{"id":708,"date":"2024-11-03T15:12:21","date_gmt":"2024-11-03T14:12:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=708"},"modified":"2026-01-10T20:41:03","modified_gmt":"2026-01-10T19:41:03","slug":"kapilarna-skuska","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=708","title":{"rendered":"Kapil\u00e1rna sk\u00fa\u0161ka"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kapil\u00e1rna met\u00f3da patr\u00ed medzi naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 met\u00f3dy nede\u0161trukt\u00edvneho sk\u00fa\u0161ania zvarov\u00fdch spojov. D\u00f4vodom je jednoduchos\u0165 jej vykonania a\u00a0n\u00edzke finan\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady na pou\u017eit\u00e9 pr\u00edstroje a\u00a0pom\u00f4cky.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sk\u00fa\u0161ka umo\u017e\u0148uje detegova\u0165 chyby zvarov\u00fdch spojov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0ich povrchom, ako napr. povrchov\u00e9 trhliny, studen\u00e9 spoje, neprievary, p\u00f3ry vych\u00e1dzaj\u00face na povrch at\u010f.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Princ\u00edp kapil\u00e1rnej sk\u00fa\u0161ky<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Princ\u00edp sk\u00fa\u0161ky spo\u010d\u00edva v\u00a0nanesen\u00ed farebne v\u00fdraznej, alebo fluorescen\u010dnej kvapaliny, naz\u00fdvanej penetrant, na povrch sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho zvarov\u00e9ho spoja a\u00a0jeho n\u00e1sledn\u00e9ho zate\u010denia do povrchov\u00fdch necelistvost\u00ed. Po zotret\u00ed penetrantu je na povrch nanesen\u00e1 tenk\u00e1 vrstva ve\u013emi jemn\u00e9ho bieleho pr\u00e1\u0161ku, naz\u00fdvan\u00e9ho v\u00fdvojka. Vplyvom p\u00f4sobenia fyzik\u00e1lnych s\u00edl penetrant postupne pr\u00fadi z\u00a0necelistvost\u00ed do povrchovej vrstvy tvorenej v\u00fdvojkou a\u00a0farebne tak indikuje miesta na povrchu, kde bola pr\u00edtomn\u00e1 necelistvos\u0165. V\u00a0pr\u00edpade fluorescen\u010dn\u00fdch penetrantov nie je zvy\u010dajne potrebn\u00e9 nanesenie v\u00fdvojky. Po odstr\u00e1nen\u00ed prebyto\u010dn\u00e9ho penetrantu sa sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fd povrch pozoruje v\u00a0ultrafialovom (UV) svetle, ktor\u00e9 sp\u00f4sobuje jeho fluorescenciu, \u010d\u00edm sa st\u00e1va indik\u00e1cia pre \u013eudsk\u00fd zrak vidite\u013en\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ako ka\u017ed\u00e1 kvapalina, aj penetrant vykazuje ur\u010dit\u00e9 charakteristick\u00e9 fyzik\u00e1lne vlastnosti, ktor\u00e9 n\u00e1sledne umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa realiz\u00e1ciu penetra\u010dnej sk\u00fa\u0161ky.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">T\u00fdmito fyzik\u00e1lnymi vlastnos\u0165ami s\u00fa zm\u00e1\u010davos\u0165, povrchov\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie, kapilarita a\u00a0viskozita.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:350px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:58.33%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 1\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/xEK-c1pkTUI?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zm\u00e1\u010davos\u0165 povrchu<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Aby penetrant vnikol do povrchov\u00fdch necelistvost\u00ed mus\u00ed zm\u00e1\u010da\u0165 povrch zvarov\u00e9ho spoja. Pod zm\u00e1\u010davos\u0165ou rozumieme schopnos\u0165 penetrantu pri\u013en\u00fa\u0165 na povrch zvarov\u00e9ho spoja. Zm\u00e1\u010davos\u0165 z\u00e1vis\u00ed od v\u00fdslednice koh\u00e9znych s\u00edl medzi at\u00f3mami zvarov\u00e9ho spoja, koh\u00e9znych s\u00edl medzi at\u00f3mami, resp. molekulami penetrantu, adh\u00e9znych s\u00edl medzi at\u00f3mami zvarov\u00e9ho spoja a molekulami penetrantu a\u00a0adh\u00e9znych s\u00edl medzi molekulami penetrantu a\u00a0molekulami okolit\u00e9ho prostredia (vzduchu) (obr. 1). Uhol, ktor\u00fd zviera t\u00e1to v\u00fdslednica s\u00a0povrchom sa naz\u00fdva kontaktn\u00fd uhol, alebo uhol zm\u00e1\u010dania a\u00a0jeho ve\u013ekos\u0165 je mierou zm\u00e1\u010dania povrchu. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie sa ozna\u010duje gr\u00e9ckym p\u00edsmenom \u03f4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Youngov vz\u0165ah (1) ud\u00e1va z\u00e1vislos\u0165 medzi povrchov\u00fdmi energiami jednotliv\u00fdch f\u00e1zov\u00fdch rozhran\u00ed:<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-0 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"192\" height=\"25\" title=\"image001\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image001.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-712\"\/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-1 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><p style=\"text-align: right;\">(1)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vo vz\u0165ahu (1) je \u03d2<sub>SV<\/sub> povrchov\u00e1 energia na rozhran\u00ed tuh\u00e1 f\u00e1za-plynn\u00e1 f\u00e1za (solid-vapour), \u03d2<sub>SL<\/sub> je povrchov\u00e1 energia na rozhran\u00ed tuh\u00e1 f\u00e1za-tekut\u00e1 f\u00e1za (solid-liquid), \u03d2<sub>LV<\/sub> je povrchov\u00e1 energia na rozhran\u00ed tekut\u00e1 f\u00e1za-plynn\u00e1 f\u00e1za (liquid-vapour) a\u00a0q je kontaktn\u00fd uhlol (uhol zm\u00e1\u010dania).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-2 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image002.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1 Zm\u00e1\u010davos\u0165 ako v\u00fdslednica koh\u00e9znych a adh\u00e9znych s\u00edl\" data-title=\"image002\" title=\"image002\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"364\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image002-400x364.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-713\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image002-200x182.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image002-400x364.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image002-600x545.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image002-800x727.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image002.png 999w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1 Zm\u00e1\u010davos\u0165 ako v\u00fdslednica koh\u00e9znych a\u00a0adh\u00e9znych s\u00edl<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ve\u013ekos\u0165 kontaktn\u00e9ho uhla tak kvantitat\u00edvne charakterizuje zm\u00e1\u010davos\u0165. V\u00a0ide\u00e1lnom pr\u00edpade je kontaktn\u00fd uhol \u03f4=0\u00b0. Vtedy hovor\u00edme o\u00a0dokonalom zm\u00e1\u010dan\u00ed. V\u00a0opa\u010dnom pr\u00edpade, kedy povrch penetrant povrch v\u00f4bec nezm\u00e1\u010da, je kontaktn\u00fd uhol \u03f4=180\u00b0. Kvapka vtedy nadob\u00fada gu\u013eov\u00fd tvar (obr.\u00a0 2).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-3 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image003.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 2 Z\u00e1vislos\u0165 zm\u00e1\u010davosti povrchu od ve\u013ekosti uhla zm\u00e1\u010dania [6]\" data-title=\"image003\" title=\"image003\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"163\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image003-600x163.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-714\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image003-200x54.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image003-400x109.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image003-600x163.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image003-800x217.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image003-1200x326.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image003.png 1385w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 2 Z\u00e1vislos\u0165 zm\u00e1\u010davosti povrchu od ve\u013ekosti uhla zm\u00e1\u010dania [6]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na preniknutie penetrantu do povrchov\u00fdch necelistvost\u00ed a\u00a0n\u00e1slednom vzl\u00ednan\u00ed do v\u00fdvojky je potrebn\u00e9, aby mal penetrant dobr\u00fa zm\u00e1\u010davos\u0165, ale z\u00e1rove\u0148 aj vysok\u00fa koh\u00e9ziu (s\u00fadr\u017enos\u0165) molek\u00fal, teda vysok\u00e9 povrchov\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie. So zvy\u0161ovan\u00edm povrchov\u00e9ho nap\u00e4tia sa v\u0161ak zvy\u0161uje aj uhol zm\u00e1\u010dania a\u00a0 zm\u00e1\u010davos\u0165 penetrantu sa zni\u017euje. Zm\u00e1\u010davos\u0165\u00a0 a\u00a0povrchov\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie penetrantu s\u00fa tak protichodn\u00e9 a\u00a0v\u00fdrobca mus\u00ed medzi t\u00fdmito veli\u010dinami zvoli\u0165 vhodn\u00fd kompromis. Spr\u00e1vny penetrant by tak mal ma\u0165 dostato\u010dne vysok\u00e9 povrchov\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie pri\u00a0malom uhle zm\u00e1\u010dania.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Povrchov\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Povrchov\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie je fyzik\u00e1lny jav, ktor\u00fd sa vyskytuje na rozhran\u00ed dvoch r\u00f4znych f\u00e1z, napr. tuhej l\u00e1tky a\u00a0kvapaliny, dvoch r\u00f4znych kvapal\u00edn, alebo kvapaliny a plynu. Povrchov\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie vznik\u00e1 v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku koh\u00e9znych (s\u00fadr\u017en\u00fdch) s\u00edl medzi molekulami jednej f\u00e1zy a\u00a0adh\u00e9znych s\u00edl medzi molekulami jednej a druhej f\u00e1zy. V\u00a0pr\u00edpade kvapaliny a\u00a0plynu s\u00fa koh\u00e9zne sily medzi molekulami kvapaliny silnej\u0161ie ako adh\u00e9zne sily medzi molekulami kvapaliny a\u00a0plynu. V\u00fdslednica s\u00edl p\u00f4sobiaca na povrchov\u00e9 molekuly kvapaliny tak p\u00f4sob\u00ed smerom dovn\u00fatra kvapaliny.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-4 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image004.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 3 Sily p\u00f4sobiace na molekuly kvapaliny na povrchu a v jej objeme [7]\" data-title=\"image004\" title=\"image004\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"315\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image004-600x315.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-715\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image004-200x105.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image004-400x210.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image004-600x315.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image004.png 700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 3 Sily p\u00f4sobiace na molekuly kvapaliny na povrchu a\u00a0v\u00a0jej objeme [7]<\/h6>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Povrchov\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie vody vyu\u017e\u00edva na pohyb po jej hladine aj vodn\u00fd hmyz, pr\u00edpadne je mo\u017en\u00e9 na povrch umiestni\u0165 aj \u013eah\u0161ie predmety, bez toho aby sa potopili.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-2 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-5 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image005.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 4 D\u00f4sledkom povrchov\u00e9ho nap\u00e4tia sa na vodnej hladine udr\u017eia \u013eahk\u00e9 predmety, kancel\u00e1rska spinka (a) [7]\" data-title=\"image005\" title=\"image005\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"252\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image005-e1730645680189-400x252.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-716\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image005-e1730645680189-200x126.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image005-e1730645680189-400x252.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image005-e1730645680189.jpg 577w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">a<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-3 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-6 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image006.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 4 D\u00f4sledkom povrchov\u00e9ho nap\u00e4tia sa na vodnej hladine udr\u017eia \u013eahk\u00e9 predmety, kor\u010duliarka oby\u010dajn\u00e1 (b) [8]\" data-title=\"image006\" title=\"image006\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"263\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image006-e1730645762327-400x263.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-717\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image006-e1730645762327-200x131.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image006-e1730645762327-400x263.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image006-e1730645762327-600x394.