{"id":1417,"date":"2026-01-08T09:42:21","date_gmt":"2026-01-08T08:42:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=1417"},"modified":"2026-01-10T20:46:05","modified_gmt":"2026-01-10T19:46:05","slug":"skusky-tesnosti","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=1417","title":{"rendered":"Sk\u00fa\u0161ky tesnosti"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tlakov\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161ky s\u00fa ur\u010den\u00e9 na pos\u00fadenie integrity (celistvosti a\u00a0mechanickej pevnosti) a tesnosti sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fdch objektov. Sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9 objekty musia by\u0165 po\u010das sk\u00fa\u0161ky hermeticky uzavret\u00e9 tak, aby bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u00a0sk\u00fa\u0161obnom objekte dosiahnu\u0165 po\u017eadovan\u00fd pretlak sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9ho m\u00e9dia po\u010das sk\u00fa\u0161ky. Hodnotenie pevnosti a\u00a0tesnosti sa pos\u00fadi na z\u00e1klade poklesu sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9ho tlaku. Tlakov\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161ky sa rozde\u013euj\u00fa na:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>sk\u00fa\u0161ku pevnosti,<\/li>\n<li>sk\u00fa\u0161ku tesnosti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sk\u00fa\u0161ka pevnosti<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sk\u00fa\u0161ka pevnosti je definovan\u00e1 ako sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e1 met\u00f3da, ktorou sa overuje splnenie po\u017eiadaviek na mechanick\u00fa pevnos\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fdch zariaden\u00ed.\u00a0Sk\u00fa\u0161ka sa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie vykon\u00e1va vodou, vzduchom alebo inertn\u00fdm plynom, pod\u013ea po\u017eiadaviek na dan\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9 zariadenie. Zariadenie sa pln\u00ed pretlakom sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9ho m\u00e9dia na po\u017eadovan\u00fa \u00farove\u0148, ktor\u00e1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou prekra\u010duje maxim\u00e1lny prev\u00e1dzkov\u00fd tlak (MTP) zariadenia. Po dosiahnut\u00ed stanovenej hodnoty sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9ho tlaku sa sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9 zariadenie mus\u00ed odpoji\u0165 od zdroja tlaku. Pred tlakovou sk\u00fa\u0161kou je potrebn\u00e9 ust\u00e1li\u0165 tlak a\u00a0vyrovna\u0165 teplotu v&nbsp;zariaden\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u010cas trvania tlakovej sk\u00fa\u0161ky ur\u010duje legislat\u00edva k\u00a0dan\u00e9mu zariadeniu a je z\u00e1visl\u00fd od objemu sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho zariadenia. Sk\u00fa\u0161ka pevnosti je vyhovuj\u00faca, ak \u00a0v priebehu tlakovej pevnostnej sk\u00fa\u0161ky nedo\u0161lo k\u00a0po\u0161kodeniu, deform\u00e1cii s\u00fa\u010dast\u00ed zariadenia alebo jeho spojov. Kontrola po\u0161kodenia sa vykon\u00e1va naj\u010dastej\u0161ie vizu\u00e1lne. Po vyhovuj\u00facej sk\u00fa\u0161ke pevnosti nasleduje sk\u00fa\u0161ka tesnosti.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sk\u00fa\u0161ka tesnosti<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sk\u00fa\u0161ky tesnosti zara\u010fujeme medzi \u0161peci\u00e1lne NDT techniky, ktor\u00fdmi je pri spr\u00e1vnej aplik\u00e1cii sk\u00fa\u0161ok mo\u017en\u00e9 pos\u00fadi\u0165 netesnos\u0165 uzavret\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu a identifikova\u0165 \u00faniky pracovn\u00e9ho m\u00e9dia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Geometrick\u00e9 rozmery netesnosti s\u00fa \u010dasto tak\u00e9 mal\u00e9, \u017ee nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 ich odhali\u0165 ani vizu\u00e1lne, ani in\u00fdmi NDT technikami, ako kapil\u00e1rna, magnetick\u00e1 a ultrazvukov\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Netesnos\u0165 m\u00f4\u017eeme charakterizova\u0165 ako ak\u00e9ko\u013evek ne\u017eiaduce prepojenie medzi izolovan\u00fdmi \u010das\u0165ami syst\u00e9mu alebo medzi dvoma syst\u00e9mami (obr. 6.1). Podozrenie na netesnos\u0165 nast\u00e1va pri nezvy\u010dajnom spr\u00e1van\u00ed syst\u00e9mu, ako s\u00fa strata tlaku, kontamin\u00e1cia prostredia alebo zn\u00ed\u017eenie \u00fa\u010dinnosti procesu. \u00danik m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 v\u00fdsledkom necelistvost\u00ed v\u00a0materi\u00e1li, vo zvarov\u00fdch spojoch \u00a0a\u00a0v mechanick\u00fdch spojov ako pr\u00edruby, z\u00e1vitov\u00e9 spoje a\u00a0pod.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-1 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image001-1.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[lt]\" data-title=\"image001\" title=\"image001\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image001-1-600x315.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1425\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image001-1-200x105.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image001-1-400x210.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image001-1-600x315.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image001-1.png 681w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 6.1 Materi\u00e1l s&nbsp;netesnos\u0165ou<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na vysvetlenie t\u00e9my tesnosti je potrebn\u00e9 netesnos\u0165 geometricky idealizova\u0165. Netesnos\u0165 je mo\u017en\u00e9 pova\u017eova\u0165 za kapil\u00e1ru kruhov\u00e9ho prierezu s\u00a0rovnak\u00fdm priemerom po celej jej d\u013a\u017eke. Plyn pr\u00fadi kapil\u00e1rou s\u00a0priemerom fD a\u00a0d\u013a\u017ekou L\u00a0 z&nbsp;priestoru s\u00a0v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edm tlakom p<sub>1<\/sub>\u00a0do priestoru \u00a0s\u00a0men\u0161\u00edm tlakom p<sub>2<\/sub>. Pod\u013ea ve\u013ekosti tlaku a\u00a0priemeru kapil\u00e1ry m\u00f4\u017eu v\u00a0kapil\u00e1re nasta\u0165 \u0161tyri typy pr\u00fadenia. Rovnako m\u00f4\u017ee nasta\u0165 pr\u00edpad, \u017ee sa bude pr\u00fadenie po d\u013a\u017eke kapil\u00e1ry meni\u0165. Pre plyny pozn\u00e1me \u0161tyri druhy pr\u00fadenia, a\u00a0to pr\u00fadenie turbulentn\u00e9, lamin\u00e1rne (visk\u00f3zne), prechodov\u00e9 a\u00a0molekul\u00e1rne. Pri ka\u017edom type pr\u00fadenia je pri rovnakom rozdiele tlakov in\u00e9 prietokov\u00e9 mno\u017estvo plynu, \u010do ovplyv\u0148uje ve\u013ekos\u0165 netesnosti syst\u00e9mu. Pri ka\u017edom type pr\u00fadenia maj\u00fa v\u00fdrazn\u00fd vplyv na tesnos\u0165 in\u00e9 parametre. Ak sa pozrieme na vplyv jednotliv\u00fdch parametrov z\u00a0v\u00fdpo\u010dtov\u00fdch vzorcov pre jednotliv\u00e9 typy pr\u00fadenia, tak vplyv parametrov \u00a0na pr\u00fadenie je nasleduj\u00faci [1]:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri turbulentnom pr\u00faden\u00ed je ur\u010duj\u00faci rozdiel tlakov a\u00a0hustota plynu. Vplyv viskozity a\u00a0molekulovej hmotnosti je minim\u00e1lny. Toto pr\u00fadenie sa v\u00a0oblasti tesnosti vyskytuje iba pri ve\u013ek\u00fdch netesnostiach, ktor\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 detegova\u0165 ultrazvukovou met\u00f3dou merania tesnosti [2].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri lamin\u00e1rnom pr\u00faden\u00ed s\u00fa charakteristick\u00fdmi veli\u010dinami \u0161tvrt\u00e1 mocnina priemeru netesnosti a\u00a0druh\u00e1 mocnina tlaku. D\u013a\u017eka netesnosti a\u00a0dynamick\u00e1 viskozita maj\u00fa na netesnos\u0165 iba line\u00e1rny vplyv. Lamin\u00e1rne pr\u00fadenie je charakteristick\u00e9 pre stredne ve\u013ek\u00e9 netesnosti [2, 3].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri molekul\u00e1rnom pr\u00faden\u00ed nem\u00e1 viskozita \u017eiaden vplyv a\u00a0vplyv tlaku je iba line\u00e1rny. Vplyv na netesnos\u0165 m\u00e1 teplota a\u00a0molekulov\u00e1 hmotnos\u0165. Molekul\u00e1rne pr\u00fadenie sa vyskytuje obvykle pri mal\u00fdch netesnostiach, ktor\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 identifikova\u0165 stopovac\u00edm plynom h\u00e9liom. Pri netesnostiach s\u00a0molekul\u00e1rnym pr\u00faden\u00edm je zauj\u00edmav\u00e9, \u017ee dok\u00e1\u017eu s\u00fa\u010dasne vies\u0165 dva r\u00f4zne plyny r\u00f4znym smerom. Pri molekul\u00e1rnom pr\u00faden\u00ed v\u00a0netesnosti na n\u00e1dobe naplnenej h\u00e9liom unik\u00e1 h\u00e9lium a\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasne dovn\u00fatra vnikaj\u00fa zlo\u017eky vzduchu, ka\u017ed\u00e1 svojou parci\u00e1lnou r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou [1].