachyti\u0165 a previes\u0165 RTG \u017eiarenie priamo do formy digit\u00e1lneho sign\u00e1lu, alebo existuj\u00fa ploch\u00e9 panely pozost\u00e1vaj\u00fa z&nbsp;jodidu c\u00e9zneho alebo oxidu-sulfidu gandolinit\u00e9ho, ktor\u00fd prev\u00e1dza prejden\u00e9 \u017eiarenie na vidite\u013en\u00e9 svetlo. Svetlo sa potom premie\u0148a na elektrick\u00e9 impulzy pomocou plo\u0161n\u00fdch amorfn\u00fdch krem\u00edkov\u00fdch panelov. V\u00a0princ\u00edpe ide teda v\u017edy o\u00a0priradenie ur\u010ditej farebnej \u0161k\u00e1ly r\u00f4znym intenzit\u00e1m prejden\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia tak, aby bol dosiahnut\u00fd vidite\u013en\u00fd digit\u00e1lnej obraz.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Panelov\u00e9 detektory s\u00fa citliv\u00e9 vo\u010di vonkaj\u0161\u00edm podmienkam pre\u017earovania, \u010do ich predur\u010duje len na niektor\u00e9 aplik\u00e1cie. Detektory musia by\u0165 chr\u00e1nen\u00e9 pred vlhkom, prachom a\u00a0ne\u010distotami. Aj napriek niektor\u00fdm nesporn\u00fdm v\u00fdhod\u00e1m t\u00fdchto plo\u0161n\u00fdch panelov\u00fdch detektorov realita pri pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed v&nbsp;NDT aplik\u00e1ci\u00e1ch je tak\u00e1, \u017ee ich \u017eivotnos\u0165 nesp\u013a\u0148a o\u010dak\u00e1vania. V&nbsp;z\u00e1vislosti od cyklu pou\u017eitia a radia\u010dnej d\u00e1vky je dos\u0165 kr\u00e1tka. Ve\u013ek\u00fdm probl\u00e9mom s\u00fa aj objavuj\u00face sa nefunk\u010dn\u00e9 pixely, prejavuj\u00face sa na obraze ako \u010dierne bodky. Softv\u00e9r ich m\u00f4\u017ee eliminova\u0165, ale pre re\u00e1lny obraz s\u00fa st\u00e1le chybou, ktor\u00e1 je nahraden\u00e1 neprav\u00fdm bodom.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">DDA panely sa vyr\u00e1baj\u00fa vo viacer\u00fdch kon\u0161truk\u010dn\u00fdch vyhotoveniach a tie\u017e s&nbsp;r\u00f4znou ochranou. Na obr. 5.16 mo\u017eno vidie\u0165 r\u00f4zne DDA detektory.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-16 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image107.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[rt]\" data-title=\"image107.\" title=\"image107.\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"321\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image107-800x321.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1776\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image107-200x80.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image107-400x161.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image107-600x241.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image107-800x321.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image107-1200x482.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image107.png 1235w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-22\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5.16 DDA detektory<br \/>\na \u2013 \u0161tandardn\u00fd prenosn\u00fd panel, b \u2013 statick\u00fd panel, c \u2013 panel pre on-line kontrolu [2]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Panely sa \u0161tandardne vyr\u00e1baj\u00fa v\u00a014- a\u00a016-bitovej h\u013abke s&nbsp;r\u00f4znymi rozmermi detektora a jeho akt\u00edvnej plochy (204,8 x 204,8 mm, 410 x 410 mm). Rozdiel medzi panelmi je v&nbsp;dynamickom rozsahu sivej farby. Panel s\u00a0h\u013abkou 14-bit. m\u00e1 dynamick\u00fd rozsah sivej farby v\u00a0po\u010dte 16&nbsp;383 odtie\u0148ov a\u00a016-bitov\u00fd panel disponuje 65&nbsp;536 odtie\u0148mi. Citlivos\u0165 panela, teda rozmer pixelu, je v\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnosti 200 \u03bcm. Pri pr\u00e1ci s&nbsp;panelmi platia ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u0161tandardy a postupy pri sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>panel mus\u00ed ma\u0165 min. 1000 \u00farovn\u00ed sivej pre dostato\u010dn\u00fd kontrast (ke\u010f je potrebn\u00e9 testova\u0165 s&nbsp;rozl\u00ed\u0161en\u00edm 2&nbsp;% hr\u00fabky materi\u00e1lu),\u00a0odpor\u00fa\u010da sa zosta\u0165 pod 80&nbsp;% maxim\u00e1lnej \u00farovne sivej, z&nbsp;d\u00f4vodu minimaliz\u00e1cie satur\u00e1cie a mo\u017en\u00e9ho vyp\u00e1lenia obrazu na paneli,\u00a0panel je potrebn\u00e9 zvoli\u0165 pod\u013ea konkr\u00e9tnej aplik\u00e1cie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kvalitu DDA detektora mo\u017eno pos\u00fadi\u0165 hlavne z&nbsp;poh\u013eadu degrad\u00e1cie jeho vlastnost\u00ed vplyvom radia\u010dnej d\u00e1vky. Ide najm\u00e4 o n\u00edzku hustotu a optim\u00e1lne rozdelenie nefunk\u010dn\u00fdch pixelov, ktor\u00fdch po\u010det narast\u00e1 s&nbsp;ka\u017ed\u00fdm o\u017eiaren\u00edm panela.