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image006-e1730645762327.jpg 652w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">b<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-4 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 4 D\u00f4sledkom povrchov\u00e9ho nap\u00e4tia sa na vodnej hladine udr\u017eia \u013eahk\u00e9 predmety<br \/>\nkancel\u00e1rska spinka (a) [7], kor\u010duliarka oby\u010dajn\u00e1 (b) [8]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Jednou z\u00a0met\u00f3d merania povrchov\u00e9ho nap\u00e4tia je Wilhelmova met\u00f3da (obr.\u00a0 5), spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00faca v\u00a0meran\u00ed sily p\u00f4sobiacej po obvode do\u0161ti\u010dky ponorenej v\u00a0sk\u00famanej kvapaline pri vy\u0165ahovan\u00ed z\u00a0nej. Povrchov\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie sa vypo\u010d\u00edta pod\u013ea vz\u0165ahu:<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-5 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-7 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"87\" height=\"49\" title=\"image007\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image007.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-718\"\/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-6 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\"><p style=\"text-align: right;\">(2)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde \u03d2 je povrchov\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie, F je sila p\u00f4sobiaca pproti vytiahnutiu do\u0161ti\u010dky, L je obvod do\u0161ti\u010dky a \u03f4 je uhol zm\u00e1\u010dania.\u00a0Jednotkou povrchov\u00e9ho nap\u00e4tia je N\/m, alebo J\/m<sup>2<\/sup>. Povrchov\u00e9 kvapal\u00edn ovplyv\u0148uje ich zm\u00e1\u010davos\u0165.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-8 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image008.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 5 Meranie povrchov\u00e9ho nap\u00e4tia Wilhelmovou met\u00f3dou [2]\" data-title=\"image008\" title=\"image008\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"366\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image008-400x366.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-719\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image008-200x183.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image008-400x366.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image008-600x549.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image008.png 672w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 5 Meranie povrchov\u00e9ho nap\u00e4tia Wilhelmovou met\u00f3dou [2]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-17\"><h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">KAPILARITA<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pojem kapilarita je s\u00fahrnn\u00fd n\u00e1zov pre javy, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 silami v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku povrchov\u00e9ho nap\u00e4tia kvapal\u00edn. Sily, ktor\u00e9 sp\u00f4sobuj\u00fa kapilaritu vznikaj\u00fa v&nbsp;d\u00f4sledku interakci\u00ed medzi molekulami kvapaliny a medzi molekulami kvapaliny a\u00a0povrchom pevn\u00e9ho telesa. Ak je pevn\u00fdm telesom napr. tenk\u00e1 r\u00farka, po jej ponoren\u00ed do n\u00e1doby s&nbsp;kvapalinou d\u00f4jde k\u00a0zmene v\u00fd\u0161ky hladiny kvapaliny v\u00a0r\u00farke v\u00a0porovnan\u00ed s\u00a0v\u00fd\u0161kou hladiny v\u00a0kvapaline. V\u00a0pr\u00edpade, \u017ee je uhol zm\u00e1\u010dania 0\u00b0&lt; \u03f4 &lt; 90\u00b0, doch\u00e1dza\u00a0 k\u00a0tzv. kapil\u00e1rnej elev\u00e1cii \u2013 hladina kvapaliny v\u00a0r\u00farke bude nad hladinou kvapaliny v\u00a0n\u00e1dobe (obr.\u00a0 6a). Pri uhloch zm\u00e1\u010dania 90\u00b0 &lt; \u03f4\u00a0 &lt; 180\u00b0 bude hladina kvapaliny v\u00a0r\u00farke pod \u00farov\u0148ou hladiny kvapaliny v\u00a0n\u00e1dobe, \u010d\u00edm doch\u00e1dza k\u00a0tzv. kapil\u00e1rnej depresii (obr.\u00a0 6b). Pri kapil\u00e1rnej depresii sp\u00f4sobuje kapil\u00e1rny tlak pokles hladiny kvapaliny pod \u00farove\u0148 hladiny v&nbsp;n\u00e1dobe, do ktorej je kapil\u00e1ra ponoren\u00e1. Hladina kvapaliny je pri sten\u00e1ch kapil\u00e1ry ni\u017e\u0161ia ako v&nbsp;jej strede, \u010do sp\u00f4sobuje vypukl\u00fd (konvexn\u00fd) tvar menisku (obr.\u00a0 6b).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-7 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-9 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image009.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 6 Kapil\u00e1rna elev\u00e1cia (a), m \u2013 meniskus [2]\" data-title=\"image009\" title=\"image009\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image009-400x310.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-720\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image009-200x155.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image009-400x310.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image009-600x465.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image009.png 614w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">a<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-8 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-10 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image010.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 6 Kapil\u00e1rna depresia (b), m \u2013 meniskus [2]\" data-title=\"image010\" title=\"image010\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"310\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image010-400x310.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-721\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image010-200x155.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image010-400x310.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image010-600x465.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image010.png 614w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-19\"><p style=\"text-align: center;\">b<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-9 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-20\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 6 Kapil\u00e1rna elev\u00e1cia (a), kapil\u00e1rna depresia (b), m \u2013 meniskus [2]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-21\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z\u00e1rove\u0148 doch\u00e1dza k&nbsp;zakriveniu povrchu kvapaliny v&nbsp;kapil\u00e1re. Pre toto zakrivenie sa ust\u00e1lil term\u00edn meniskus.\u00a0Tak\u00e9to spr\u00e1vanie kvapaliny s\u00favis\u00ed s&nbsp;rovnov\u00e1hou tlakov v&nbsp;kapil\u00e1re. Na jednej strane p\u00f4sob\u00ed na kvapalinu hydrostatick\u00fd tlak, na strane druhej kapil\u00e1rny tlak.\u00a0Hydrostatick\u00fd tlak je dan\u00fd vz\u0165ahom:<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-10 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-11 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"86\" height=\"38\" title=\"image011\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image011.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-722\"\/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-11 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-22\"><p style=\"text-align: right;\">(3)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-23\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde p<sub>h<\/sub> je hydrostatick\u00fd tlak, r je hustota kvapaliny, g je gravita\u010dn\u00e9 zr\u00fdchlenie a h je v\u00fd\u0161ka st\u013apca kvapaliny.\u00a0Pri kvapaline s\u00a0uhlom zm\u00e1\u010dania\u00a0 q je kapil\u00e1rny tlak vyjadren\u00fd vz\u0165ahom:<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-12 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-12 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"127\" height=\"46\" title=\"image012\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image012.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-723\"\/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-13 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-24\"><p style=\"text-align: right;\">(4)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-25\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde p<sub>k<\/sub> je kapil\u00e1rny tlak, \u03c3 je povrchov\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie,\u00a0 r je polomer kapil\u00e1ry a \u03f4 je uhol zm\u00e1\u010dania. V&nbsp;ust\u00e1lenom stave musia by\u0165 oba tlaky v&nbsp;kapil\u00e1re v&nbsp;rovnov\u00e1he.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-14 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-13 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"142\" height=\"46\" title=\"image013\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image013.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-724\"\/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-15 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-26\"><p style=\"text-align: right;\">(5)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-16 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-14 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"76\" height=\"38\" title=\"image013\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image013-1.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-762\"\/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-17 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-27\"><p style=\"text-align: right;\">(6)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-28\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri kapil\u00e1rnej elev\u00e1cii \u0165ah\u00e1 kapil\u00e1rny tlak kvapalinu v&nbsp;kapil\u00e1re nahor nad \u00farove\u0148 hladiny v&nbsp;n\u00e1dobe, v&nbsp;ktorej je kapil\u00e1ra ponoren\u00e1. V\u00fd\u0161ka hladiny kvapaliny v\u00a0kapil\u00e1re je v\u00a0jej strede ni\u017e\u0161ia ako na sten\u00e1ch kapil\u00e1ry, nako\u013eko kvapalina stenu kapil\u00e1ry zm\u00e1\u010da (obr.\u00a0 6a).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00fd\u0161ka vzostupu kvapaliny v\u00a0kapil\u00e1re nad hladinu kvapaliny v\u00a0n\u00e1dobe je potom dan\u00e1 vz\u0165ahom:<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-18 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-15 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"227\" height=\"52\" title=\"image014\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image014.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-725\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image014-200x46.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image014.png 227w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 227px\" \/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-19 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-29\"><p style=\"text-align: right;\">(7)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-30\"><p>kde d je priemer kapil\u00e1ry a\u00a0v\u00fdznam ostatn\u00fdch symbolov je rovnak\u00fd ako vo vz\u0165ahoch (3) a (6).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-16 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image015.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 7 Zmena v\u00fd\u0161ky hladiny kvapaliny v z\u00e1vislosti od priemeru kapil\u00e1ry [3]\" data-title=\"image015\" title=\"image015\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"445\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image015-600x445.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-726\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image015-200x148.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image015-400x297.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image015-600x445.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image015-800x594.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image015.jpg 831w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-31\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 7 Zmena v\u00fd\u0161ky hladiny kvapaliny v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti od priemeru kapil\u00e1ry [3]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-32\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u010c\u00edm je teda polomer kapil\u00e1ry men\u0161\u00ed, povrchov\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie vy\u0161\u0161ie a\u00a0uhol zm\u00e1\u010dania men\u0161\u00ed, t\u00fdm je kapil\u00e1rny tlak vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed a\u00a0penetrant dok\u00e1\u017ee prenikn\u00fa\u0165 do v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ej h\u013abky povrchovej necelistvosti.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z\u00a0h\u013eadiska kapil\u00e1rneho sk\u00fa\u0161ania je mo\u017en\u00e9 poklada\u0165 povrchov\u00e9 necelistvosti, ktor\u00fdch priemer je mnohon\u00e1sobne men\u0161\u00ed ako ich h\u013abka za kapil\u00e1ry.