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Prechodov\u00e9 pr\u00fadenie sa nach\u00e1dza v\u00a0\u00fazkom intervale medzi pr\u00faden\u00edm visk\u00f3znym a\u00a0molekul\u00e1rnym. Pri tomto pr\u00faden\u00ed sa vyskytuje pr\u00fadenie lamin\u00e1rne a\u00a0molekulov\u00e9. Pri zmen\u0161uj\u00facom sa podiele lamin\u00e1rneho pr\u00fadenia sa zosil\u0148uje molekul\u00e1rne pr\u00fadenie.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Preto\u017ee pri sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00ed tesnosti je relat\u00edvne \u0161irok\u00fd interval mo\u017en\u00fdch neist\u00f4t \u00a0a nepresnost\u00ed, je mo\u017en\u00e9 ur\u010dit\u00e9 nedostatky pri prepo\u010dtoch tolerova\u0165. \u00a0Na praktick\u00fa aplik\u00e1ciu s\u00fa v\u00fdsledky posta\u010duj\u00face. Mus\u00edme v\u0161ak ma\u0165 na pam\u00e4t\u00ed, \u00a0\u017ee re\u00e1lna netesnos\u0165 sa v\u00fdrazne odli\u0161uje od idealizovan\u00e9ho stavu pri v\u00fdpo\u010dte.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V praxi sa za netesnos\u0165 pova\u017euje s\u00fastava kapil\u00e1r a\u00a0dut\u00edn sp\u00e1jaj\u00facich obe strany steny sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho objektu (obr. 6.1). Je to v&nbsp;podstate nedokonalos\u0165 \u013eubovo\u013en\u00e9ho pevn\u00e9ho rozhrania (steny), ktor\u00e1 pri trvalom rozdiele tlakov (tlakovom sp\u00e1de) medzi stenami rozhrania umo\u017e\u0148uje \u010diasto\u010dn\u00fd prienik plynov, p\u00e1r a kvapal\u00edn. Netesnos\u0165 je teda chyba, ktor\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje \u00fanik m\u00e9dia \u00a0zo syst\u00e9mu a zhor\u0161uje tesnos\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho objektu. Ve\u013ekos\u0165 \u00faniku je definovan\u00e1 ako q<sub>n<\/sub>\u00a0[Pa\u00d7m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00d7s<sup>-1<\/sup>] \u2013 pr\u00fad \u0161pecifickej tekutiny, ktor\u00e1 prejde netesnos\u0165ou \u00a0za \u0161pecifick\u00fdch podmienok. Ak by teda v\u00a0n\u00e1dobe s&nbsp;objemom\u00a0 1&nbsp;m<sup>3<\/sup> klesol tlak o\u00a01\u00a0Pa za 1 s, m\u00f4\u017eeme poveda\u0165, \u017ee ide o\u00a0\u00fanik 1 Pa\u00d7m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00d7s<sup>-1<\/sup> [4].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tesnos\u0165 objektu sa obvykle ur\u010duje na z\u00e1klade merania ve\u013ekosti \u00faniku plynu. \u00a0Na obr. 6.2 s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 pr\u00edklady pre niektor\u00e9 druhy tesnosti. Tesnos\u0165 je teda krit\u00e9rium, ktor\u00e9 po\u017eadujeme a sme ho schopn\u00ed zmera\u0165.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-2 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image003-1.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[lt]\" data-title=\"image003\" title=\"image003\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"218\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image003-1-600x218.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1426\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image003-1-200x73.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image003-1-400x146.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image003-1-600x218.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image003-1-800x291.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image003-1-1200x437.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image003-1.png 1399w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 6.2 Po\u017eiadavky na tesnos\u0165 pod\u013ea prev\u00e1dzkov\u00e9ho m\u00e9dia [4]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00fd vz\u0165ah pre netesnos\u0165, vych\u00e1dzaj\u00faci zo stavov\u00fdch veli\u010d\u00edn vyjadren\u00fd v&nbsp;absol\u00fatnych jednotk\u00e1ch pre plynn\u00fd stav hmoty, je:<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1427 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image005-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"210\" height=\"38\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image005-1-200x36.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image005-1.png 210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 210px) 100vw, 210px\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; text-align: right;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">(6.1)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>q<sub>n<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0[Pa\u00d7m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00d7s<sup>-1<\/sup>]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 netesnos\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho objektu,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>p<sub>abs0<\/sub><\/em> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [Pa]\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u2013 absol\u00fatny tlak na za\u010diatku merania,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>p<sub>absk<\/sub><\/em> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [Pa]\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u2013 absol\u00fatny tlak na konci merania,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>t<sub>0<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0[s]\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2013 \u010das za\u010diatku merania,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>t<sub>k<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0[s]\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2013 \u010das konca merania,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>V<sub>SO<\/sub><\/em> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [m3]\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0\u2013 objem sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho objektu,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>T<sub>SO<\/sub><\/em> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [\u00b0C]\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u2013 teplota sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho objektu [6].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Netesnos\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho objektu pre dan\u00fd objem V<em><sub>SO<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0 je vyjadren\u00e1 zmenou tlaku Dp po\u010das \u010dasu merania Dt. Uveden\u00fd vz\u0165ah predpoklad\u00e1 kon\u0161tantn\u00fa teplotu T<em><sub>SO<\/sub><\/em>. Na dosiahnutie \u010do najpresnej\u0161\u00edch v\u00fdsledkov mus\u00edme zmenu tlaku po\u010das merania korigova\u0165 o zmenu teploty. Vypl\u00fdva to zo stavovej rovnice plynu pre kon\u0161tantn\u00fd objem (Charlesov z\u00e1kon). Ten hovor\u00ed, \u017ee absol\u00fatny tlak plynu v&nbsp;uzavretom priestore je pri kon\u0161tantnom objeme plynu priamo \u00famern\u00fd termodynamickej teplote.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1428 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image007.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"112\" height=\"35\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; text-align: right;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">(6.2)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Korekcia sa aplikuje na koncov\u00fa hodnotu tlaku. Upraven\u00fd vz\u0165ah je nasleduj\u00faci:<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; height: 24px;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-1429 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image009-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"351\" height=\"34\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image009-1-200x19.