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hlavn\u00fdmi nev\u00fdhodami DR s\u00fa vysok\u00e1 obstar\u00e1vacia cena DDR panela a\u00a0jeho neohybnos\u0165.\u00a0 Pr\u00edklad sk\u00fa\u0161ania potrub\u00ed DDA detektorom je na obr. 5.17.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-17 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image109.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[rt]\" data-title=\"image109.\" title=\"image109.\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image109-600x315.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1777\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image109-200x105.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image109-400x210.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image109-600x315.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image109-800x420.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image109.png 998w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-23\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5.17 Digit\u00e1lna r\u00e1diografia:<br \/>\na \u2013 sk\u00fa\u0161anie zvarov na potrubn\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch digit\u00e1lnou r\u00e1diografiou, b \u2013 v\u00fdsledky z&nbsp;kontroly digit\u00e1lnou r\u00e1diografiou [4]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00e1 r\u00e1diografia <\/strong>(CR) predstavuje digit\u00e1lny ekvivalent ku konven\u010dn\u00fdm RTG filmom. Film je v&nbsp;pr\u00edpade CR nahraden\u00fd ohybn\u00fdmi pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdmi plat\u0148ami, nazvan\u00fdmi IP platne (Imaging Plate), ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa r\u00fdchlu kontrolu a z\u00e1rove\u0148 digitaliz\u00e1ciu nasn\u00edman\u00fdch \u00fadajov.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">IP platne sa za\u010dali v&nbsp;NDT aplik\u00e1ci\u00e1ch pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 u\u017e pred 10 rokmi. Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa sa rovnako ako klasick\u00e9 RTG filmy, av\u0161ak n\u00e1sledne mus\u00ed by\u0165 obraz preveden\u00fd do digit\u00e1lnej formy pomocou laserov\u00e9ho skenera. CR vyu\u017e\u00edva na z\u00e1znam obrazu nieko\u013ekon\u00e1sobne pou\u017eite\u013en\u00e9 sn\u00edmacie platne. Tieto platne obsahuj\u00fa vrstvu luminoforu s&nbsp;pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdm efektom. Ak je t\u00e1to plat\u0148a vystaven\u00e1 ionizuj\u00facemu \u017eiareniu, elektr\u00f3ny vo vn\u00fatri luminoforu sa dostan\u00fa do vybuden\u00e9ho stavu a s\u00fa v&nbsp;polostabilnej polohe na vysokej energetickej hladine, plat\u0148a je potom skenovan\u00e1 laserov\u00fdm l\u00fa\u010dom. Energia laserov\u00e9ho l\u00fa\u010da uvo\u013en\u00ed uv\u00e4znen\u00e9 elektr\u00f3ny z&nbsp;pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch energetick\u00fdch hlad\u00edn, pri\u010dom sa uvo\u013enia fot\u00f3ny (modr\u00e9 svetlo vlnovej d\u013a\u017eky 390 nm). Tento proces sa naz\u00fdva fotoluminiscencia. Toto svetlo je zachyten\u00e9 a preveden\u00e9 do digit\u00e1lnej formy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Technol\u00f3gia CR pracuje v&nbsp;3-krokovom procese. V&nbsp;prvom kroku je pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e1 IP plat\u0148a (obr. 5.18) vystaven\u00e1 RTG alebo gama \u017eiareniu, ktor\u00e9 sp\u00f4sob\u00ed, \u017ee pri prechode vrstvou luminoforu na plat\u0148u sa ulo\u017e\u00ed obraz.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-18 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image111.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[rt]\" data-title=\"image111.\" title=\"image111.\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"324\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image111-800x324.