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Po nanesen\u00ed v\u00fdvojky na povrch a\u00a0jej vysu\u0161en\u00ed vytv\u00e1raj\u00fa jej jednotliv\u00e9 \u010diasto\u010dky hust\u00fa sie\u0165 ve\u013emi \u00fazkych kapil\u00e1r, ktor\u00fdch priemer je men\u0161\u00ed ako je \u0161\u00edrka medzery povrchovej necelistvosti. Penetrant tak v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku kapil\u00e1rnych s\u00edl pr\u00fadi opa\u010dn\u00fdm smerom, t. j. z\u00a0necelistvosti do v\u00fdvojky a\u00a0umo\u017e\u0148uje identifikova\u0165 necelistvos\u0165.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u010cas za ktor\u00fd prenikne penetrant do povrchov\u00fdch nerovnost\u00ed z\u00e1vis\u00ed od viacer\u00fdch faktorov. S\u00fa nimi ve\u013ekos\u0165 povrchovej necelistvosti, viskozita penetrantu a\u00a0hustota penetrantu. \u010c\u00edm je ve\u013ekos\u0165 povrchovej necelistvosti v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ia, t\u00fdm do nej prenikne penetrant r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie. Naproti tomu viskozita penetrantu m\u00e1 mal\u00fd vplyv na jeho schopnos\u0165 prenikn\u00fa\u0165 do povrchovej necelistvosti. Viskozitu je mo\u017en\u00e9 ch\u00e1pa\u0165 ako odpor kvapaliny vo\u010di te\u010deniu v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku vn\u00fatorn\u00e9ho trenia v\u00a0kvapaline. \u010c\u00edm je toto trenie ni\u017e\u0161ie, t\u00fdm r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie sa kvapalina pohybuje. Z\u00a0toho d\u00f4vodu penetrant s\u00a0ni\u017e\u0161ou viskozitou vypln\u00ed povrchov\u00e9 necelistvosti r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie. Viskozita penetrantu v\u0161ak z\u00e1vis\u00ed od jeho chemick\u00e9ho zlo\u017eenia, teplote sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho zvarov\u00e9ho spoja a\u00a0teplote penetrantu. \u010c\u00edm je teplota penetrantu ni\u017e\u0161ia, t\u00fdm je vy\u0161\u0161ia jeho viskozita a\u00a0je potrebn\u00fd dlh\u0161\u00ed penetra\u010dn\u00fd \u010das. Rozsah tepl\u00f4t pri ktorom sa vykon\u00e1va penetra\u010dn\u00e1 sk\u00fa\u0161ka\u00a0 tak predstavuje d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd parameter a\u00a0je nutn\u00e9 ho bezpodmiene\u010dne dodr\u017ea\u0165 [5].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Odstr\u00e1nenie penetrantu z\u00a0povrchu sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho zvarov\u00e9ho spoja po stanovenom \u010dase penetr\u00e1cie z\u00e1vis\u00ed od typu pou\u017eit\u00e9ho penetrantu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na odstr\u00e1nenie z\u00a0povrchu sa pou\u017e\u00edva:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>voda, ktor\u00e1 je vhodn\u00e1 na zmytie emulga\u010dn\u00fdch, alebo vodou zm\u00fdvate\u013en\u00fdch penetrantov obsahuj\u00facich lipofiln\u00e9 emulg\u00e1tory,<\/li>\n<li>rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adlo (vhodn\u00e9 na vodou nezm\u00fdvate\u013en\u00e9 penetranty),<\/li>\n<li>emulg\u00e1tory, ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa na odstr\u00e1nenie tzv. postemulga\u010dn\u00fdch, alebo vodou nezm\u00fdvate\u013en\u00e9 penetrantov,<\/li>\n<li>zmes rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adla a\u00a0vody, vhodn\u00e1 na odstr\u00e1nenie vodou zm\u00fdvate\u013en\u00fdch penetrantov.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zariadenia a pom\u00f4cky pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 na kapil\u00e1rnu sk\u00fa\u0161ku<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z\u00e1kladn\u00fdmi zariadeniami a\u00a0pom\u00f4ckami na vykonanie kapil\u00e1rnej sk\u00fa\u0161ky s\u00fa \u010disti\u010d, penetrant, v\u00fdvojka, kontroln\u00e9 mierky (obr.\u00a0 10, obr.\u00a0 11, obr. 12) a luxmeter. V\u00a0pr\u00edpade fluorescen\u010dn\u00fdch penetrantov sa k\u00a0nim rad\u00ed aj UV lampa. Vybaven\u00edm sa zaober\u00e1 norma EN ISO 3452-4 [24].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi prostriedkami s\u00fa prenosn\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9 s\u00fapravy pozost\u00e1vaj\u00face s\u00a0\u010disti\u010da, penetrantu a\u00a0v\u00fdvojky v\u00a0aeros\u00f3lov\u00fdch obaloch. Pred samotnou sk\u00fa\u0161kou sa kontroluje certifik\u00e1t v\u00fdrobku a\u00a0z\u00e1ru\u010dn\u00e1 doba. Pri sk\u00fa\u0161ke sa mus\u00ed dodr\u017ea\u0165 predp\u00edsan\u00e1 hladina osvetlenia, ktor\u00e1 sa kontroluje kalibrovan\u00fdm luxmetrom. V\u00a0pr\u00edpade pou\u017eitia fluorescen\u010dn\u00e9ho penetrantu sa kontroluje intenzita UV \u017eiarenia na kontrolovanom zvarovom spoji a\u00a0predp\u00edsan\u00e1 intenzita okolit\u00e9ho bieleho svetla.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-17 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image016.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 8 Prenosn\u00e1 sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e1 s\u00faprava na kapil\u00e1rnu sk\u00fa\u0161ku \u2013 \u010disti\u010d, farebn\u00fd penetrant, v\u00fdvojka [8]\" data-title=\"image016\" title=\"image016\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"447\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image016-400x447.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-727\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image016-200x224.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image016-400x447.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image016-600x671.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image016.jpg 671w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-33\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 8 Prenosn\u00e1 sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e1 s\u00faprava na kapil\u00e1rnu sk\u00fa\u0161ku \u2013 \u010disti\u010d, farebn\u00fd penetrant, v\u00fdvojka [8]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-34\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Star\u0161ie UV lampy fungovali na princ\u00edpe ortu\u0165ovej v\u00fdbojky, v&nbsp;ktorej medzi dvomi elektr\u00f3dami hor\u00ed elektrick\u00fd obl\u00fak. Ortu\u0165ov\u00e9 pary emituj\u00fa \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum ultrafialov\u00e9ho a vidite\u013en\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa pohlcovan\u00e9 filtrom, ktor\u00fd prep\u00fa\u0161\u0165a UV \u017eiarenie s\u00a0vlnovou d\u013a\u017ekou 365 nm. Toto UV \u017eiarenie sa ozna\u010duje UVA a\u00a0nie je pre \u013eudsk\u00fd zrak nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9. \u017diarenie s\u00a0touto vlnovou d\u013a\u017ekou dok\u00e1\u017ee vyvola\u0165 fluorescenciu niektor\u00fdch l\u00e1tok. Vlnov\u00e1 d\u013a\u017eka fluorescen\u010dn\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia, ktor\u00e9 bolo vyvolan\u00e9 spomenut\u00fdm UVA \u017eiaren\u00edm je 555\u00a0nm, \u010do \u013eudsk\u00fd zrak vn\u00edma ako \u017elto-zelen\u00fa farbu. V\u00a0s\u00fa\u010dasnosti sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa modern\u00e9 UV LED lampy, ktor\u00e9 priamo emituj\u00fa svetlo s\u00a0po\u017eadovanou vlnovou d\u013a\u017ekou 365 nm. Oproti star\u0161\u00edm ortu\u0165ov\u00fdm UV lamp\u00e1m maj\u00fa nieko\u013eko v\u00fdhod. Pri intenzite v\u00fdkonu 3 mW\/cm<sup>2<\/sup> osvet\u013eovanej plochy zo vzdialenosti 40 cm je spotreba UV LED lampy pribli\u017ene \u0161tvrtinov\u00e1. Intenzita v\u00fdkonu sa pri \u0161tandardn\u00fdch ortu\u0165ov\u00fdch UV lamp\u00e1ch stabilizuje pribli\u017ene po 30 min\u00fatach, zatia\u013e \u010do pri UV LED lamp\u00e1ch je kon\u0161tantn\u00e1 ihne\u010f po zapnut\u00ed. UV LED lampy maj\u00fa viac ako desa\u0165n\u00e1sobne vy\u0161\u0161iu \u017eivotnos\u0165, nie s\u00fa n\u00e1chyln\u00e9 na otrasy, netreba ich akt\u00edvne chladi\u0165 a\u00a0teplota povrchu lampy je v\u00a0porovnan\u00ed s\u00a0ortu\u0165ov\u00fdmi UV lampami polovi\u010dn\u00e1.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-18 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image017.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 9 UV LED lampa [11]\" data-title=\"image017\" title=\"image017\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"361\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image017.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-728\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image017-200x241.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image017.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-35\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 9 UV LED lampa [11]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:350px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:58.33%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 2\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/u8IQX4kZp68?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-36\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kontroln\u00e9 mierky sl\u00fa\u017eia na vykon\u00e1vanie periodick\u00fdch kontroln\u00fdch sk\u00fa\u0161ok procesu pod\u013ea EN ISO 3452-1, alebo pri odli\u0161n\u00fdch podmienkach (napr. teploty) ne\u017e pri ak\u00fdch v\u00fdrobca vykonal typov\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161ky, alebo sk\u00fa\u0161ky \u0161ar\u017ee kapil\u00e1rnych prostriedkov. Pod\u013ea\u00a0 EN ISO 3452-3 existuj\u00fa dva typy kontroln\u00fdch mierok \u2013 typ I a typ II.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mierka typu I\u00a0sa pou\u017e\u00edva na ur\u010denie \u00farovn\u00ed citlivosti skup\u00edn fluorescen\u010dn\u00fdch a farebn\u00fdch kontrastn\u00fdch penetrantov (obr.\u00a0 10).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Referen\u010dn\u00e1 mierka typu I sa pou\u017e\u00edva na ur\u010denie \u00farovn\u00ed citlivosti skup\u00edn fluorescen\u010dn\u00fdch a farebn\u00fdch kontrastn\u00fdch penetrantov. Ide o\u00a0sadu 4 obd\u013a\u017enikov\u00fdch mosadzn\u00fdch do\u0161ti\u010diek, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa na povrchu chr\u00f3mniklov\u00e9 povlaky s\u00a0hr\u00fabkami 10, 20, 30 a\u00a050 \u00b5m. Deform\u00e1ciou do\u0161ti\u010diek boli v\u00a0nich vytvoren\u00e9 umel\u00e9 prie\u010dne trhliny, ktor\u00fdch \u0161\u00edrka z\u00e1vis\u00ed o\u00a0hr\u00fabky povlaku.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-20 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:right;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-19 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image018.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 10 Mierka typu I, a) pred sk\u00fa\u0161kou [10]\" data-title=\"image018\" title=\"image018\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"188\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image018-400x188.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-729\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image018-200x94.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image018-400x188.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image018.png 554w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-21 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-20 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image019.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 10 Mierka typu I, b) po sk\u00fa\u0161ke [10]\" data-title=\"image019\" title=\"image019\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"226\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image019-400x226.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-730\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image019-200x113.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image019-400x226.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image019-600x340.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image019.png 728w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-37\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 10 Mierka typu I; pred sk\u00fa\u0161kou (v\u013eavo) a po sk\u00fa\u0161ke (vpravo) [10]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-38\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Referen\u010dn\u00e1 mierka typu II (obr.\u00a0 11) sa pou\u017e\u00edva na rutinn\u00e9 hodnotenie \u00fa\u010dinnosti fluorescen\u010dn\u00e9ho testovania a testovania farebn\u00e9ho kontrastu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mierka je vyroben\u00e1 z&nbsp;2,5 mm plechu z\u00a0kor\u00f3ziivzdornej ocele. Polovica testovacieho povrchu je pokryt\u00e1 s\u00a0hr\u00fabkou 60 \u00b5m z&nbsp;tvrdej zliatiny. V&nbsp;p\u00e1se s&nbsp;tvrdou vrstvou je rovnomerne rozmiestnen\u00fdch p\u00e4\u0165 stredov trhl\u00edn. Stredy trhl\u00edn s\u00fa tvoren\u00e9 kruhov\u00fdmi vzormi tvoriacimi hviezdu. Druh\u00e1 polovica je tvoren\u00e1 \u0161tyrmi ved\u013ea seba le\u017eiacimi plochami s\u00a0rozli\u010dnou drsnos\u0165ou povrchu (Ra 2,5, 5, 10 a\u00a015 \u00b5m). Tieto plochy sl\u00fa\u017eia na kontrolu zmytia penetrantu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Referen\u010dn\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9 bloky s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 v\u00a0norme STN EN ISO 3452-3 (015068) [23]. Sk\u00fa\u0161anie kapil\u00e1rnych prostriedkov sa vykon\u00e1va pod\u013ea STN EN ISO 3452-2 (015068) [22]. Zariadenia na nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie uv\u00e1dza norma STN EN ISO 3452-4 (015068) [24].