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image009-1-300x29.png 300w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image009-1.png 351w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 351px) 100vw, 351px\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; height: 24px; text-align: right;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">(6.3)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>p<sub>bar 0<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [Pa]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 barometrick\u00fd tlak na za\u010diatku merania,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>p<sub>man 0<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [Pa]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 manometrick\u00fd tlak na za\u010diatku merania,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>p<sub>bar k<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [Pa]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 barometrick\u00fd tlak na konci merania,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>p<sub>man k<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [Pa]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 manometrick\u00fd tlak na konci merania,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>T<sub>0<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [s]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 teplota sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9ho plynu v&nbsp;n\u00e1dr\u017ei na za\u010diatku merania,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>T<sub>k<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [s]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 teplota sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9ho plynu v\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017ei na konci merania,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>V<sub>SO<\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [m<sup>3<\/sup>]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 objem sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho objektu [2].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z uveden\u00e9ho vz\u0165ahu vypl\u00fdva, \u017ee na spr\u00e1vne meranie tesnosti uzavret\u00fdch s\u00fastav na z\u00e1klade merania poklesu tlaku mus\u00edme ma\u0165 k\u00a0dispoz\u00edcii minim\u00e1lne pr\u00edstrojov\u00e9 vybavenie, a\u00a0to manometer (meranie tlaku v&nbsp;s\u00fastave), barometer (meranie barometrick\u00e9ho tlaku), teplomer a\u00a0stopky na meranie \u010dasu. Pre stanovenie pr\u00edpustnosti \u010di nepr\u00edpustnosti netesnosti je rozhoduj\u00face prete\u010den\u00e9 mno\u017estvo m\u00e9dia za jednotku \u010dasu. Zmeran\u00e1 hodnota netesnosti sa porovn\u00e1 \u00a0s dovolenou kriteri\u00e1lnou hodnotou netesnosti. Ak nie je splnen\u00e1 kriteri\u00e1lna hodnota tesnosti, je potrebn\u00e1 lokaliz\u00e1cia netesnosti, jej n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 odstr\u00e1nenie a\u00a0vykonanie nov\u00e9ho merania tesnosti. Stanovenie kriteri\u00e1lnej hodnoty tesnosti je ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm krokom, preto\u017ee pri nespr\u00e1vnom stanoven\u00ed tejto hodnoty m\u00f4\u017ee nasta\u0165 pr\u00edpad, ke\u010f je odstr\u00e1nenie v\u0161etk\u00fdch netesnost\u00ed ne\u00fanosn\u00e9 a\u00a0tie\u017e aj nemo\u017en\u00e9 a v\u00fdsledok je ne\u00famern\u00fd vynalo\u017eenej n\u00e1mahe.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na hodnotu netesnosti plynov\u00fdch s\u00fastav v\u00fdrazne vpl\u00fdva aj tvar defektu, druh m\u00e9dia a\u00a0prietok plynu. Defekt, ktor\u00fd sp\u00f4sobuje netesnos\u0165, vpl\u00fdva na hodnotu netesnosti nielen svojou geometriou, ale aj drsnos\u0165ou povrchu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u010co sa t\u00fdka vplyvu druhu m\u00e9dia, tu maj\u00fa v\u00fdrazn\u00fd vplyv najm\u00e4 fyzik\u00e1lne vlastnosti ako viskozita, relat\u00edvna molekulov\u00e1 hmotnos\u0165, hustota a\u00a0rozdiel tlakov medzi testovan\u00fdm objektom a\u00a0okol\u00edm.\u00a0 Napr\u00edklad pri rovnak\u00fdch okolit\u00fdch podmienkach pr\u00fadi h\u00e9lium cez otvor 2,7\u00b4 r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie ako vzduch, preto je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 pri stanoven\u00ed netesnosti bra\u0165 do \u00favahy druh m\u00e9dia, pri ktorom bola netesnos\u0165 stanoven\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na meran\u00fa netesnos\u0165 vpl\u00fdva tie\u017e prietok plynu cez potrubie alebo otvory. Prietok je z\u00e1visl\u00fd od vlastnost\u00ed plynu, charakterist\u00edk steny n\u00e1dr\u017ee a tlaku. Meniace sa parametre prietoku v\u00a0potrub\u00ed sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa zmenu charakteru pr\u00fadenia. Charakter pr\u00fadenia nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 v\u00a0praxi presne ur\u010di\u0165.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Integr\u00e1lne a lok\u00e1lne sk\u00fa\u0161ky tesnosti<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pod\u013ea toho, \u010di vykon\u00e1vame sk\u00fa\u0161ky na konkr\u00e9tnom mieste kontrolovanej s\u00fastavy, alebo na celom syst\u00e9me, del\u00edme sk\u00fa\u0161ky tesnosti na:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>lok\u00e1lne,<\/li>\n<li>integr\u00e1lne.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lok\u00e1lna sk\u00fa\u0161ka netesnosti sa pou\u017e\u00edva na lokaliz\u00e1ciu miestnej netesnosti. Lok\u00e1lna netesnos\u0165 predstavuje presn\u00e9 miesto \u00faniku sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9ho m\u00e9dia z\u00a0kontrolovan\u00e9ho objektu bez oh\u013eadu na jej ve\u013ekos\u0165 a\u00a0ostatn\u00e9 netesnosti. Lok\u00e1lne met\u00f3dy sa vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na \u00fa\u010dely opr\u00e1v. Lok\u00e1lnu sk\u00fa\u0161ku tesnosti je mo\u017en\u00e9 vykona\u0165 po \u010dastiach, teda postupne.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Integr\u00e1lna sk\u00fa\u0161ka tesnosti sa pou\u017e\u00edva na celkov\u00e9 pos\u00fadenie sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho objektu z\u00a0poh\u013eadu tesnosti, pri\u010dom sa neberie oh\u013ead na lokaliz\u00e1ciu netesnost\u00ed a\u00a0ani \u00a0na ich ve\u013ekos\u0165. Rozhoduj\u00faca je v\u00a0tomto pr\u00edpade merania tesnosti celkov\u00e1 miera netesnosti cel\u00e9ho sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Sk\u00fa\u0161a sa cel\u00fd syst\u00e9m s\u00fa\u010dasne.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Do z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch lok\u00e1lnych sk\u00fa\u0161ok tesnost\u00ed patria:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><strong>Akustick\u00e9 met\u00f3dy<\/strong> \u2013 pokia\u013e je mo\u017en\u00e9 dosiahnu\u0165 dostato\u010dn\u00fa v\u00fdtokov\u00fa r\u00fdchlos\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9ho plynu, tak \u00fanik plynu za\u010dne generova\u0165 ultrazvukov\u00e9 vlnenie nad , ktor\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 zachyti\u0165 \u0161peci\u00e1lnym mikrof\u00f3nom a\u00a0pomocou zvukovodn\u00e9ho nadstavca doh\u013eada\u0165 presn\u00e9 miesto chyby. T\u00e1to met\u00f3da je vhodn\u00e1 pre parn\u00e9 a\u00a0plynov\u00e9 potrubia, armat\u00fary, pr\u00edrubov\u00e9 spoje.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Penetra\u010dn\u00e9 met\u00f3dy<\/strong> \u2013 aplik\u00e1ciou penetrantu na jednej strane sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho objektu a\u00a0v\u00fdvojky na druhej strane objektu vytvor\u00edme podmienky na vzl\u00ednanie farebn\u00e9ho alebo fluorescen\u010dn\u00e9ho penetrantu. Netesnos\u0165 sa prejav\u00ed pr\u00edtomnos\u0165ou penetrantu na starne v\u00fdvojky. Penetra\u010dn\u00e9 met\u00f3dy s\u00fa vhodn\u00e9 na sk\u00fa\u0161anie tesnosti ve\u013ek\u00fdch netlakov\u00fdch a\u00a0otvoren\u00fdch n\u00e1dob a\u00a0n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kalorimetrick\u00e1<\/strong> <strong>met\u00f3da <\/strong>\u2013 na sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9 spoje sa nanesie biela farba obsahuj\u00faca \u010dinidlo, ktor\u00e9 zmen\u00ed farbu pri chemickej reakcii so z\u00e1sadit\u00fdm prostred\u00edm. Sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 sa napln\u00ed amoniakom na ur\u010dit\u00fd tlak. Prienik amoniaku netesnos\u0165ou do bielej farby s\u00a0\u010dinidlom vyvol\u00e1 chemick\u00fa reakciu, ktor\u00e1 sa prejav\u00ed farebn\u00fdmi \u0161kvrnami na bielej podkladovej farbe.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bublinkov\u00e1 met\u00f3da<\/strong> \u2013 zvidite\u013e\u0148uje miesto \u00faniku plynu tvorbou bubliniek. Ako detek\u010dn\u00fd prostriedok sl\u00fa\u017ei voda alebo penotvorn\u00fd roztok.