{"id":916,"date":"2025-10-24T19:52:23","date_gmt":"2025-10-24T17:52:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=916"},"modified":"2026-01-10T20:41:15","modified_gmt":"2026-01-10T19:41:15","slug":"vizualna-kontrola","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/?page_id=916","title":{"rendered":"Vizu\u00e1lna kontrola"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"fusion-fullwidth fullwidth-box fusion-builder-row-1 fusion-flex-container has-pattern-background has-mask-background nonhundred-percent-fullwidth non-hundred-percent-height-scrolling\" style=\"--awb-border-radius-top-left:0px;--awb-border-radius-top-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-right:0px;--awb-border-radius-bottom-left:0px;--awb-flex-wrap:wrap;\" ><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"max-width:1248px;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column fusion-builder-column-0 fusion_builder_column_1_1 1_1 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:100%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:1.92%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:1.92%;--awb-width-medium:100%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:1.92%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-1\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vizu\u00e1lna kontrola predstavuje z\u00e1kladn\u00fa a z\u00e1rove\u0148 jednu z&nbsp;najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch met\u00f3d nede\u0161trukt\u00edvneho sk\u00fa\u0161ania zvarov\u00fdch spojov. Jej v\u00fdznam spo\u010d\u00edva v&nbsp;schopnosti r\u00fdchlo, efekt\u00edvne a ekonomicky identifikova\u0165 povrchov\u00e9 chyby, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu z\u00e1sadne ovplyvni\u0165 kvalitu, bezpe\u010dnos\u0165 a \u017eivotnos\u0165 zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch kon\u0161trukci\u00ed. Norma ISO 17637 \u201eNede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie tavn\u00fdch zvarov. Vizu\u00e1lna kontrola tavne zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch spojov\u201c stanovuje jednotn\u00fd r\u00e1mec pre vykon\u00e1vanie tejto met\u00f3dy, definuj\u00fac po\u017eiadavky na vybavenie, kvalifik\u00e1ciu person\u00e1lu, podmienky kontroly, ako aj dokument\u00e1ciu v\u00fdsledkov.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vizu\u00e1lna kontrola je \u010dasto prv\u00fdm krokom v&nbsp;procese zabezpe\u010denia kvality zv\u00e1rania. V&nbsp;mnoh\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch dok\u00e1\u017ee odhali\u0165 chyby ako s\u00fa trhliny, p\u00f3ry, nedostato\u010dn\u00e9 vyplnenie zvaru, z\u00e1paly, nespr\u00e1vnu geometriu zvarov, \u010di ne\u010distoty na povrchu zvaru. \u0164a\u017eko identifikovate\u013en\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie ako napr\u00edklad men\u0161ie trhliny, alebo podozrenie na p\u00f3rovitos\u0165 pod povrchom m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 v\u00a0pr\u00edpade podozrenia n\u00e1sledne predmetom \u010fal\u0161ieho sk\u00famania pomocou pokro\u010dilej\u0161\u00edch NDT met\u00f3d, ako s\u00fa ultrazvukov\u00e9, r\u00e1diografick\u00e9 alebo kapil\u00e1rne sk\u00fa\u0161ky.