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-22 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:right;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-21 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image020.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 11 Mierka typu II a) Schematick\u00e9 zn\u00e1zornenie [11], [12]\" data-title=\"image020\" title=\"image020\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"170\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image020-400x170.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-731\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image020-200x85.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image020-400x170.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image020.png 551w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-23 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-22 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image021.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 11 Mierka typu II b) pri sk\u00fa\u0161ke v UVA svetle [11], [12]\" data-title=\"image021\" title=\"image021\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"132\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image021-400x132.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-732\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image021-200x66.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image021-400x132.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image021.png 521w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-39\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 11 Mierka typu II; schematick\u00e9 zn\u00e1zornenie (v\u013eavo) a po sk\u00fa\u0161ke v&nbsp;UVA svetle (vpravo) [11], [12]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-40\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u010eal\u0161ou z&nbsp;pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch mierok je hlin\u00edkov\u00e1 mierka ASME V&nbsp;(obr. 12). T\u00e1to mierka je vyroben\u00e1 zo zliatiny hlin\u00edka tak, \u017ee po zahriat\u00ed na predp\u00edsan\u00fa teplotu sa prudko ochlad\u00ed v&nbsp;studenej vode. V&nbsp;mierke t\u00fdmto sp\u00f4sobom na oboch stran\u00e1ch vznikne sie\u0165 trhl\u00edn. Hlin\u00edkov\u00e1 mierka sl\u00fa\u017ei na overenie zmeny podmienok sk\u00fa\u0161ky, napr. inej ako predp\u00edsanej teploty, alebo d\u013a\u017eky penetra\u010dn\u00e9ho \u010dasu. Na jednej strane vzorky sa sk\u00fa\u0161ka vykon\u00e1 za \u0161tandardn\u00fdch podmienok a na druhej strane za zmenen\u00fdch podmienok. V\u00fdsledky oboch sk\u00fa\u0161ok by mali vykazova\u0165 minim\u00e1lne rovnak\u00fa citlivos\u0165.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-23 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image022.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 12 Hlin\u00edkov\u00e1 mierka ASME V [12]\" data-title=\"image022\" title=\"image022\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"442\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image022-600x442.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-733\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image022-200x147.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image022-400x295.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image022-600x442.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image022.jpg 651w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-41\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 12 Hlin\u00edkov\u00e1 mierka ASME V&nbsp;[12]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-24 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image023.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 13 Hlin\u00edkov\u00e1 mierka ASME V po vykonan\u00ed kapil\u00e1rnej sk\u00fa\u0161ky\" data-title=\"image023\" title=\"image023\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"398\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image023-600x398.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-734\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image023-200x133.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image023-400x266.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image023-600x398.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image023-800x531.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image023.png 923w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-42\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr. 13 Hlin\u00edkov\u00e1 mierka ASME V\u00a0po vykonan\u00ed kapil\u00e1rnej sk\u00fa\u0161ky<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-43\"><h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Postup vykonania kapil\u00e1rnej sk\u00fa\u0161ky<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0160\u00edrka sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho povrchu pod\u013ea STN EN ISO 23277 mus\u00ed zah\u0155\u0148a\u0165 zvarov\u00fd kov a\u00a0teplom ovplyvnen\u00fa oblas\u0165 a\u00a0to do vzdialenosti aspo\u0148 10 mm od zvaru. Postup vykonania kapil\u00e1rnej sk\u00fa\u0161ky pozost\u00e1va z\u00a0nieko\u013ek\u00fdch na seba nadv\u00e4zuj\u00facich krokov.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pr\u00edprava povrchu<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00da\u010delom pr\u00edpravy sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho povrchu je zabezpe\u010di\u0165, aby sa na \u0148om nenach\u00e1dzali l\u00e1tky, ktor\u00e9 by mohli zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 preniknutiu penetrantu do povrchov\u00fdch necelistvost\u00ed, alebo naopak, vzniku falo\u0161n\u00fdch indik\u00e1ci\u00ed. Tie m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 v\u00a0pr\u00edpade zvarov\u00fdch spojov zvy\u0161kami neodstr\u00e1nenej trosky, pod ktor\u00fa m\u00f4\u017ee penetrant zatiec\u0165. Povrchov\u00e9 necelistvosti by mali by\u0165 otvoren\u00e9, nemala by sa v\u00a0nich nach\u00e1dza\u0165 mastnota, prach, \u0161pina at\u010f.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie sa na \u010distenie povrchu pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa mechanick\u00e9 a\u00a0chemick\u00e9 sp\u00f4soby, alebo ich kombin\u00e1cia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri mechanickom \u010disten\u00ed povrchu napr. br\u00fasen\u00edm je treba dba\u0165 na to, aby nedo\u0161lo v\u00a0d\u00f4sledku mechanick\u00e9ho \u010distenia k\u00a0povrchov\u00e9mu uzatvoreniu necelistvost\u00ed alebo ich vyplneniu \u010dasticami brusiva. \u010casto pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom \u010distenia povrchu zvarov\u00fdch spojov je kefovanie oce\u013eovou kefou. V\u00a0pr\u00edpade austenitick\u00fdch ocel\u00ed je nevyhnutn\u00e9, aby boli \u0161tetiny \u010distiacej kefy tie\u017e z\u00a0austenitick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chemick\u00fdm \u010disten\u00edm je mo\u017en\u00e9 odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 z&nbsp;povrchu l\u00e1tky ako olej, mastnotu, farbu a pod. Na chemick\u00e9 \u010distenie sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie organick\u00e9 rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adl\u00e1, alebo sapon\u00e1ty.\u00a0V pr\u00edpade kombinovan\u00e9ho \u010distenia najsk\u00f4r prebieha mechanick\u00e9 \u010distenie po ktorom nasleduje chemick\u00e9 \u010distenie.\u00a0Po \u010disten\u00ed mus\u00ed zosta\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fd povrch such\u00fd a\u00a0zvy\u0161ky \u010distiacich prostriedkov sa nesm\u00fa nach\u00e1dza\u0165 v\u00a0necelistvostiach.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Penetr\u00e1cia<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cie\u013eom penetr\u00e1cie je pokrytie povrchu zvarov\u00e9ho spoja s\u00favislou vrstvou penetrantu na miestach s\u00a0predpokladan\u00fdm v\u00fdskytom ch\u00fdb a\u00a0n\u00e1sledn\u00e9ho zate\u010denia penetrantu do povrchov\u00fdch necelistvost\u00ed. \u010cas po\u010das ktor\u00e9ho je penetrant pr\u00edtomn\u00fd na povrchu sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho zvarov\u00e9ho spoja sa naz\u00fdva penetra\u010dn\u00fd \u010das. Pod\u013ea STN EN ISO 3452-1 [21] je minim\u00e1lny penetra\u010dn\u00fd \u010das 5 min\u00fat a\u00a0maxim\u00e1lny penetra\u010dn\u00fd \u010das 60 min\u00fat. \u010cas penetr\u00e1cie z\u00e1vis\u00ed od materi\u00e1lu dielu, typu sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho dielu (odliatok, zvarok, v\u00fdkovok at\u010f.), druhov ch\u00fdb, type penetrantu a\u00a0teplote prostredia. Sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00edm pri teplot\u00e1ch vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch ako 50&nbsp;\u00b0C sa zaober\u00e1 norma STN EN ISO 3452-5 (015068) [25], pri teplot\u00e1ch ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch ako 10&nbsp;\u00b0C \u00a0norma STN EN ISO 3452-6 (015068) [26]. Austenitick\u00e9 ocele a\u00a0niklov\u00e9 zliatiny vy\u017eaduj\u00fa dlh\u0161ie penetra\u010dn\u00e9 \u010dasy, naopak zliatiny hlin\u00edka hor\u010d\u00edka krat\u0161ie penetra\u010dn\u00e9 \u010dasy.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Penetrant je mo\u017en\u00e9 nan\u00e1\u0161a\u0165 viacer\u00fdmi sp\u00f4sobmi: n\u00e1strekom, \u0161tetcom, poliat\u00edm, alebo ponorom.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">N\u00e1strek penetrantu sa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie rob\u00ed pomocou aeros\u00f3lov\u00fdch sprejov. Nan\u00e1\u0161anie \u0161tetcom je vhodn\u00e9 pri aplik\u00e1cii v&nbsp;miestach, kde by mohlo d\u00f4js\u0165 k&nbsp;ohrozeniu zdravia, napr. v&nbsp;uzatvoren\u00fdch priestoroch. Nan\u00e1\u0161anie penetrantu poliat\u00edm sa pou\u017e\u00edva pri ve\u013ekorozmern\u00fdch dieloch. Naopak, nan\u00e1\u0161anie ponorom sa pou\u017e\u00edva pri sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00ed ve\u013ek\u00e9ho po\u010dtu mal\u00fdch dielov, alebo dielov s&nbsp;ve\u013ekou \u010dlenitos\u0165ou povrchu, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa ulo\u017een\u00e9 v&nbsp;ko\u0161i a spolu s&nbsp;n\u00edm sa ponoria do penetrantu. Po vytiahnut\u00ed z&nbsp;penetrantu sa prebyto\u010dn\u00fd penetrant nech\u00e1 odkvapka\u0165. Penetra\u010dn\u00fd \u010das je tak s\u00fa\u010dtom \u010dasu ponoru a odkvapkania.\u00a0Klasifik\u00e1cia sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00fdch prostriedkov (penetrantov, \u010disti\u010dov a\u00a0v\u00fdvojok) pod\u013ea STN EN ISO 3452-1 (015068) je v\u00a0tabu\u013eke 1 [21].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-44\"><p><em>Tab.