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Met\u00f3dy s\u00a0aplik\u00e1ciou sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9ho plynu<\/strong> \u2013 identifikuj\u00fa miesto \u00faniku alebo vniku sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9ho plynu zaznamenan\u00edm sign\u00e1lu na detektore pr\u00edslu\u0161nej l\u00e1tky, ktor\u00fa obsahuje sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9 m\u00e9dium. Ako sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00fd plyn je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 ak\u00fdko\u013evek plyn, pre ktor\u00fd existuje detektor. Tieto met\u00f3dy maj\u00fa najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed rozsah aplik\u00e1cie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed niektor\u00fdch sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00fdch met\u00f3d je mo\u017en\u00e9 s\u00fa\u010dasne h\u013eada\u0165 netesnos\u0165 a\u00a0tie\u017e mera\u0165 jej ve\u013ekos\u0165. V\u0161eobecne je to mo\u017en\u00e9 pri met\u00f3dach h\u00e9liov\u00fdch. Pri ostatn\u00fdch lok\u00e1lnych met\u00f3dach je to mo\u017en\u00e9 iba pribli\u017ene, a\u00a0to spo\u010d\u00edtan\u00edm po\u010dtu identifikovan\u00fdch ch\u00fdb s\u00a0prihliadnut\u00edm na citlivos\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161ky. Pokia\u013e je v\u0161ak na sk\u00fa\u0161anom objekte iba jedno miesto netesnosti, je mo\u017en\u00e9 zmera\u0165 a\u00a0lokalizova\u0165 netesnos\u0165 takmer v\u0161etk\u00fdmi met\u00f3dami.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>Tab. 6.1 Hodnoty meranej netesnosti pre vybran\u00e9 met\u00f3dy [7]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-1\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; height: 240px;\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<th style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 98.0017%;\" colspan=\"12\" align=\"left\"><strong>Hodnota netesnosti [Pa.m<sup>3<\/sup>.s<sup>-1<\/sup>]<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 8.16681%;\" width=\"38\">1.10<sup>-1<\/sup><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.16681%;\" width=\"38\">1.10<sup>-2<\/sup><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.16681%;\" width=\"38\">1.10<sup>-3<\/sup><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.16681%;\" width=\"38\">1.10<sup>-4<\/sup><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.16681%;\" width=\"38\">1.10<sup>-5<\/sup><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.16681%;\" width=\"43\">1.10<sup>-6<\/sup><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.16681%;\" width=\"43\">1.10<sup>-7<\/sup><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.16681%;\" width=\"43\">1.10<sup>-8<\/sup><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.16681%;\" width=\"43\">1.10<sup>-9<\/sup><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.16681%;\" width=\"46\">1.10<sup>-10<\/sup><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.16681%;\" width=\"46\">1.10<sup>-11<\/sup><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 8.16681%;\" width=\"41\">1.10<sup>-12<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\">UZ<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\">penetra\u010dn\u00e1 sk\u00fa\u0161ka<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\">meranie zmien tlaku<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\">bublinkov\u00e1 sk\u00fa\u0161ka<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" colspan=\"7\" align=\"left\">\u010duchacia h\u00e9liov\u00e1 sk\u00fa\u0161ka<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" colspan=\"6\" align=\"left\">v\u00e1kuov\u00e1 h\u00e9liov\u00e1 sk\u00fa\u0161ka<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" colspan=\"8\" align=\"left\">sk\u00fa\u0161ka tesnosti s&nbsp;meran\u00edm \u00faniku radi\u00e1cie<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" colspan=\"5\" align=\"left\">met\u00f3da termografick\u00e1<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; text-align: center; width: 8.16681%;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Medzi integr\u00e1lne sk\u00fa\u0161ky tesnosti patr\u00ed <strong>met\u00f3da merania celkovej zmeny tlaku<\/strong>, ke\u010f sa za ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010das vypo\u010d\u00edta netesnos\u0165, ale bez lokaliz\u00e1cie jej polohy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Rozdelenie met\u00f3d na stanovenie netesnosti a\u00a0ich dosahovan\u00fa citlivos\u0165 uv\u00e1dza norma STN EN ISO 1779.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vybran\u00e9 lok\u00e1lne met\u00f3dy merania netesnosti<\/h2>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>met\u00f3da \u010duchacia;<\/li>\n<li>met\u00f3dy akustickej a\u00a0ultrazvukovej diagnostiky;<\/li>\n<li>met\u00f3da termov\u00edznej diagnostiky;<\/li>\n<li>laserov\u00e1 technol\u00f3gia;<\/li>\n<li>vyh\u013ead\u00e1vanie netesnost\u00ed pomocou stopovacieho plynu;<\/li>\n<li>elektroiskrov\u00e1 met\u00f3da.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Met\u00f3da \u010duchacia<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u010cuchacie pr\u00edstroje vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa sondy, cez ktor\u00e9 vnik\u00e1 vzduch k\u00a0meraciemu senzoru. Z\u00a0d\u00f4vodu r\u00fdchlej\u0161ej reakcie s\u00fa niektor\u00e9 pr\u00edstroje vybaven\u00e9 \u010derpadlom na nas\u00e1vanie vzduchu. Dnes sa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa pr\u00edstroje s\u00a0polovodi\u010dov\u00fdm senzorom, pri\u00a0ktor\u00fdch je plyn absorbovan\u00fd na povrch senzora, \u010d\u00edm sa men\u00ed jeho odpor [2, 6]. Pr\u00edklady merania \u00fanikov zemn\u00e9ho plynu \u010duchac\u00edm detek\u010dn\u00fdm pr\u00edstrojom s\u00fa na obr. 6.3.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-3 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu-1.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[lt]\" data-title=\"Bez n\u00e1zvu\" title=\"Bez n\u00e1zvu\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"192\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu-1-600x192.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1473\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu-1-200x64.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu-1-400x128.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu-1-600x192.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu-1-800x256.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu-1-1200x384.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu-1.jpg 1530w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 6.3 Pr\u00edklady merania \u00fanikov zemn\u00e9ho plynu \u010duchac\u00edm detek\u010dn\u00fdm pr\u00edstrojom a \u2013 ru\u010dn\u00e9 lok\u00e1lne sk\u00fa\u0161anie, b \u2013 sk\u00fa\u0161anie pomocou ru\u010dn\u00fdch voz\u00edkov, c \u2013 meracie vozidlo s\u00a0\u010duchac\u00edm zariaden\u00edm [6]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Polovodi\u010dov\u00e9 senzory deteguj\u00fa \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum plynov, a\u00a0to pri n\u00edzkych aj vysok\u00fdch koncentr\u00e1ci\u00e1ch. D\u00f4le\u017eitou vlastnos\u0165ou je aj ich dlh\u00e1 \u017eivotnos\u0165. Nev\u00fdhodou je v\u0161ak ich citlivos\u0165 na\u00a0interferenciu s\u00a0ostatn\u00fdmi plynmi, n\u00e1sledkom \u010doho\u00a0m\u00f4\u017ee d\u00f4js\u0165 k\u00a0falo\u0161n\u00e9mu poplachu. Tento probl\u00e9m je mo\u017en\u00e9 odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 pou\u017eit\u00edm vhodn\u00e9ho filtra. Kontrolu zariaden\u00ed ulo\u017een\u00fdch v\u00a0zemi, napr. plynovodov, mo\u017eno vykona\u0165 poch\u00f4dzkou po trase, za pou\u017eitia pr\u00edstroja s\u00a0vysokou citlivos\u0165ou a\u00a0kr\u00e1tkou \u010dasovou odozvou alebo merac\u00edm vozidlom vybaven\u00fdm detek\u010dnou technikou [2, 6].<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Met\u00f3da bublinkov\u00e1<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bublinkov\u00fa met\u00f3du je mo\u017en\u00e9 vyu\u017ei\u0165 ako pretlakov\u00fa, tak aj v\u00e1kuov\u00fa. Pretlakovou bublinkovou met\u00f3dou sa identifikuj\u00fa netesnosti r\u00e1dovo 10<sup>-4<\/sup> a\u017e 10<sup>-6<\/sup> Pa\u00d7m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00d7s<sup>-1<\/sup>. Jej pou\u017eit\u00edm sa zis\u0165uj\u00fa lok\u00e1lne poruchy zvarov alebo rozoberate\u013en\u00fdch spojov (pr\u00edrub), pri\u010dom celkov\u00e9 \u00faniky sa\u00a0stanovia inou met\u00f3dou (napr. poklesom tlaku). Sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fd predmet sa natlakuje \u00a0na po\u017eadovan\u00fd sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00fd tlak. Na spoje sa po natlakovan\u00ed nanesie z&nbsp;vonkaj\u0161ej strany vhodn\u00fd indika\u010dn\u00fd roztok. Na netesn\u00fdch miestach sa vytvoria v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie \u010di men\u0161ie bubliny. Vzniknut\u00e9 bubliny ozna\u010duj\u00fa netesn\u00e9 miesta (obr. 6.4). Citlivos\u0165 metodiky z\u00e1vis\u00ed od pou\u017eit\u00e9ho roztoku, povrchov\u00e9ho nap\u00e4tia a\u00a0viskozity [2, 6].