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">D\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fdm aspektom vizu\u00e1lnej kontroly je kvalifik\u00e1cia kontroln\u00e9ho person\u00e1lu. Norma ISO 17637 odpor\u00fa\u010da, aby kontrolu vykon\u00e1vali pracovn\u00edci s&nbsp;pr\u00edslu\u0161nou odbornou sp\u00f4sobilos\u0165ou, ide\u00e1lne certifikovan\u00ed pod\u013ea ISO 9712 alebo ekvivalentn\u00fdch \u0161tandardov. Ich \u00falohou je nielen identifikova\u0165 chyby, ale aj spr\u00e1vne interpretova\u0165 ich v\u00fdznam vzh\u013eadom na po\u017eiadavky normy, v\u00fdkresov\u00fa dokument\u00e1ciu a technick\u00e9 \u0161pecifik\u00e1cie z\u00e1kazn\u00edka. Realiz\u00e1cia sk\u00fa\u0161ky nekvalifikovan\u00fdm person\u00e1lom m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 fat\u00e1lne d\u00f4sledky v\u00a0prev\u00e1dzke. Aby sa predi\u0161lo \u013eudsk\u00e9mu pochybenie, s\u00fa\u00a0 v\u00a0niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch nasadzovan\u00e9 kamerov\u00e9 syst\u00e9my ktor\u00e9 porovn\u00e1vaj\u00fa vizu\u00e1lny obraz vo\u010di preddefinovan\u00fdm obrazov\u00fdm etal\u00f3nom a\u00a0vyhodnocuj\u00fa pr\u00edpadn\u00e9 chyby.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Z h\u013eadiska dokument\u00e1cie je nevyhnutn\u00e9 zaznamena\u0165 v\u00fdsledky vizu\u00e1lnej kontroly do kontroln\u00fdch protokolov, ktor\u00e9 obsahuj\u00fa identifik\u00e1ciu kontrolovan\u00e9ho spoja, d\u00e1tum kontroly, meno kontrol\u00f3ra, pou\u017eit\u00e9 vybavenie, podmienky kontroly a zisten\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie. Tieto z\u00e1znamy s\u00fa d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 nielen pre sp\u00e4tn\u00fa sledovate\u013enos\u0165, ale aj pre pr\u00edpadn\u00e9 audity, reklam\u00e1cie alebo anal\u00fdzy por\u00fach. V\u00a0niektor\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch je nutn\u00e9 uchov\u00e1va\u0165 z\u00e1znamy 10 a\u00a0viac rokov po dokon\u010den\u00ed pr\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vizu\u00e1lna kontrola pod\u013ea ISO 17637 je teda neoddelite\u013enou s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou syst\u00e9mu zabezpe\u010denia kvality v&nbsp;zv\u00e1ran\u00ed. Napriek svojej zdanlivej jednoduchosti vy\u017eaduje vysok\u00fa mieru odbornosti, pozornosti a systematick\u00e9ho pr\u00edstupu. Jej spr\u00e1vne vykonanie m\u00f4\u017ee v\u00fdrazne prispie\u0165 k&nbsp;predch\u00e1dzaniu por\u00fach a zn\u00ed\u017eeniu n\u00e1kladov na opravy. Ke\u010f\u017ee vizu\u00e1lnu kontrolu je mo\u017en\u00e9 robi\u0165 po\u010das zv\u00e1ra\u010dsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1c, je jednoduch\u0161ie zachyti\u0165 chyby vo v\u00fdrobe pri zv\u00e1ran\u00ed a\u00a0hne\u010f ich odstr\u00e1ni\u0165. Ako pr\u00edklad m\u00f4\u017eeme uvies\u0165 viacvrstvov\u00e9 zvary, kde v\u00a0pr\u00edpade pou\u017eitia technol\u00f3gie 111 (ru\u010dn\u00e9ho obl\u00fakov\u00e9ho zv\u00e1rania obalenou elektr\u00f3dou), m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 zle o\u010disten\u00e1 troska z\u00a0povrchu jednej zo zvarov\u00fdch h\u00fasen\u00edc zataven\u00e1 do zvaru a\u00a0prekryt\u00e1 \u010fal\u0161ou zvarovou h\u00fasenicou. Tieto chyby s\u00fa v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou zachyten\u00e9 a\u017e na objemov\u00fdch sk\u00fa\u0161kach ako je RT anal\u00fdza a\u00a0v\u00a0pr\u00edpade, \u017ee chyba je n\u00e1jden\u00e1 v\u00a0\u0165a\u017eko dostupnej \u010dasti kon\u0161trukcie, je nutn\u00e9 rozreza\u0165, vybr\u00fasi\u0165, znovu zvari\u0165 a\u00a0zopakova\u0165 RT sk\u00fa\u0161ku, \u010do s\u00fa dodato\u010dn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady pre firmu a\u00a0m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 spojen\u00e9 s\u00a0oneskoren\u00edm dod\u00e1vky alebo reklam\u00e1ciami. Aj to je jeden z\u00a0d\u00f4vodov, pre\u010do sa vizu\u00e1lna kontrola zav\u00e1dza ako medziopera\u010dn\u00e1 kontrola v\u00a0procese v\u00fdroby.