\u00a0 1 Klasifik\u00e1cia sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00fdch prostriedkov na penetra\u010dn\u00fa sk\u00fa\u0161ku pod\u013ea STN EN ISO 3452-1 (015068)<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table style=\"width: 100%; height: 327px;\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<th style=\"height: 24px; width: 16.6802%; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"><strong>Penetrant<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 24px; width: 40.3222%; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"><strong>Prostriedok na odstr\u00e1nenie prebyto\u010dn\u00e9ho penetrantu<\/strong><\/th>\n<th style=\"height: 24px; width: 41.6922%; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"2\" align=\"left\"><strong>V\u00fdvojka<\/strong><\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 3.91645%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>Typ<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 12.7637%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>Ozna\u010denie<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 17.1487%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>Met\u00f3da<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 23.1735%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>Ozna\u010denie<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 8.7885%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>Druh<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 32.9037%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><strong>Ozna\u010denie<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 3.91645%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">I<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 12.7637%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Fluorescen\u010dn\u00fd<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 17.1487%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">A<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 23.1735%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Voda<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 8.7885%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">a<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 32.9037%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Such\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 3.91645%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">II<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 12.7637%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Farebn\u00fd<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 17.1487%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 23.1735%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Lipofiln\u00fd emulg\u00e1tor<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 8.7885%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">b<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 32.9037%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Rozpustn\u00e1 vo vode<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 138px; width: 3.91645%; text-align: center;\" rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\">III<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 138px; width: 12.7637%; text-align: center;\" rowspan=\"5\" align=\"left\">Kombinovan\u00fd<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 17.1487%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">C<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 23.1735%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adlo<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 8.7885%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">c<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 32.9037%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Vodou riedite\u013en\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 17.1487%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">D<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 23.1735%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Hydrofiln\u00fd emulg\u00e1tor<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 8.7885%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">d<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 32.9037%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Na b\u00e1ze rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adla (nevodn\u00e9 pre typ I)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 90px; width: 17.1487%; text-align: center;\" rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\">E<sup>a<\/sup><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 90px; width: 23.1735%; text-align: center;\" rowspan=\"3\" align=\"left\">Voda a rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adlo<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 8.7885%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">e<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 24px; width: 32.9037%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Na b\u00e1ze rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adla (nevodn\u00e9 pre typy II a III)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 33px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 33px; width: 8.7885%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">f<\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 33px; width: 32.9037%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">\u0160peci\u00e1lne aplik\u00e1cie<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 33px;\">\n<td style=\"height: 33px; width: 8.7885%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">g<sup>b<\/sup><\/td>\n<td style=\"height: 33px; width: 32.9037%; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Bez v\u00fdvojky (iba pre typ I)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 93px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 98.6945%; height: 93px;\" colspan=\"6\" align=\"left\">\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">POZN\u00c1MKA \u2013 V&nbsp;\u0161pecifick\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch je potrebn\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 produkty, ktor\u00e9 vyhovuj\u00fa konkr\u00e9tnym po\u017eiadavk\u00e1m, pokia\u013e ide o hor\u013eavos\u0165, obsah s\u00edry, halog\u00e9nov a sod\u00edka a in\u00e9 ne\u010distoty. Pozri ISO 3452-2.<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><sup>a<\/sup>\u00a0Met\u00f3da E sa t\u00fdka pou\u017eitia dvoch produktov, vody a rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adla. Penetra\u010dn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly kvalifikovan\u00e9 pre met\u00f3du A sa tie\u017e pova\u017euj\u00fa za kvalifikovan\u00e9 pre met\u00f3du E.<br \/>\n<\/span><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\"><sup>b<\/sup>\u00a0Pre \u200b\u200bformu g je potrebn\u00fd \u010das vyv\u00edjania<\/span><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:350px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:58.33%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 3\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/mIXIcR59dRE?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-45\"><h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Medzi\u010distenie<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00dalohou medzi\u010distenia je odstr\u00e1nenie prebyto\u010dn\u00e9ho penetrantu z\u00a0kontrolovan\u00e9ho povrchu, pri\u010dom penetrant nasiaknut\u00fd v&nbsp;necelistvostiach mus\u00ed zosta\u0165 zachovan\u00fd. Ak sa penetrant z\u00a0povrchu nedostato\u010dne odstr\u00e1ni, d\u00f4jde k\u00a0zafarbeniu alebo fluorescencii v\u00fdvojky aj na miestach, kde sa necelistvos\u0165 nenach\u00e1dza (tzv. falo\u0161n\u00e1 indik\u00e1cia). Doch\u00e1dza tak k\u00a0zn\u00ed\u017eeniu kontrastu a\u00a0zhor\u0161eniu identifik\u00e1cie indik\u00e1cie. Na druhej strane, pri nadmernom medzi\u010disten\u00ed m\u00f4\u017ee d\u00f4js\u0165 k\u00a0odstr\u00e1neniu penetrantu z\u00a0necelistvosti a\u00a0t\u00fdm aj k\u00a0jej prehliadnutiu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Nev\u00fdhodou penetrantov na b\u00e1ze rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adiel je mo\u017enos\u0165 zriedenia penetrantu pr\u00edtomn\u00e9ho v\u00a0necelistvosti. Z\u00a0toho d\u00f4vodu sa odpor\u00fa\u010da postup spo\u010d\u00edvaj\u00faci najsk\u00f4r zo zotretia penetrantu z\u00a0povrchu suchou handrou, potom jeho o\u010disten\u00ed handrou navlh\u010denou v\u00a0rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adle a\u00a0nakoniec utretie povrchu do sucha suchou handrou.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vodou zm\u00fdvate\u013en\u00e9 penetranty obsahuj\u00fa lipofiln\u00e9 emulg\u00e1tory, v\u010faka ktor\u00fdm je ich mo\u017en\u00e9 zo\u00a0sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho povrchu po uplynut\u00ed penetra\u010dn\u00e9ho \u010dasu umy\u0165 vodou. Vodu je mo\u017en\u00e9 aplikova\u0165 sprchovan\u00edm, ponorom, alebo pomocou vlhkej handry. Aj pri penetrantoch zm\u00fdvate\u013en\u00fdch vodou existuje riziko vymytia penetrantu z\u00a0necelistvosti. Preto tlak a\u00a0teplota vody ako aj \u010das ostrekovnia musia by\u0165 v\u00a0s\u00falade s\u00a0pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdmi predpismi. Na oplachovanie sa pou\u017e\u00edva demineralizovan\u00e1 voda bez obsahu ne\u010dist\u00f4t.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00a0pr\u00edpade postemulga\u010dn\u00fdch penetrantov bezprostredn\u00e9 zmytie vodou nie je mo\u017en\u00e9. Po uplynut\u00ed penetra\u010dn\u00e9ho \u010dasu sa preto na povrch nanesie emulg\u00e1tor, ktor\u00fd vodou nezm\u00fdvate\u013en\u00fd penetrant premen\u00ed na penetrant vodou zm\u00fdvate\u013en\u00fd. Tomuto procesu sa hovor\u00ed emulg\u00e1cia. Aby emulg\u00e1cia prebehla, mus\u00ed by\u0165 dodr\u017ean\u00fd predp\u00edsan\u00fd emulga\u010dn\u00fd \u010das. Emulg\u00e1tory sa vyr\u00e1baj\u00fa na b\u00e1ze olejov (lipofiln\u00e9), alebo na vodnej b\u00e1ze (hydrofiln\u00e9), ktor\u00e9 sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa \u010dastej\u0161ie. Na rozdiel od penetrantov je nan\u00e1\u0161anie \u0161tetcom zak\u00e1zan\u00e9 a\u00a0pou\u017e\u00edva sa v\u00fdhradne nan\u00e1\u0161anie ponorom, alebo striekan\u00edm. Pre hydrofiln\u00e9 emulg\u00e1tory sa odpor\u00fa\u010da pred ich nanesen\u00edm opl\u00e1chnutie sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho povrchu vodou, lipofiln\u00e9 emulg\u00e1tory, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa s\u00a0vodou nemie\u0161ate\u013en\u00e9 sa nan\u00e1\u0161an\u00fa bez predch\u00e1dzaj\u00faceho vodn\u00e9ho oplachu.<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vyvol\u00e1vanie<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00da\u010delom vyvol\u00e1vania je zvidite\u013enenie povrchov\u00fdch necelistvost\u00ed, do ktor\u00fdch po\u010das penetr\u00e1cie prenikol penetrant. Ak sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa fluorescen\u010dn\u00e9 penetranty pri ktor\u00fdch sa sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fd povrch pozoruje pod UV lampou, nie je pou\u017eitie v\u00fdvojky zvy\u010dajne potrebn\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri pou\u017eit\u00ed farebn\u00fdch penetrantov je pou\u017eitie v\u00fdvojky potrebn\u00e9. V\u00fdvojka po vysu\u0161en\u00ed na povrchu vytvor\u00ed tenk\u00fa vrstvi\u010dku pozost\u00e1vaj\u00facou zo siete drobn\u00fdch kapil\u00e1r, do ktor\u00fdch penetrant z\u00a0necelistvost\u00ed vyst\u00fapi. Kapil\u00e1ry penetrantu s\u00fa orientovan\u00e9 v\u0161etk\u00fdmi smermi, tak\u017ee skuto\u010dn\u00e1 necelistvos\u0165 je v\u00a0skuto\u010dnosti men\u0161ia ako indikovan\u00e1.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Hr\u00fabka nanesenej vrstvy v\u00fdvojky by mala by\u0165 primeran\u00e1. Pr\u00edli\u0161 tenk\u00e1 vrstva zhor\u0161uje kontrast medzi indik\u00e1ciou a\u00a0povrchom, pr\u00edli\u0161 hrub\u00e1 vrstva m\u00e1 za n\u00e1sledok m\u00e1lo zrete\u013en\u00fa alebo \u017eiadnu indik\u00e1ciu. Vo v\u0161eobecnosti plat\u00ed, \u017ee pre fluorescen\u010dn\u00e9 penetranty posta\u010duje nanesenie ten\u0161ej vrstvy v\u00fdvojky, alebo v&nbsp;niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch sa v\u00fdvojka nenan\u00e1\u0161a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ako u\u017e bolo uveden\u00e9 v\u00fdvojka vytv\u00e1ra na povrchu sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu tenk\u00fa povrchov\u00fa por\u00e9znu vrstvi\u010dku. Pr\u00e1\u0161kov\u00fd materi\u00e1l tejto vrstvi\u010dky m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 pou\u017eit\u00fd samostatne, t. j.\u00a0 ako pr\u00e1\u0161ok (such\u00e9 v\u00fdvojky), alebo ako roztok \u010di suspenzia vo vode resp. v\u00a0rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adle (mokr\u00e9 v\u00fdvojky).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Such\u00e9 v\u00fdvojky sa nan\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa napra\u0161ovan\u00edm, pomocou \u0161tetca, alebo ponoren\u00edm do v\u00fdvojky. \u010eal\u0161ou mo\u017enos\u0165ou je ich elektrostatick\u00e9 nan\u00e1\u0161anie. V\u00fdhodou such\u00fdch v\u00fdvojok oproti mokr\u00fdm v\u00fdvojk\u00e1m je, \u017ee nie je potrebn\u00e9 \u010daka\u0165 na uschnutie v\u00fdvojky.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mokr\u00e9 v\u00fdvojky na vodnej b\u00e1ze sa nan\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa striekan\u00edm, ponoren\u00edm, alebo polievan\u00edm. Ak ide i\u00a0mokr\u00fa suspenzn\u00fa v\u00fdvojku, pred pou\u017eit\u00edm je ju nutn\u00e9 d\u00f4kladne premie\u0161a\u0165, preto\u017ee suspenzie maj\u00fa tendenciu sa usadzova\u0165 na dne n\u00e1doby. Po nanesen\u00ed mokrej v\u00fdvojky je potrebn\u00e9 necha\u0165 odpari\u0165 vodu.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mokr\u00e9 v\u00fdvojky na b\u00e1ze rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adiel s\u00fa tvoren\u00e9 suspenziou bieleho pr\u00e1\u0161ku v\u00a0rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adle. Oproti mokr\u00fdm v\u00fdvojk\u00e1m na vodnej b\u00e1ze maj\u00fa krat\u0161\u00ed \u010das schnutia (rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165adlo sa odparuje r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie) a\u00a0najvy\u0161\u0161iu citlivos\u0165. Nan\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa sa spravidla striekan\u00edm, okrem ich aplik\u00e1cie v\u00a0uzatvoren\u00fdch priestoroch, kde je z\u00a0d\u00f4vodu bezpe\u010dnosti mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 nan\u00e1\u0161anie \u0161tetcom.