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-4 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu2-1.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[lt]\" data-title=\"Bez n\u00e1zvu2\" title=\"Bez n\u00e1zvu2\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"265\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu2-1-600x265.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1476\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu2-1-200x88.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu2-1-400x176.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu2-1-600x265.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu2-1.jpg 723w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 6.4 Pr\u00edklad netesn\u00fdch spojov indikovan\u00fdch bublinkovou pretlakovou met\u00f3dou<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Met\u00f3da bublinkov\u00e1 v\u00e1kuov\u00e1 je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na zn\u00ed\u017een\u00ed tlaku v\u00a0sk\u00fa\u0161anom objekte na sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9 v\u00e1kuum. N\u00e1sledne sa zdroj v\u00e1kua odpoj\u00ed a po ur\u010dit\u00fd \u010das sa meria n\u00e1rast tlaku. Pokia\u013e je objekt netesn\u00fd, vnik\u00e1 do neho vzduch z&nbsp;okolitej atmosf\u00e9ry a v\u00e1kuum sa zni\u017euje \u00famerne s&nbsp;ve\u013ekos\u0165ou netesnosti. Podmienkou met\u00f3dy je dostato\u010dn\u00e1 tvarov\u00e1 stabilita objektu, ktor\u00fd mus\u00ed odola\u0165 vonkaj\u0161iemu barometrick\u00e9mu tlaku. Sl\u00fa\u017ei na lokaliz\u00e1ciu netesnost\u00ed s\u00a0citlivos\u0165ou 10<sup>-4<\/sup> Pa\u00d7m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00d7s<sup>-1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Met\u00f3da bublinkov\u00e1 v\u00e1kuov\u00e1 s\u00a0penotvorn\u00fdm roztokom sa vyu\u017e\u00edva na lok\u00e1lnu kontrolu, ke\u010f nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fd objekt natlakova\u0165 na sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00fd tlak. Kontrolovan\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 sa natrie vhodn\u00fdm indika\u010dn\u00fdm penotvorn\u00fdm roztokom, prilo\u017e\u00ed sa v\u00e1kuov\u00e1 kom\u00f4rka (obr. 6.5) a\u00a0pomocou v\u00fdvevy sa v&nbsp;nej vytvor\u00ed sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9 v\u00e1kuum. Na netesn\u00fdch miestach zvarov vznikaj\u00fa bubliny, ktor\u00e9 sa sleduj\u00fa cez priezor v\u00e1kuovej kom\u00f4rky. V\u00a0pr\u00edpade \u010dlenit\u00e9ho povrchu vy\u017eaduje met\u00f3da ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo pr\u00edpravkov \u0161pecifick\u00fdch pre konkr\u00e9tne kontrolovan\u00e9 miesto.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-5 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu3-1.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[lt]\" data-title=\"Bez n\u00e1zvu3\" title=\"Bez n\u00e1zvu3\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"397\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu3-1-600x397.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1477\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu3-1-200x132.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu3-1-400x265.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu3-1-600x397.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu3-1-800x529.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu3-1.jpg 834w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 6.5 V\u00e1kuov\u00e9 kom\u00f4rky a \u2013 na sk\u00fa\u0161anie tup\u00fdch zvarov, b \u2013 na sk\u00fa\u0161anie k\u00fatov\u00fdch zvarov, c \u2013 kom\u00f4rky s\u00a0v\u00fdvevou, d \u2013 indik\u00e1cia [6]<\/h6>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Akustick\u00e1 a ultrazvukov\u00e1 diagnostika<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Akustick\u00e1 detekcia \u00faniku je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na princ\u00edpe zachyt\u00e1vania zvuku \u00a0(v&nbsp;oblasti po\u010dute\u013en\u00e9ho zvuku a ultrazvuku), ktor\u00fd vznik\u00e1 pri \u00faniku m\u00e9dia cez netesnos\u0165. Plyn unik\u00e1 z&nbsp;testovacieho priestoru cez netesnosti, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa zvonka detegovan\u00e9 dostato\u010dne citlivou sondou \u2013 mikrof\u00f3nom (pribli\u017ene 40&nbsp;000 Hz). \u00a0So vzrastaj\u00facou prietokovou r\u00fdchlos\u0165ou narast\u00e1 aj intenzita vyd\u00e1van\u00e9ho akustick\u00e9ho vlnenia. Akustick\u00fd sign\u00e1l vznikaj\u00faci pri pr\u00faden\u00ed umo\u017e\u0148uje jednoducho kontrolova\u0165 tesnos\u0165 syst\u00e9mov. Met\u00f3da vy\u017eaduje len nen\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 meracie vybavenie (obr. 6.6). Je jednoduch\u00e1 a r\u00fdchla, av\u0161ak jej citlivos\u0165 je obmedzen\u00e1 do \u00faniku s&nbsp;ve\u013ekos\u0165ou 10<sup>-3<\/sup> Pa\u00d7m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00d7s<sup>-1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-6 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu4-1.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[lt]\" data-title=\"Bez n\u00e1zvu4\" title=\"Bez n\u00e1zvu4\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"217\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu4-1-600x217.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1478\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu4-1-200x72.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu4-1-400x144.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu4-1-600x217.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu4-1-800x289.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu4-1.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 6.6 Ultrazvukov\u00e1 diagnostika \u00fanikov [6]<\/h6>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Termov\u00edzna diagnostika<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Termov\u00edzna diagnostika je zalo\u017een\u00e1 na sn\u00edman\u00ed miesta po\u0161kodenia termov\u00edznymi kamerami. Termokamery (niekedy ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 ako infrakamery, term\u00e1lne kamery alebo infra\u010derven\u00e9 term\u00e1lne kamery) zachyt\u00e1vaj\u00fa obraz infra\u010dervenej energie alebo teploty. Term\u00e1lne zobrazovanie, \u010di\u017ee termografia, sl\u00fa\u017ei na vytvorenie teplotn\u00fdch m\u00e1p \u00a0a zis\u0165ovania zmien tepl\u00f4t na kontrolovan\u00fdch objektoch. V\u00a0pr\u00edpade kontroly plynovodn\u00fdch s\u00fastav sa na identifik\u00e1ciu termov\u00edznou kamerou vyu\u017e\u00edva zmena teplotn\u00fdch pomerov v\u00a0mieste chyby, ktor\u00e9 mus\u00ed by\u0165 sprev\u00e1dzan\u00e9 \u00fanikom\u00a0 plynu. Vplyvom expanzie stla\u010den\u00e9ho plynu pri \u00faniku doch\u00e1dza k\u00a0lok\u00e1lnemu ochladzovaniu po\u0161koden\u00e9ho miesta (obr. 6.7). Pri kontrole l\u00edniov\u00fdch stavieb na povrchu sa termov\u00edzia vyu\u017e\u00edva v\u00a0kombin\u00e1cii s\u00a0dia\u013ekovo ovl\u00e1dan\u00fdmi lietaj\u00facimi zariadeniami (drony) [6].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-7 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu5-1.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[lt]\" data-title=\"Bez n\u00e1zvu5\" title=\"Bez n\u00e1zvu5\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"235\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu5-1-600x235.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1479\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu5-1-200x78.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu5-1-400x157.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu5-1-600x235.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu5-1-800x314.