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-2\"><h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">1.1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Svetlo, \u013eudsk\u00e9 oko a\u00a0poruchy zraku<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kvalitat\u00edvne znaky m\u00f4\u017ee \u013eudsk\u00e9 oko odkry\u0165 len ak je k\u00a0dispoz\u00edcii dostato\u010dn\u00fd kontrast detailu objektu vzh\u013eadom na sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00fa plochu. Tento kontrast je mo\u017en\u00e9 dosiahnu\u0165 pomocou:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>vysok\u00e9ho kontrastu,<\/li>\n<li>vrhnut\u00fdm tie\u0148om,<\/li>\n<li>vyu\u017eit\u00edm farebn\u00e9ho kontrastu.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Vizu\u00e1lna kontrola teda z\u00e1vis\u00ed na dostato\u010dn\u00fdch sveteln\u00fdch podmienkach, dobrej zrakovej schopnosti oka a\u00a0odborn\u00fdch znalostiach in\u0161pektora realizuj\u00faceho sk\u00fa\u0161ku. Pri vizu\u00e1lnej kontrole sa pou\u017e\u00edva biele svetlo (vidite\u013en\u00e9 spektrum s\u00a0rozsahom vlnov\u00fdch d\u013a\u017eok 380 a\u017e 780 nm). Biele svetlo sa vyzna\u010duje nasledovn\u00fdmi vlastnos\u0165ami:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>je vidite\u013en\u00e9 \u013eudsk\u00fdm okom,<\/li>\n<li>\u0161\u00edri sa priamo\u010diaro,<\/li>\n<li>r\u00fdchlos\u0165 \u0161\u00edrenia vo v\u00e1kuu je pribli\u017ene 300\u00a0000 km\/s,<\/li>\n<li>materi\u00e1l ho m\u00f4\u017ee absorbova\u0165, reflektova\u0165 a\u00a0prepusti\u0165,<\/li>\n<li>m\u00f4\u017ee vyvola\u0165 chemick\u00e9 reakcie, fluorescenciu, alebo zmenu teploty.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Svietivos\u0165 [I] je vlastnos\u0165 sveteln\u00e9ho zdroja, ktor\u00e1 vyjadruje mno\u017estvo svetla, ktor\u00e9 vysiela zdroj do priestoru a jeho jednotkou je kandela [Cd]. V&nbsp;okamihu kedy svetlo dopadne na plochu, hovor\u00edme o intenzite osvetlenia [E], ktor\u00e9ho jednotkou je lux [lx]. Intenzita osvetlenia z\u00e1vis\u00ed od nasleduj\u00facich faktorov:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>svietivos\u0165 sveteln\u00e9ho zdroja [Cd],<\/li>\n<li>uhol dopadu l\u00fa\u010dov svetla [\u00b0],<\/li>\n<li>vzdialenos\u0165 zdroja svetla od povrchu [m].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pre intenzitu osvetlenia plat\u00ed vz\u0165ah:<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-0 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-1 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"99\" height=\"57\" title=\"image001\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image001.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1058\"\/><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-1 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-3\"><p style=\"text-align: right;\">(1)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-4\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">kde:<br \/>\nE \u2013 intenzita osvetlenia [lx],<br \/>\nI \u2013 svietivos\u0165 [Cd],<br \/>\n\u03c6 \u2013 uhol medzi smerom dopadaj\u00faceho svetla a\u00a0kolmicou k\u00a0povrchu [\u00b0],<br \/>\na \u2013 vzdialenos\u0165 zdroja svetla [m].