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm parametrom kapil\u00e1rnej sk\u00fa\u0161ky je vyvol\u00e1vac\u00ed \u010das. Za\u010diatok vyvol\u00e1vacieho \u010dasu sa l\u00ed\u0161i v\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti od pou\u017eitej v\u00fdvojky. Pri such\u00fdch v\u00fdvojk\u00e1ch za\u010d\u00edna vyvol\u00e1vac\u00ed \u010das bezprostredne po nanesen\u00ed v\u00fdvojky, pri mokr\u00fdch v\u00fdvojk\u00e1ch po vysu\u0161en\u00ed v\u00fdvojky. Pod\u013ea STN EN ISO 3452-1 je vyvol\u00e1vac\u00ed \u010das 10 a\u017e 30 min\u00fat [21]. Hodnotenie indik\u00e1ci\u00ed sa vykon\u00e1va na za\u010diatku vyvol\u00e1vacieho \u010dasu a\u00a0po jeho uplynut\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vyhodnocovanie indik\u00e1ci\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Indik\u00e1cie vytvoren\u00e9 kapil\u00e1rnou sk\u00fa\u0161kou nevykazuj\u00fa rovnak\u00e9 rozmerov\u00e9 a\u00a0tvarov\u00e9 charakteristiky ako chyba v\u00a0materi\u00e1li a\u00a0preto sa vo vz\u0165ahu ku kriteri\u00e1lnej norme vyhodnocuje ve\u013ekos\u0165 indik\u00e1cie. Vyhodnocovanie indik\u00e1ci\u00ed pozost\u00e1va zo \u0161tyroch na seba navz\u00e1jom nadv\u00e4zuj\u00facich krokoch.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Prv\u00fdm krokom je in\u0161pekcia. Pod pojmom in\u0161pekcia sa rozumie h\u013eadanie a\u00a0n\u00e1jdenie indik\u00e1ci\u00ed na povrchu sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fdch zvarov\u00fdch spojov. In\u0161pekciu je potrebn\u00e9 vykon\u00e1va\u0165 v\u00a0s\u00falade s\u00a0normou STN EN ISO 3452-1 [21]. Nako\u013eko rozli\u0161ovacia schopnos\u0165 \u013eudsk\u00e9ho zraku kles\u00e1 s\u00a0intenzitou osvetlenia, po\u017eaduje sa minim\u00e1lne osvetlenie 500 luxov pri pou\u017eit\u00ed farebn\u00fdch penetrantov. T\u00e1to intenzita by v\u0161ak bola pr\u00edli\u0161 vysok\u00e1 na pozorovanie fluorescen\u010dn\u00e9ho \u017eiarenia pri pou\u017eit\u00ed fluorescen\u010dn\u00fdch penetrantov, kde sa naopak normou predpisuje maxim\u00e1lna intenzita osvetlenia sk\u00faman\u00e9ho povrchu 20 luxov. Minim\u00e1lna intenzita UV-A \u017eiarenia mus\u00ed by\u0165, ktor\u00e9 sp\u00f4sobuje fluorescenciu je 1 mW\/cm<sup>2<\/sup>, resp. 10 W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>. Pracovn\u00edci, ktor\u00ed sk\u00fa\u0161ku vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa musia ma\u0165 o\u010dn\u00fdm lek\u00e1rom potvrden\u00fa schopnos\u0165 vidie\u0165 na bl\u00edzko a\u00a0farbocit raz ro\u010dne.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Po n\u00e1jden\u00ed indik\u00e1ci\u00ed nasleduje druh\u00fd krok \u2013 interpret\u00e1cia. Interpret\u00e1cia znamen\u00e1, \u017ee sa posudzuje, \u010di je indik\u00e1cia irelevantn\u00e1, alebo relevantn\u00e1. Medzi irelevantn\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie (nez\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9) je mo\u017en\u00e9 zaradi\u0165 falo\u0161n\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie a\u00a0geometrick\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie. Falo\u0161n\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie s\u00fa sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 chybou v\u00a0penetra\u010dnom postupe. Ako pr\u00edklad je mo\u017en\u00e9 uvies\u0165 nedostato\u010dn\u00e9 medzi\u010distenie, napr. pri ve\u013emi \u010dlenitom povrchu, pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 vl\u00e1kna z\u00a0\u010distiacej handry na povrchu, prenesenie penetrantu z\u00a0podlo\u017eky na ktorej sa sk\u00fa\u0161ka vykon\u00e1va na sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fd povrch po nanesen\u00ed v\u00fdvojky a\u00a0pod. Geometrick\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie vych\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z\u00a0pr\u00edtomnosti geometrick\u00fdch tvarov na povrchu, napr. z\u00e1vitov, otvorov a\u00a0pod.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Relevantn\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie sa pokladaj\u00fa za z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9 a\u00a0je ich mo\u017en\u00e9 rozdeli\u0165 na pr\u00edpustn\u00e9 a\u00a0nepr\u00edpustn\u00e9. Pr\u00edpustn\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie v\u00a0z\u00e1sade nevylu\u010duj\u00fa sledovan\u00fa s\u00fa\u010diastku z\u00a0pou\u017eitia. Nepr\u00edpustn\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie \u2013 chyby \u010fal\u0161ie pou\u017eitie sledovanej s\u00fa\u010diastky vylu\u010duj\u00fa.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tret\u00edm krokom vyhodnocovania indik\u00e1ci\u00ed je ich klasifik\u00e1cia. Pri klasifik\u00e1cii sa posudzuj\u00fa indik\u00e1cie, nie chyby. V\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti od pomeru d\u013a\u017eky indik\u00e1cie (a) k\u00a0jej \u0161\u00edrke (b) sa indik\u00e1cie rozde\u013euj\u00fa na:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">line\u00e1rne (pozd\u013a\u017ene), a:b &gt; 3 (obr. 14),<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">neline\u00e1rne (okr\u00fahle), a:b \u2264 3 (obr. 15).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-1 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-25 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image024.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 14 Line\u00e1rna indik\u00e1cia\" data-title=\"image024\" title=\"image024\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"147\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image024-400x147.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-735\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image024-200x74.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image024-400x147.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image024-600x221.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image024.png 720w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-46\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 14 Line\u00e1rna indik\u00e1cia<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-2 fusion_builder_column_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-26 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image025.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 15 Neline\u00e1rna indik\u00e1cia\" data-title=\"image025\" title=\"image025\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image025-400x281.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-736\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image025-200x141.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image025-400x281.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image025-600x422.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image025.png 617w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-47\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 15 Neline\u00e1rna indik\u00e1cia<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-3 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-48\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u010eal\u0161ia klasifik\u00e1cia vych\u00e1dza zo vz\u00e1jomnej polohy indik\u00e1ci\u00ed (izolovan\u00e9, viacn\u00e1sobn\u00e9 usporiadan\u00e9, alebo neusporiadan\u00e9, zhluk indik\u00e1ci\u00ed) at\u010f. [5].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u0160tvrt\u00fdm krokom je vyhodnotenie indik\u00e1ci\u00ed z&nbsp;h\u013eadiska ich pr\u00edpustnosti. Pou\u017e\u00edva sa nomin\u00e1lne, ordin\u00e1rne, alebo metrick\u00e9 vyhodnotenie.\u00a0Nomin\u00e1lne vyhodnotenie spo\u010d\u00edva na rozhodnut\u00ed \u00e1no\/nie. Nepr\u00edpustn\u00e9 s\u00fa trhliny, ktor\u00fdch pr\u00ed\u010dinou m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 studen\u00fd spoj, neprevaren\u00fd kore\u0148 a pod., preto\u017ee m\u00f4\u017eu vies\u0165 k&nbsp;poru\u0161eniu materi\u00e1lu.\u00a0Ordin\u00e1rne vyhodnotenie je zalo\u017een\u00e9 na katal\u00f3gu fotografi\u00ed kapil\u00e1rnych indik\u00e1ci\u00ed. Ordin\u00e1rne hodnotenie vyu\u017e\u00edva americk\u00e1 norma ASME E-433.\u00a0Metrick\u00e9 vyhodnotenie vych\u00e1dza zo zmeran\u00fdch rozmerov indik\u00e1ci\u00ed a\u00a0porovn\u00e1va ich s\u00a0limitn\u00fdmi hodnotami uveden\u00fdmi v\u00a0pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch norm\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pod\u013ea charakteristick\u00e9ho tvaru je mo\u017en\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie rozdeli\u0165 na:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>okr\u00fahle indik\u00e1cie,<\/li>\n<li>s\u00favisl\u00e9 pretiahnut\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie,<\/li>\n<li>preru\u0161ovan\u00e9 pretiahnut\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie,<\/li>\n<li>rozoklan\u00e9 pretiahnut\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie s&nbsp;premenlivou \u0161\u00edrkou [5].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Okr\u00fahlymi indik\u00e1ciami s\u00fa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie p\u00f3ry, hlbok\u00e9 kr\u00e1terov\u00e9 trhliny, tuh\u00e9 pr\u00edmesky (vtr\u00faseniny), hlbok\u00e9 kr\u00e1tke trhliny a\u00a0pod. M\u00f4\u017eu sa vyskytova\u0165 izolovane na jednotliv\u00fdch miestach, alebo m\u00f4\u017eu tvori\u0165 riadky \u010di zhluky [5].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-24 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-27 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image026.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 16 Gu\u013eat\u00e1 indik\u00e1cia\" data-title=\"image026\" title=\"image026\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"225\" height=\"203\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image026.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-737\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image026-200x180.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image026.png 225w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-49\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 16 Gu\u013eat\u00e1 indik\u00e1cia<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-25 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-28 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image027.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 17 Okr\u00fahla indik\u00e1cia\" data-title=\"image027\" title=\"image027\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"273\" height=\"200\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image027.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-738\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image027-200x147.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image027.png 273w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 273px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-50\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 17 Okr\u00fahla indik\u00e1cia<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-26 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-29 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image028.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 18 Zhluk okr\u00fahlych indik\u00e1ci\u00ed\" data-title=\"image028\" title=\"image028\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"210\" height=\"192\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image028.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-739\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image028-200x183.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image028.png 210w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 210px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-51\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 18 Zhluk okr\u00fahlych indik\u00e1ci\u00ed<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-27 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-30 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image029.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 19 Riadok okr\u00fahlych indik\u00e1ci\u00ed\" data-title=\"image029\" title=\"image029\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"611\" height=\"145\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image029.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-740\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image029-200x47.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image029-400x95.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image029-600x142.