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu5-1.jpg 926w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 6.7 Pr\u00edklad kontroly l\u00edniovej stavby termov\u00edziou<\/h6>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Laserov\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie na identifik\u00e1ciu \u00faniku plynu<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na r\u00fdchlu detekciu netesnost\u00ed, hlavne na plynovodoch, bol vyvinut\u00fd diagnostick\u00fd laserov\u00fd optick\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Optick\u00e1 jednotka je tvoren\u00e1 di\u00f3dov\u00fdm laserom a\u00a0sn\u00edma\u010dom rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia. Z\u00e1kladn\u00fd princ\u00edp je zalo\u017een\u00fd na\u00a0tom, \u017ee \u017eiarenie di\u00f3dov\u00e9ho lasera s&nbsp;vlnovou d\u013a\u017ekou 1650 nm je \u010diasto\u010dne absorbovan\u00e9 oblakom met\u00e1nu, pri\u010dom odrazen\u00e9, rozpt\u00fdlen\u00e9 \u017eiarenie od tohto oblaku je sn\u00edman\u00e9 \u0161peci\u00e1lnym sn\u00edmac\u00edm \u010dlenom. Fotosn\u00edma\u010d konvertuje \u017eiarenie na elektrick\u00fd sign\u00e1l a\u00a0ten sa porovn\u00e1va s\u00a0tzv. referen\u010dn\u00fdm sign\u00e1lom. Odch\u00fdlky od referen\u010dn\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu s\u00fa analyzovan\u00e9 a vyhodnocovan\u00e9 prostredn\u00edctvom elektronickej jednotky ako \u00a0pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 met\u00e1nu v&nbsp;optickej ceste vyslan\u00e9ho laserov\u00e9ho l\u00fa\u010da. Technol\u00f3gia kontroly sa \u0161tandardne vykon\u00e1va pomocou automobilov, pr\u00edpadne lietaj\u00facich zariaden\u00ed a\u00a0vrtu\u013en\u00edkov (obr. 6.8) [6].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-8 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu6.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[lt]\" data-title=\"Bez n\u00e1zvu6\" title=\"Bez n\u00e1zvu6\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"210\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu6-800x210.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1480\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu6-200x52.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu6-400x105.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu6-600x157.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu6-800x210.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu6-1200x315.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Bez-nazvu6.jpg 1373w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 6.8 Laserov\u00e9 detek\u010dn\u00e9 zariadenie umiestnen\u00e9 na a \u2013 automobile, b \u2013 vrtu\u013en\u00edku, c \u2013 drone<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Laserov\u00fd sp\u00f4sob lok\u00e1lnej detekcie netesnost\u00ed na rozsiahlych potrubn\u00fdch syst\u00e9moch alebo integrovan\u00fdch technologick\u00fdch celkoch m\u00e1 okrem z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch prednost\u00ed, ako je sk\u00fa\u0161anie bez preru\u0161enia \u010dinnosti, bezpe\u010dn\u00e1 identifik\u00e1cia miest netesnost\u00ed bezkontaktn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom, vopred ur\u010den\u00e9 medzn\u00e9 krit\u00e9rium pre uva\u017eovan\u00fd rozsah netesnosti, bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9ho person\u00e1lu a\u00a0hlavne optim\u00e1lna r\u00fdchlos\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161ania, aj niektor\u00e9 nev\u00fdhody \u00a0a obmedzenia. Ide predov\u0161etk\u00fdm o\u00a0obmedzen\u00e9 mo\u017enosti detekcie v\u00a0husto os\u00eddlen\u00fdch a zastavan\u00fdch oblastiach, por\u00fach potrub\u00ed ulo\u017een\u00fdch pod vodn\u00fdmi plochami (moria, jazer\u00e1, rieky a pod.) a pri nevhodn\u00fdch poveternostn\u00fdch podmienkach. V\u00a0tak\u00fdchto pr\u00edpadoch neprin\u00e1\u0161a aplik\u00e1cia uveden\u00fdch postupov dostato\u010dne presn\u00e9 a\u00a0vierohodn\u00e9 v\u00fdsledky a\u00a0je potrebn\u00e9 vyu\u017ei\u0165 in\u00e9 technick\u00e9 rie\u0161enia [6].<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vyh\u013ead\u00e1vanie netesnost\u00ed pomocou stopovacieho plynu<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pou\u017eitie stopovacieho plynu vyu\u017e\u00edva viacero met\u00f3d na detekciu \u00fanikov plynu. L\u00ed\u0161ia sa druhom stopovacieho plynu a pou\u017eitej techniky. Najbe\u017enej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi plynmi s\u00fa h\u00e9lium, zmes dus\u00edka a vod\u00edka a halog\u00e9nov\u00e9 zmesi. \u00a0V s\u00fa\u010dasnosti sa halog\u00e9ny prest\u00e1vaj\u00fa pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 z&nbsp;ekologick\u00fdch d\u00f4vodov.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">H\u00e9lium sa dlhodobo pou\u017e\u00edva ako stopovac\u00ed plyn predov\u0161etk\u00fdm v\u010faka jeho fyzik\u00e1lnym vlastnostiam. Je to inertn\u00fd plyn, ktor\u00fd nie je toxick\u00fd ani hor\u013eav\u00fd \u00a0a nereaguje s&nbsp;in\u00fdmi zl\u00fa\u010deninami. H\u00e9lium m\u00e1 n\u00edzku viskozitu a relat\u00edvnu molekulov\u00fa hmotnos\u0165, tak\u017ee \u013eahko prech\u00e1dza trhlinami. T\u00fdm umo\u017e\u0148uje r\u00fdchlu a vysoko citliv\u00fa detekciu. Najpresnej\u0161\u00ed h\u00e9liov\u00fd detektor je zalo\u017een\u00fd na hmotnostnom spektrometri, \u010do je finan\u010dne n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 a citliv\u00e9 zariadenie vy\u017eaduj\u00face starostlivos\u0165 a\u00a0\u00fadr\u017ebu a je vhodnej\u0161ie pre laborat\u00f3ri\u00e1 ne\u017e pre v\u00fdrobn\u00fd priemysel.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zmes 95&nbsp;% dus\u00edka a 5&nbsp;% vod\u00edka\u00a0 je relat\u00edvne nov\u00fd stopovac\u00ed plyn. Vod\u00edk m\u00e1 nieko\u013eko vlastnost\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 z&nbsp;neho robia v\u00fdborn\u00fd stopovac\u00ed plyn na testovanie netesnost\u00ed, dokonca aj vo v\u00fdrobnom prostred\u00ed. Je to naj\u013eah\u0161\u00ed prvok s\u00a0viskozitou ni\u017e\u0161ou ako ak\u00fdko\u013evek in\u00fd plyn. Je schopn\u00fd najr\u00fdchlej\u0161ie a naj\u013eah\u0161ie prenika\u0165 netesnos\u0165ami. Navy\u0161e koncentr\u00e1cia vod\u00edka v&nbsp;atmosf\u00e9re je \u00a0ni\u017e\u0161ia ako koncentr\u00e1cia h\u00e9lia. Detektory vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa polovodi\u010dov\u00fd sn\u00edma\u010d a s\u00fa \u00faplne bez\u00fadr\u017ebov\u00e9. Tieto zariadenia nie s\u00fa ovplyv\u0148ovan\u00e9 pr\u00edtomnos\u0165ou in\u00fdch plynov. \u010cist\u00fd vod\u00edk by sa v\u0161ak nikdy nemal pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 ako stopovac\u00ed plyn.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Limituj\u00facim faktorom pre met\u00f3dy vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00face stopovac\u00ed plyn je koncentr\u00e1cia dan\u00e9ho plynu v&nbsp;ovzdu\u0161\u00ed. Existuj\u00fa dva sp\u00f4soby testovania pomocou stopovacieho plynu, a\u00a0to vonkaj\u0161\u00ed a vn\u00fatorn\u00fd. Vn\u00fatorn\u00fd sp\u00f4sob, kde plyn unik\u00e1 z&nbsp;naplnen\u00e9ho objektu a \u00fanik je zis\u0165ovan\u00fd \u010duchac\u00edm zariaden\u00edm alebo pou\u017eit\u00edm v\u00e1kuovej komory, a\u00a0vn\u00fatorn\u00fd sp\u00f4sob, kde testovanie prebieha v&nbsp;komore obsahuj\u00facej stopovac\u00ed plyn alebo aplikovan\u00edm plynu na povrch objektu. Na kontrolu tesnosti plynovodov sa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edva extern\u00fd sp\u00f4sob pomocou \u010duchac\u00edch pr\u00edstrojov.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Integr\u00e1lna met\u00f3da merania tesnosti meran\u00edm zmeny tlaku<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Treba si uvedomi\u0165, \u017ee \u017eiadne hermeticky uzatvoren\u00e9 zariadenie nie je absol\u00fatne tesn\u00e9 a\u00a0je potrebn\u00e9 ur\u010di\u0165, ak\u00e1 je jeho maxim\u00e1lne prijate\u013en\u00e1 miera netesnosti s&nbsp;oh\u013eadom na cel\u00fa jeho \u017eivotnos\u0165. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 nie je mo\u017en\u00e9 zamie\u0148a\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161ky tesnosti s\u00a0pevnostn\u00fdmi sk\u00fa\u0161kami (tlakov\u00e1 sk\u00fa\u0161ka), ktor\u00e9 sl\u00fa\u017eia \u00a0na overenie schopnosti objektu odola\u0165 tlaku vy\u0161\u0161iemu, ako je maxim\u00e1lne dovolen\u00fd prev\u00e1dzkov\u00fd tlak (MOP) a\u00a0vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa sa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou pri vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch tlakoch ako sk\u00fa\u0161ky tesnosti [3].