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Absorpcia a\u00a0rozptyl svetla v\u00a0prostred\u00ed \u0161\u00edrenia sa, poloha a\u00a0orient\u00e1cia povrchu, spektr\u00e1lne rozlo\u017eenie \u017eiarenia m\u00f4\u017eu tie\u017e ovplyvni\u0165 v\u00fdsledn\u00fa intenzitu osvetlenia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u013dudsk\u00e9 oko sa sklad\u00e1 z&nbsp;viacer\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 spolupracuj\u00fa na spracovan\u00ed svetla:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>rohovka a\u00a0\u0161o\u0161ovka &#8211; zaostruj\u00fa sveteln\u00e9 l\u00fa\u010de na sietnicu,<\/li>\n<li>d\u00fahovka a\u00a0zrenica &#8211; reguluj\u00fa mno\u017estvo svetla vstupuj\u00faceho do oka,<\/li>\n<li>sietnica &#8211; obsahuje fotoreceptory, ktor\u00e9 premie\u0148aj\u00fa svetlo na nervov\u00e9 sign\u00e1ly,<\/li>\n<li>zrakov\u00fd nerv &#8211; pren\u00e1\u0161a sign\u00e1ly do mozgu, kde sa vytv\u00e1ra obraz.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ty\u010dinky v\u00a0sietnici zodpovedaj\u00fa za vn\u00edmanie \u00farovne jasu\u00a0 a\u00a0poskytuj\u00fa vnemy u\u017e pri malom osvetlen\u00ed. \u010cap\u00edky ur\u010duj\u00fa farbocit, resp. rozozn\u00e1vanie farieb. Farbocit sa dosahuje a\u017e pri dosiahnut\u00ed ur\u010ditej \u00farovne osvetlenia. Porovnanie ich citlivosti je uveden\u00e9 v\u00a0tab.\u00a0 1.1.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Tab.\u00a0 1.1 Porovnanie citlivosti ty\u010diniek a\u00a0\u010dap\u00edkov na svetlo v\u00a0\u013eudskom oku<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Typ bunky<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Funkcia<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Citlivos\u0165 na svetlo<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Citlivos\u0165 na farby<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">Ty\u010dinky<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">No\u010dn\u00e9 videnie, pohyb<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u017diadna<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\">\u010cap\u00edky<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">Denn\u00e9 videnie, farby<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">N\u00edzka<\/td>\n<td align=\"left\">\u00c1no &#8211; RGB<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-5\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u010cap\u00edky sa delia na tri typy pod\u013ea citlivosti na vlnov\u00e9 d\u013a\u017eky svetla:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>S-\u010dap\u00edky: citliv\u00e9 na modr\u00fa (kr\u00e1tke vlnov\u00e9 d\u013a\u017eky)<\/li>\n<li>M-\u010dap\u00edky: citliv\u00e9 na zelen\u00fa (stredn\u00e9 vlnov\u00e9 d\u013a\u017eky)<\/li>\n<li>L-\u010dap\u00edky: citliv\u00e9 na \u010derven\u00fa (dlh\u00e9 vlnov\u00e9 d\u013a\u017eky)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mozog kombinuje sign\u00e1ly z&nbsp;t\u00fdchto \u010dap\u00edkov a vytv\u00e1ra komplexn\u00e9 farebn\u00e9 vn\u00edmanie. Napr\u00edklad oran\u017eov\u00e1 vznik\u00e1 kombin\u00e1ciou \u010derven\u00e9ho a zelen\u00e9ho sign\u00e1lu. Z\u00a0h\u013eadiska spektr\u00e1lnej citlivosti (obr.\u00a0 1.1) je \u013eudsk\u00e9 oko najviac citliv\u00e9 na vlnov\u00e9 d\u013a\u017eky v\u00a0rozsahu 545 a\u017e\u00a0565 nm (\u017elto-zelen\u00e1 farba).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-2 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image002.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.1 Spektr\u00e1lna citlivos\u0165 \u013eudsk\u00e9ho oka [11]\" data-title=\"image002\" title=\"image002\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"550\" height=\"498\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image002.