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image029.png 611w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-52\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 19 Riadok okr\u00fahlych indik\u00e1ci\u00ed<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-53\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ako s\u00favisl\u00e1 pretiahnut\u00e1 indik\u00e1cia sa prejavuje pri zvarov\u00fdch spojoch napr. studen\u00fd spoj, alebo trhlina (obr. 20). Preru\u0161ovan\u00e9 pretiahnut\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie vykazuj\u00fa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie tesn\u00e9 kontaminovan\u00e9 trhliny (obr. 21). Rozoklan\u00e9 pretiahnut\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie s&nbsp;premenlivou \u0161\u00edrkou (obr. 22) pripom\u00ednaj\u00face tvarom vetvu stromu, alebo rozvetven\u00fd blesk na oblohe, dokumentuj\u00fa trhliny zvarov\u00fdch spojov [5].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-28 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:33.333333333333%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:5.76%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:5.76%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-31 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image030.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 20 S\u00favisl\u00e1 pretiahnut\u00e1 indik\u00e1cia \" data-title=\"image030\" title=\"image030\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"227\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image030-400x227.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-741\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image030-200x114.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image030-400x227.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image030-600x341.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image030-800x454.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image030.png 817w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-54\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 20 S\u00favisl\u00e1 pretiahnut\u00e1 indik\u00e1cia<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-29 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:33.333333333333%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:5.76%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:5.76%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-32 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image031.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 21 Preru\u0161ovan\u00e1 pretiahnut\u00e1 indik\u00e1cia\" data-title=\"image031\" title=\"image031\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"227\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image031-400x227.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-742\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image031-200x114.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image031-400x227.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image031-600x341.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image031-800x454.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image031.png 821w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-55\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 21 Preru\u0161ovan\u00e1 pretiahnut\u00e1 indik\u00e1cia<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-30 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_3 1_3 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:33.333333333333%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:5.76%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:5.76%;--awb-width-medium:33.333333333333%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:5.76%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:5.76%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-33 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image032.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 22 Rozoklan\u00e1 pretiahnut\u00e1 indik\u00e1cia s premenlivou \u0161\u00edrkou\" data-title=\"image032\" title=\"image032\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"228\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image032-400x228.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-743\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image032-200x114.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image032-400x228.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image032-600x342.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image032-800x455.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image032.png 824w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-56\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 22 Rozoklan\u00e1 pretiahnut\u00e1 indik\u00e1cia s\u00a0premenlivou \u0161\u00edrkou<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-57\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Stupne pr\u00edpustnosti pre line\u00e1rne a\u00a0neline\u00e1rne indik\u00e1cie pod\u013ea STN EN ISO 23277 s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 v&nbsp;tab.\u00a0 2 [21]. Stupne pr\u00edpustnosti\u00a0 predp\u00edsan\u00e9 pre line\u00e1rne indik\u00e1cie zodpovedaj\u00fa stup\u0148om pre hodnotenie. Men\u0161ie indik\u00e1cie ako je tu uveden\u00e9 (tab. 2) sa neber\u00fa do uv\u00e1hy. Pr\u00edpustn\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou nie je po potrebn\u00e9 zaznamen\u00e1va\u0165.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Tab.\u00a0 2 Stupne pr\u00edpustnosti pre line\u00e1rne a\u00a0neline\u00e1rne indik\u00e1cie<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table style=\"width: 98.5205%; height: 120px;\" width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<th style=\"width: 44.3463%; height: 24px; text-align: left;\" align=\"left\">Typ indik\u00e1cie<\/th>\n<th style=\"width: 54.5936%; height: 24px; text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\" align=\"left\">Stupe\u0148 pr\u00edpustnosti<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 44.3463%; height: 24px; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.1979%; height: 24px; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.1979%; height: 24px; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.1979%; height: 24px; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 44.3463%; height: 24px; text-align: left;\" align=\"left\">Line\u00e1rna indik\u00e1cia (l=d\u013a\u017eka indik\u00e1cie)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.1979%; height: 24px; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.1979%; height: 24px; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.1979%; height: 24px; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 44.3463%; height: 24px; text-align: left;\" align=\"left\">Neline\u00e1rna indik\u00e1cia (d=rozmer v&nbsp;hlavnej osi)<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.1979%; height: 24px; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.1979%; height: 24px; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 18.1979%; height: 24px; text-align: center;\" align=\"left\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 24px;\">\n<td style=\"width: 44.3463%; height: 24px; text-align: left;\" colspan=\"4\" align=\"left\"><span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Stupne pr\u00edpustnosti 2 a\u00a03 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 spresnen\u00e9 znakom X, ktor\u00fd znamen\u00e1, \u017ee v\u0161etky line\u00e1rne indik\u00e1cie maj\u00fa by\u0165 vyhodnoten\u00e9 v\u00a0stupni 1.<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-58\"><p>Postup pri vykonan\u00ed kapil\u00e1rnej sk\u00fa\u0161ky je n\u00e1zorne zachyten\u00fd na nasleduj\u00facom <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/bHTRmTQDZzg?feature=shared\">videu<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:360px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:60%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 4\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/bHTRmTQDZzg?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"360\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-59\"><h2>Pr\u00edklady ch\u00fdb zvarov\u00fdch spojov detegovan\u00fdch kapil\u00e1rnou sk\u00fa\u0161kou<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na obr.\u00a0 23 a\u017e obr.\u00a0 26 je dokumentovan\u00e1 p\u00f3rovitos\u0165 a\u00a0z\u00e1pal zvarov\u00e9ho spoja hodnoten\u00e1 vizu\u00e1lnou a\u00a0kapil\u00e1rnou sk\u00fa\u0161kou. Pri porovnan\u00ed obr.\u00a0 23 a obr.\u00a0 25 je vidie\u0165, \u017ee kapil\u00e1rnou sk\u00fa\u0161kou je mo\u017en\u00e9 odhali\u0165 p\u00f3ry, ktor\u00e9 zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa pri pozorovan\u00ed vo\u013en\u00fdm okom skryt\u00e9. Podobne je zrete\u013ene\u00a0 vizualizovan\u00fd aj z\u00e1pal sk\u00faman\u00e9ho zvarov\u00e9ho spoja, vyzna\u010den\u00fd \u0161\u00edpkou (obr.\u00a0 26).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-34 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image034.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 23 Pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 p\u00f3rov vo zvarovej h\u00fasenici detegovan\u00fdch vizu\u00e1lnou kontrolou [13]\" data-title=\"image034\" title=\"image034\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"198\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image034-800x198.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-745\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image034-200x50.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image034-400x99.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image034-600x149.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image034-800x198.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image034-1200x298.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image034.jpg 1452w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-60\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 23 Pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 p\u00f3rov vo zvarovej h\u00fasenici detegovan\u00fdch vizu\u00e1lnou kontrolou [13]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-35 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image035.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 24 Pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 z\u00e1palu vo zvarovom spoji [13]\" data-title=\"image035\" title=\"image035\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"193\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image035-800x193.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-746\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image035-200x48.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image035-400x96.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image035-600x145.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image035-800x193.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image035-1200x289.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image035.jpg 1453w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-61\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 24 Pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 z\u00e1palu vo zvarovom spoji [13]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-36 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image036.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 25 Pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 p\u00f3rov vo zvarovej h\u00fasenici detegovan\u00fdch vizu\u00e1lnou kontrolou [13]\" data-title=\"image036\" title=\"image036\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"210\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image036-800x210.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-747\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image036-200x52.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image036-400x105.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image036-600x157.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image036-800x210.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image036-1200x315.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image036.jpg 1384w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-62\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 25 Pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 p\u00f3rov vo zvarovej h\u00fasenici detegovan\u00fdch vizu\u00e1lnou kontrolou [13]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-37 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image037.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 26 Pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 p\u00f3rov vo zvarovej h\u00fasenici detegovan\u00fdch vizu\u00e1lnou kontrolou [13] \" data-title=\"image037\" title=\"image037\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"201\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image037-800x201.