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Met\u00f3da merania celkovej zmeny tlaku je integr\u00e1lna sk\u00fa\u0161ka ur\u010den\u00e1 \u00a0na stanovenie celkovej tesnosti s\u00fastavy pomocou veli\u010diny , nie teda na zistenie miesta \u00faniku a\u00a0jeho lokaliz\u00e1ciu. Pri tejto sk\u00fa\u0161ke je potrebn\u00e9 pozna\u0165 vn\u00fatorn\u00fd objem meran\u00e9ho telesa . Citlivos\u0165 met\u00f3dy dosahovan\u00e1 v&nbsp;be\u017en\u00fdch priemyseln\u00fdch podmienkach (pod\u013ea presnosti meracieho syst\u00e9mu)\u00a0je 10<sup>-5<\/sup> Pa\u00d7m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00d7s<sup>-1<\/sup>, pri\u010dom kriteri\u00e1lna hodnota by sa mala pohybova\u0165 medzi 10<sup>-2 <\/sup>a\u017e 10<sup>-4<\/sup> Pa\u00d7m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00d7s<sup>-1<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Met\u00f3da merania celkovej zmeny tlaku je jednou zo sk\u00fa\u0161ok tesnosti, ktorou je mo\u017en\u00e9 identifikova\u0165 pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 ch\u00fdb sp\u00f4sobuj\u00facich netesnos\u0165. Pou\u017e\u00edva sa na sk\u00fa\u0161anie objektov a\u00a0syst\u00e9mov so schopnos\u0165ou odol\u00e1va\u0165 vn\u00fatorn\u00e9mu pretlaku pri meran\u00ed tesnosti met\u00f3dou poklesu tlaku alebo podtlaku pri met\u00f3de merania tesnosti n\u00e1rastom tlaku. Pri p\u00f4soben\u00ed sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9ho pretlaku alebo podtlaku nesmie d\u00f4js\u0165 k&nbsp;v\u00fdraznej deform\u00e1cii alebo k&nbsp;zmen\u00e1m objemu v&nbsp;syst\u00e9me. Pr\u00edklad priebehu merania sk\u00fa\u0161ky tesnosti je na obr. 6.9.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-9 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image074.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[lt]\" data-title=\"image074\" title=\"image074\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"579\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image074-800x579.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1463\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image074-200x145.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image074-400x289.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image074-600x434.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image074-800x579.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image074.png 886w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 6.9 Z\u00e1znam priebehu merania tesnosti (netesnos\u0165 q<sub>n <\/sub>= 0,1645 Pa\u00d7m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00d7s<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z\u00e1kladom pre vykonanie sk\u00fa\u0161ky tesnosti meran\u00edm zmeny tlaku je spr\u00e1vna metodika sk\u00fa\u0161ky, ktor\u00e1 pozost\u00e1va z\u00a0dvoch krokov. Prv\u00fdm krokom je meranie objemu kontrolovan\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu. Druh\u00fdm krokom metodiky je vykonanie a\u00a0vyhodnotenie samotnej tesnostnej sk\u00fa\u0161ky.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Objem sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9ho objektu je mo\u017en\u00e9 stanovi\u0165 matematick\u00fdm v\u00fdpo\u010dtom cez rozdelenie objektu na jednoduch\u00e9 geometrick\u00e9 tvary alebo pomocou statickej expanzie, kde je potrebn\u00fd referen\u010dn\u00fd objekt so zn\u00e1mym objemom . Objem referen\u010dn\u00e9ho objektu je bu\u010f dan\u00fd, alebo je mo\u017en\u00e9 ho ur\u010di\u0165 v\u00fdpo\u010dtom, pr\u00edpadne pomocou merania objemu kvapaliny napustenej v\u00a0referen\u010dnom objekte.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Referen\u010dn\u00fd objekt je prepojen\u00fd cez gu\u013eov\u00fd uz\u00e1ver so sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fdm objektom, pri\u010dom v\u0161etky veli\u010diny, okrem objemu sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho objektu, s\u00fa zn\u00e1me. \u00a0Na v\u00fdpo\u010det sa pou\u017e\u00edva stavov\u00e1 rovnica ide\u00e1lneho plynu (pri st\u00e1lej hmotnosti plynu).<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1465 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image078-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"68\" height=\"40\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; text-align: right;\"><span style=\"text-align: justify;\">(6.4)<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>p<sub>1<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [Pa]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 p\u00f4vodn\u00fd tlak,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>V<sub>1<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [m<sup>3<\/sup>]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 p\u00f4vodn\u00fd objem,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>T<sub>1<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [K]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 p\u00f4vodn\u00e1 teplota,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>p<sub>2<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [Pa]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 zmenen\u00fd tlak,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>V<sub>2<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [m<sup>3<\/sup>]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 zmenen\u00fd objem,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>T<sub>2<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [K]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 zmenen\u00e1 teplota [6].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Princ\u00edp merania veli\u010d\u00edn pri v\u00fdpo\u010dte objemu sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho objektu expanziou je uveden\u00fd na obr. 6.10.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-10 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image080.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[lt]\" data-title=\"image080\" title=\"image080\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"119\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image080-600x119.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1466\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image080-200x40.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image080-400x79.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image080-600x119.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image080-800x158.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image080-1200x237.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image080.png 1355w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 6.10 Princ\u00edp merania veli\u010d\u00edn pri v\u00fdpo\u010dte objemu sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho objektu expanziou [6]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Po otvoren\u00ed ventilu d\u00f4jde k\u00a0vyrovnaniu tlaku v\u00a0oboch objektoch, pri\u010dom v\u00fdsledn\u00fd objem dostaneme \u00fapravou stavovej rovnice plynu a\u00a0jej odvoden\u00edm z\u00edskame rovnicu.<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-1467 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image082-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"103\" height=\"57\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%; text-align: right;\">(6.5)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>V<sub>SO<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [m<sup>3<\/sup>]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 objem sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho objektu,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>V<sub>Z<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [m<sup>3<\/sup>]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 objem referen\u010dn\u00e9ho objektu,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>P<sub>Z<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [Pa]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 absol\u00fatny tlak v\u00a0referen\u010dnom objekte pred prepojen\u00edm,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>T<sub>Z<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [K]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 termodynamick\u00e1 teplota atmosf\u00e9ry v\u00a0referen\u010dnom objekte \u00a0pred prepojen\u00edm,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>V<sub>X<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [m<sup>3<\/sup>]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 nezn\u00e1my objem sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho objektu,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>P<sub>X<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [Pa]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 absol\u00fatny tlak v\u00a0sk\u00fa\u0161anom objekte pred prepojen\u00edm,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>T<sub>X<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [K]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 termodynamick\u00e1 teplota v\u00a0sk\u00fa\u0161anom objekte pred prepojen\u00edm,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>P<sub>E<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [Pa]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 absol\u00fatny tlak v\u00a0oboch objektoch po prepojen\u00ed,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>T<sub>ZE<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [K]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 teplota v\u00a0referen\u010dnom objekte po prepojen\u00ed,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>T<sub>XE<\/sub><\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 [K]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u2013 teplota v\u00a0sk\u00fa\u0161anom objekte po prepojen\u00ed [6].