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1778\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image111-200x81.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image111-400x162.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image111-600x243.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image111-800x324.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image111-1200x485.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image111.png 1219w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-24\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5.18 IP platne<br \/>\na) pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e9 IP platne, b) v\u00fdsledok kontroly obj\u00edmky na potrub\u00ed met\u00f3dou CR [2]<\/h6>\n<p>V druhom kroku sa pomocou laserov\u00e9ho skenera (obr. 5.19) IP plat\u0148a pre\u010d\u00edta.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-19 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image113.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[rt]\" data-title=\"image113.\" title=\"image113.\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"302\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image113-800x302.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1779\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image113-200x76.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image113-400x151.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image113-600x227.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image113-800x302.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image113.png 1180w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-25\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 5.19 Princ\u00edp CR<br \/>\na \u2013 sch\u00e9ma skenera IP platn\u00ed, b \u2013 skener [2]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Po\u010das \u010d\u00edtania IP platne v&nbsp;skeneri fokusovan\u00fd laserov\u00fd l\u00fa\u010d sp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a uvo\u013e\u0148ovanie ulo\u017een\u00fdch obrazov\u00fdch d\u00e1t vo forme vidite\u013en\u00e9ho svetla. Vy\u017earovan\u00e9 svetlo je zachyten\u00e9 a potom preveden\u00e9 do elektrick\u00fdch sign\u00e1lov, ktor\u00e9 sa digitalizuj\u00fa a nakoniec sa zobraz\u00ed z\u00e1znam ako digit\u00e1lny obraz na monitore po\u010d\u00edta\u010da.<br \/>\nV&nbsp;tre\u0165om kroku sa IP plat\u0148a pomocou zabudovanej \u010distiacej jednotky zma\u017ee a pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00e1 plat\u0148a je potom pripraven\u00e1 na \u010fal\u0161iu expoz\u00edciu. V&nbsp;technol\u00f3gii CR hraj\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa \u00falohu nielen IP platne (obr. 5.18), ale tie\u017e skener a jeho rozl\u00ed\u0161enie. Syst\u00e9my skenerov s&nbsp;vysok\u00fdm rozl\u00ed\u0161en\u00edm v&nbsp;s\u00fa\u010dasnosti dosahuj\u00fa rozl\u00ed\u0161enie 12,5 \u03bcm pri splnen\u00ed v\u0161etk\u00fdch podmienok na kvalitu obrazu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">CR prin\u00e1\u0161a oproti konven\u010dnej pre\u017earovacej met\u00f3de viacero v\u00fdhod, a to najm\u00e4:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>viacn\u00e1sobn\u00e9 pou\u017eitie jedn\u00e9ho m\u00e9dia (viac ako 1000\u00b4),<\/li>\n<li>mo\u017enos\u0165 oh\u00fdbania pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdch IP platn\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa tenk\u00e9 (podobne ako RTG film),<\/li>\n<li>skr\u00e1tenie \u010dasu potrebn\u00e9ho na pre\u017eiarenie o\u00a030&nbsp;% oproti klasickej pre\u017earovacej technike pri pou\u017eit\u00ed rovnakej pre\u017earovacej energie (vysok\u00e1 citlivos\u0165 pam\u00e4\u0165ov\u00fdch IP platn\u00ed),<\/li>\n<li>u\u013eah\u010denie vyhodnocovania v&nbsp;PC, softv\u00e9r poskytuje n\u00e1stroje na detailn\u00e9 presk\u00famanie a edit\u00e1ciu zosn\u00edman\u00e9ho obrazu,<\/li>\n<li>v\u00fdrazn\u00e9 zv\u00fd\u0161enie kvality obrazu v&nbsp;re\u00e1lnom \u010dase,<\/li>\n<li>kompatibilita so zobrazovac\u00edmi multiplik\u00e1tormi, sn\u00edmac\u00edmi panelov\u00fdmi detektormi a r\u00f6ntgenov\u00fdmi filmami,<\/li>\n<li>vyhodnotenie z\u00e1znamu z&nbsp;meranej s\u00fa\u010dasti na r\u00f4znych hr\u00fabkach bez pou\u017eitia viacn\u00e1sobn\u00fdch expoz\u00edci\u00ed,<\/li>\n<li>archiv\u00e1cia digit\u00e1lnych d\u00e1t,<\/li>\n<li>mal\u00fd prenosn\u00fd syst\u00e9m pre\u017earovania,<\/li>\n<li>ide\u00e1lna met\u00f3da pre nadstavbu existuj\u00facich r\u00f6ntgenov\u00fdch syst\u00e9mov pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v\u00a0priemysle [2].