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-748\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image037-200x50.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image037-400x101.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image037-600x151.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image037-800x201.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image037-1200x302.jpg 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image037.jpg 1386w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-63\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 26 Pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 p\u00f3rov vo zvarovej h\u00fasenici detegovan\u00fdch vizu\u00e1lnou kontrolou [13]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-64\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u010eal\u0161ie pr\u00edklady dokumentovan\u00fdch p\u00f3rov vo zvarovom spoji s\u00fa na obr.\u00a0 27 a obr.\u00a0 28.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-31 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-38 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image038.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 27 P\u00f3r na povrchu zvarovej h\u00fasenice [16] \" data-title=\"image038\" title=\"image038\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"308\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image038-400x308.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-749\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image038-200x154.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image038-400x308.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image038.png 585w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-65\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 27 P\u00f3r na povrchu zvarovej h\u00fasenice [16]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-32 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-39 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image039.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 28 P\u00f3r na povrchu zvarovej h\u00fasenice [17]\" data-title=\"image039\" title=\"image039\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image039-400x300.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-750\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image039-200x150.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image039-400x300.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image039-600x450.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image039.png 608w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-66\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 28 P\u00f3r na povrchu zvarovej h\u00fasenice [17]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-67\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pr\u00edklady detekcie trhl\u00edn zvarov\u00fdch spojov vyskytuj\u00facich sa vo zvarovej h\u00fasenici (zvarovom kove), alebo v\u00a0teplom ovplyvnenej oblasti s\u00fa na obr.\u00a0 29 a\u017e obr.\u00a0 32.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-33 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-40 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image040.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 29 Trhliny vo zvarovej h\u00fasenici [14]\" data-title=\"image040\" title=\"image040\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image040-400x300.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-751\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image040-200x150.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image040-400x300.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image040-600x450.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image040.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-68\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 29 Trhliny vo zvarovej h\u00fasenici [14]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-34 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-41 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image041.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 30 Pozd\u013a\u017ena trhlina vo zvarovej h\u00fasenici [15]\" data-title=\"image041\" title=\"image041\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"305\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image041-400x305.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-752\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image041-200x153.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image041-400x305.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image041-600x458.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image041-800x610.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image041.png 996w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-69\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 30 Pozd\u013a\u017ena trhlina vo zvarovej h\u00fasenici [15]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-35 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-42 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image042.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 31 Trhlina na okraji zvarovej h\u00fasenice k\u00fatov\u00e9ho obvodov\u00e9ho zvaru [13]\" data-title=\"image042\" title=\"image042\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"303\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image042-400x303.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-753\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image042-200x152.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image042-400x303.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image042-600x455.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image042-800x607.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image042.png 885w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-70\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 31 Trhlina na okraji zvarovej h\u00fasenice k\u00fatov\u00e9ho obvodov\u00e9ho zvaru [13]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-36 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-43 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image043.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[kapi]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 32 Trhliny v n\u00e1vare na oceli AISI 4715 vyhotovenom laserom s pou\u017eit\u00edm kobaltov\u00e9ho pr\u00e1\u0161ku obsahuj\u00facom \u010dastice TiC a keramick\u00e9 \u010dastice PCD [19]\" data-title=\"image043\" title=\"image043\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image043-400x169.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-754\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image043-200x85.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image043-400x169.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image043-600x254.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image043-800x339.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/image043.png 1106w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-71\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 32 Trhliny v\u00a0n\u00e1vare na oceli AISI 4715 vyhotovenom laserom s\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00edm kobaltov\u00e9ho pr\u00e1\u0161ku obsahuj\u00facom \u010dastice TiC a\u00a0keramick\u00e9 \u010dastice PCD [19]<\/h6>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-72\"><h2>Pou\u017eit\u00e1 literat\u00fara<\/h2>\n<p>[2] https:\/\/www.face-kyowa.co.jp\/english\/en_science\/en_what_Surface_tension.html<\/p>\n<p>[3] Kapilarita [online]. Encyclopaedia Beliana, ISBN 978-80-89524-30-3. [cit. 2024-07-29 ]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/beliana.sav.sk\/heslo\/kapilarita<\/p>\n<p>[4] Why does stone tile sometimes look wet when it\u2019s dry? [online]. Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/tilepro-usa.com\/tile-pro-blog\/f\/why-does-stone-tile-sometimes-look-wet-when-it%E2%80%99s-dry<\/p>\n<p>[5] Ma\u0159\u00e1nek, P., \u0160ke\u0159\u00edk, M.: Kapil\u00e1rn\u00ed metoda stupe\u0148 I, II. Praha: ATG s.r.o., 2023.&nbsp;str. 146<\/p>\n<p>[6] Pochly, F. et al. (2010) \u201cStudy of the Adhesive Coefficient Effect on the Hydraulic Losses and Cavitation,\u201d International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems. Korean Fluid Machinery Association. doi: 10.5293\/ijfms.2010.3.4.386.<\/p>\n<p>[7] Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/fluid-dynamics.leeds.ac.uk\/research\/outreach\/learn-more-about-fluid-dynamics\/surface-tension\/<\/p>\n<p>[8] Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/unsplash.com\/photos\/black-water-strider-luPOnViYl7I<\/p>\n<p>[9] Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/helling.de\/en\/product\/north-test-set\/<\/p>\n<p>[10] Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/www.ppkontroltech.sk\/p\/referencny-testovaci-panel-typu-1-en-iso-3452-3<\/p>\n<p>[11] Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/ndtsupply.com\/blacklights-uv-lamps-meters\/high-intensity-led-uv-inspection-lights\/magnaflux-ev6000-led-uv-lamp\/<\/p>\n<p>[12] Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/ndtsupply.com\/hoffmann-iso-3452-3-pt-panel.html<\/p>\n<p>[13] Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/www.athndt.uk\/psm-5-tam-panel-recommended-care-maintenance\/<\/p>\n<p>[14] Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/ndtservices.blogspot.com\/2014\/09\/liquid-penetrant-inspection-for.html<\/p>\n<p>[15] Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/www.techknowserv.com\/post\/liquid-penetrant-testing-fundamentals-and-ndt-personnel-training<\/p>\n<p>[16] Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/www.indiamart.com\/proddetail\/liquid-penetrant-testing-services-9281688233.html<\/p>\n<p>[17] Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/weldyard.com\/product\/liquid-penetrate-test<\/p>\n<p>[18] Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: https:\/\/www.sg-q.de\/farbeindringpruefung.html#gallery-2<\/p>\n<p>[19] Tomk\u00f3w, J.; Janeczek, A.; Rogalski, G.; Wolski, A. Underwater Local Cavity Welding of S460N Steel. Materials 2020, 13, 5535.&nbsp;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma13235535<\/p>\n<p>[20] Czupry\u0144ski, A.; Pawlyta, M. Influence of Preheating Temperature on Structural and Mechanical Properties of a Laser-Welded MMC Cobalt Based Coating Reinforced by TiC and PCD Particles. Materials 2022, 15, 1400.&nbsp;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ma15041400<\/p>\n<p>[21] STN EN ISO 3452-1 (015068) Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie. Kapil\u00e1rne sk\u00fa\u0161anie. \u010cas\u0165 1: V\u0161eobecn\u00e9 z\u00e1sady (ISO 3452-1: 2021).<\/p>\n<p>[22] STN EN ISO 3452-2 (015068) Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie. Kapil\u00e1rne sk\u00fa\u0161anie. \u010cas\u0165 2: Sk\u00fa\u0161anie kapil\u00e1rnych prostriedkov (ISO 3452-2: 2021).<\/p>\n<p>[23] STN EN ISO 3452-3 (015068) Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie. Sk\u00fa\u0161anie kapil\u00e1rnymi met\u00f3dami. \u010cas\u0165 3: Referen\u010dn\u00e9 sk\u00fa\u0161obn\u00e9 bloky (ISO 3452-3: 2013)<\/p>\n<p>[24] STN EN ISO 3452-4 (015068) Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie. Sk\u00fa\u0161anie kapil\u00e1rnymi met\u00f3dami. \u010cas\u0165 4: Zariadenie (ISO 3452-4: 1998).<\/p>\n<p>[25] STN EN ISO 3452-5 (015068) Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie. Kapil\u00e1rne sk\u00fa\u0161anie. \u010cas\u0165 5: Kapil\u00e1rne sk\u00fa\u0161anie pri teplot\u00e1ch vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch ako 50&nbsp;\u00b0C (ISO 3452-5: 2008).<\/p>\n<p>[26] STN EN ISO 3452-6 (015068) Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie. Kapil\u00e1rne sk\u00fa\u0161anie. \u010cas\u0165 6: Kapil\u00e1rne sk\u00fa\u0161anie pri teplot\u00e1ch ni\u017e\u0161\u00edch ako 10&nbsp;\u00b0C (ISO 3452-6: 2008).<\/p>\n<p>[27] STN EN ISO 23277 (051154) Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie zvarov. Sk\u00fa\u0161anie zvarov kapil\u00e1rnymi met\u00f3dami. \u00darovne pr\u00edpustnosti (ISO 2377: 2006).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1918,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-708","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/708","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=708"}],"version-history":[{"count":34,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/708\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1492,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/708\/revisions\/1492"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1918"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=708"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}