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V praxi sa pred prepojen\u00edm referen\u010dn\u00e9ho a\u00a0sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho objektu natlakuje jeden z\u00a0objektov, pri\u010dom druh\u00fd zostane otvoren\u00fd, je v&nbsp;\u0148om teda iba barometrick\u00fd tlak. M\u00f4\u017eu nasta\u0165 dva pr\u00edpady:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>natlakovan\u00fd je referen\u010dn\u00fd objekt a v&nbsp;sk\u00fa\u0161anom objekte je v\u00fdchodiskov\u00fd tlak rovn\u00fd barometrick\u00e9mu(P<em><sub>X<\/sub><\/em>=P<em><sub>bar<\/sub><\/em>),<\/li>\n<li>natlakovan\u00fd je sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fd objekt a v&nbsp;referen\u010dnom objekte je v\u00fdchodiskov\u00fd tlak rovn\u00fd barometrick\u00e9mu (P<em><sub>Z<\/sub><\/em>=P<em><sub>bar<\/sub><\/em>).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u010castej\u0161ie nast\u00e1va pr\u00edpad, \u017ee sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fd objekt m\u00e1 na sebe pripojen\u00fa meraciu techniku na sn\u00edmanie hodn\u00f4t tlaku\u00a0 z&nbsp;d\u00f4vodu neskor\u0161ieho vykon\u00e1vania sk\u00fa\u0161ky tesnosti zmenou tlaku. Preto v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou natlakujeme sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fd objekt na tlak pou\u017eit\u00fd pri sk\u00fa\u0161ke tesnosti a referen\u010dn\u00fd objekt otvor\u00edme (P<em><sub>Z<\/sub><\/em>=P<em><sub>bar<\/sub><\/em>). \u00a0Po natlakovan\u00ed a teplotnom ust\u00e1len\u00ed otvor\u00edme odde\u013eovac\u00ed ventil a odmeriame tlak po expanzii P<sub>E<\/sub>. V\u00fdsledkom v\u00fdpo\u010dtu bude teda objem sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9ho telesa V<sub>SO<\/sub>. N\u00e1sledne sa po stanoven\u00ed objemu sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho objektu vykonaj\u00fa merania na stanovenie tesnosti pod\u013ea vzorca<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-1468\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/image084-1.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"91\" height=\"53\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;\">(6.5)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00fdhodou sk\u00fa\u0161ky met\u00f3dou merania celkovej zmeny tlaku je, \u017ee dok\u00e1\u017ee s\u00a0ur\u010ditos\u0165ou pos\u00fadi\u0165 tesnos\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho objektu s\u00a0oh\u013eadom na citlivos\u0165 merania. Meranie hodn\u00f4t sa d\u00e1 automatizova\u0165, \u010d\u00edm sa minimalizuje chyba person\u00e1lu. Vhodn\u00e1 je aj kombin\u00e1cia sk\u00fa\u0161ky pretlakom plynu so sk\u00fa\u0161kou tesnosti pomocou stopovacieho plynu, napr. N<em><sub>2<\/sub><\/em>+He. Sk\u00fa\u0161ka pretlakom plynu je v\u00a0tomto pr\u00edpade predbe\u017en\u00e1, ktor\u00e1 deteguje ve\u013ek\u00e9 netesnosti pred kone\u010dnou sk\u00fa\u0161kou tesnosti pomocou stopovacieho plynu z&nbsp;d\u00f4vodu mo\u017en\u00fdch vysok\u00fdch \u00fanikov drah\u0161ieho stopovacieho plynu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nev\u00fdhodou met\u00f3dy je, \u017ee neidentifikuje presn\u00e9 miesto \u00faniku, ale iba to, \u010di je \u00fanik v\u00a0stanoven\u00fdch medziach pr\u00edpustnosti.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:350px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:58.33%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 1\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/i7JOCsEugGY?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:350px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:58.33%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 2\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HAJaVrZSOJI?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:350px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:58.33%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 3\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/1xT9KMKbGzw?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:350px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:58.33%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 4\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/QkO2NRq187g?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:350px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:58.33%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 5\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/HQDzjRgc_mA?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:350px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:58.33%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 6\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/5bqNCpfwyNg?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:350px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:58.33%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 7\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/GBn5Lx-qGeA?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\"><h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literat\u00fara<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 KOPEC, B. a kol. 2008. Nedestruktivn\u00ed zkou\u0161en\u00ed materi\u00e1l\u016f a konstrukc\u00ed. Brno: Akademick\u00e9 nakladate\u013estvo CERM, 2008.&nbsp;571 s., ISBN 978-80-720459-1-4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 KO\u0147\u00c1R, R. \u2013 MI\u010cIAN, M. \u2013 FR\u00c1TRIK, M. 2025. Technol\u00f3gia zv\u00e1rania \u2013 N\u00e1vody na cvi\u010denia. \u017dilina: EDIS-vydavate\u013estvo UNIZA, 2025. ISBN 978-80-554-2199-5.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 HARMANIAK, D. 2017. Meranie netesnosti plynovodov met\u00f3dou integr\u00e1lnej sk\u00fa\u0161ky pretlakom dus\u00edka. Diplomov\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca: \u017dilinsk\u00e1 univerzita v&nbsp;\u017diline, 2017.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[4]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 VRZGULA, P. 2017. Metodika identifika\u010dn\u00fdch diagnostick\u00fdch technol\u00f3gi\u00ed v&nbsp;plyn\u00e1renskom priemysle so zameran\u00edm sa na sk\u00fa\u0161ky tesnosti. Dizerta\u010dn\u00e1 pr\u00e1ca: \u017dilinsk\u00e1 univerzita v&nbsp;\u017diline, 2017.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[5]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 LEITNER, B. a kol. 2003. Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie materi\u00e1lov v&nbsp;plyn\u00e1renstve. \u017dilina: EDIS, 2003. ISBN 80-8070-164-4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[6]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 LE\u017dD\u00cdK, V. \u2013 KO\u0147\u00c1R, R. \u2013 KORE\u0147OV\u00c1, N. 2020. Opravy plynovodn\u00fdch potrub\u00ed vykon\u00e1van\u00e9 technol\u00f3giou zv\u00e1rania. \u017dilina: In\u0161tit\u00fat kvality a vzdel\u00e1vania, s. r. o., 2020. ISBN 978&nbsp;8096599-3-8.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">[7]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 STN EN 1779: 1999. Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie. Sk\u00fa\u0161anie tesnosti. Krit\u00e9ri\u00e1\u00a0 na vo\u013ebu met\u00f3d a postupov.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1915,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1417","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1417","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1417"}],"version-history":[{"count":19,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1417\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1499,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1417\/revisions\/1499"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1915"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1417"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}