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pou\u017eitie digit\u00e1lnej a po\u010d\u00edta\u010dovej r\u00e1diografie v&nbsp;NDT prin\u00e1\u0161a ve\u013ea v\u00fdhod. Ka\u017ed\u00e1 z&nbsp;met\u00f3d m\u00e1 v\u0161ak svoje nedostatky, na ktor\u00e9 treba bra\u0165 oh\u013ead pri v\u00fdbere metodiky pre konkr\u00e9tnu aplik\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-26\"><h2>Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literat\u00fara<\/h2>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 KOPEC, B. a kol. 2008. Nedestruktivn\u00ed zkou\u0161en\u00ed materi\u00e1l\u016f a konstrukc\u00ed. Brno: Akademick\u00e9 nakladate\u013estvo CERM, 2008.&nbsp;571 s., ISBN 978-80-720459-1-4.<\/p>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 KO\u0147\u00c1R, R. \u2013 MI\u010cIAN, M. \u2013 FR\u00c1TRIK, M. 2025. Technol\u00f3gia zv\u00e1rania \u2013 N\u00e1vody na cvi\u010denia. \u017dilina: EDIS-vydavate\u013estvo UNIZA, 2025. ISBN 978-80-554-2199-5.<\/p>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 LEITNER, B. a kol. 2003. Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie materi\u00e1lov\u00a0v plyn\u00e1renstve. \u017dilina: EDIS, 2003. ISBN 80-8070-164-4.<\/p>\n<p>[4]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 LE\u017dD\u00cdK, V. \u2013 KO\u0147\u00c1R, R. \u2013 KORE\u0147OV\u00c1, N. 2020. Opravy plynovodn\u00fdch potrub\u00ed vykon\u00e1van\u00e9 technol\u00f3giou zv\u00e1rania. \u017dilina: In\u0161tit\u00fat kvality\u00a0a vzdel\u00e1vania, s. r. o., 2020. ISBN 978-80-96599-3-8.<\/p>\n<p>[5]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 HELLIER, CH., J. 2020. Handbook of Nondestructive Evaluation. McGraw Hill Professional, ISBN\u00a0 978-0071-7771-4-8.<\/p>\n<p>[6]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 https:\/\/kishorekaruppaswamy.wordpress.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2011\/10\/radiographic-interpretation.pdf<\/p>\n<p>[7]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 STN EN 17636-1: 2022. Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie zvarov. R\u00e1diografick\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161anie. \u010cas\u0165 1: Techniky r\u00f6ntgenov\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia a \u017eiarenia gama\u00a0s pou\u017eit\u00edm film.<\/p>\n<p>[8]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 STN EN 17636-2: 2024. Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie zvarov. R\u00e1diografick\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161anie. \u010cas\u0165 2: Techniky r\u00f6ntgenov\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia a \u017eiarenia gama\u00a0s pou\u017eit\u00edm digit\u00e1lnych detektorov.<\/p>\n<p>[9]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 STN EN 10675-1: 2021. Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie zvarov. \u00darovne pr\u00edpustnosti na z\u00e1klade sk\u00fa\u0161ania pre\u017earovan\u00edm. \u010cas\u0165 1: Ocele, nikel, tit\u00e1n a ich zliatiny.<\/p>\n<p>[10]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 STN EN ISO 10675-2: 2022. Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie zvarov. \u00darovne pr\u00edpustnosti na z\u00e1klade sk\u00fa\u0161ania pre\u017earovan\u00edm. \u010cas\u0165 2: Hlin\u00edk a zliatiny hlin\u00edka.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1919,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1410","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1410","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1410"}],"version-history":[{"count":15,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1410\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1849,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1410\/revisions\/1849"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1919"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1410"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}