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-918\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image002-200x181.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image002-400x362.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image002.png 550w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 550px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-6\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1.1 Spektr\u00e1lna citlivos\u0165 \u013eudsk\u00e9ho oka [11]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-7\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pri svetle v\u00a0s\u00favislosti s\u00a0\u013eudsk\u00fdm okom sa be\u017ene hovor\u00ed o\u00a0poruch\u00e1ch ako s\u00fa\u00a0akomod\u00e1cia,\u00a0adapt\u00e1cia, kr\u00e1tkozrakos\u0165, alebo \u010falekozrakos\u0165.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Akomod\u00e1cia<\/strong> oka je schopnos\u0165 oka vidie\u0165 ostro objekty v&nbsp;r\u00f4znych vzdialenostiach \u00fapravou optickej mohutnosti optick\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu, najm\u00e4 \u0161o\u0161ovky. Zdrav\u00e9 \u013eudsk\u00e9 oko men\u00ed optick\u00fa mohutnos\u0165 \u0161o\u0161ovky pribli\u017ene o 12\u201315 dioptri\u00ed, \u010do umo\u017e\u0148uje zaostri\u0165 a\u017e na vzdialenos\u0165 7 cm. Tento proces trv\u00e1 pribli\u017ene 0,35 a\u017e 1,5 sekundy a sprev\u00e1dzaj\u00fa ho konvergencia optickej osi oboch o\u010d\u00ed a zmena priemeru zrenice [17-19].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Adapt\u00e1cia<\/strong> oka je schopnos\u0165 prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165 sa rozsahu intenzity a farebnej zlo\u017eky dopadaj\u00faceho svetla, v\u010faka \u010domu dok\u00e1\u017eeme vn\u00edma\u0165 osvetlenie od pribli\u017ene 0,01 lx a\u017e po 1&nbsp;000 lx a z\u00e1rove\u0148 chr\u00e1ni\u0165 sietnicu pred po\u0161koden\u00edm pri pr\u00edli\u0161 silnom svetle. Prv\u00fdm a najr\u00fdchlej\u0161\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nkom adapta\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu je d\u00fahovka so svalmi, ktor\u00e9 funguj\u00fa na princ\u00edpe clony fotoapar\u00e1tu. Regul\u00e1ciou ve\u013ekosti zrenice v&nbsp;rozmedz\u00ed pribli\u017ene 2\u00a0mm (pri silnom svetle) a\u017e 8 mm (pri slabom svetle) sa men\u00ed mno\u017estvo svetla dopadaj\u00faceho na sietnicu. Druh\u00fdm a pomal\u0161\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nkom s\u00fa svetlocitliv\u00e9 bunky sietnice \u2013 ty\u010dinky a \u010dap\u00edky. Tie okrem prisp\u00f4sobenia sa intenzite svetla menia aj citlivos\u0165 na farebn\u00e9 spektrum (farebn\u00e1 adapt\u00e1cia). Tret\u00edm \u010dl\u00e1nkom je centr\u00e1lna adapt\u00e1cia v&nbsp;zrakovom centre mozgu, ktor\u00e1 dolad\u00ed vn\u00edmanie kontrastu a farieb na z\u00e1klade dlhodobej\u0161\u00edch zmien v&nbsp;prostred\u00ed [17-19].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Poruchy akomod\u00e1cie sa prejavuj\u00fa neschopnos\u0165ou ostro zaostri\u0165 na objekty v&nbsp;ur\u010denej vzdialenosti, \u010do vedie k&nbsp;rozostren\u00e9mu videniu, \u00fanave o\u010d\u00ed a bolestiam hlavy. Poruchy adapt\u00e1cie sa prejavuj\u00fa zn\u00ed\u017eenou schopnos\u0165ou oka r\u00fdchlo sa prisp\u00f4sobi\u0165 zmene jasu \u010di farebn\u00e9ho spektra, \u010do sp\u00f4sobuje citlivos\u0165 na svetlo, no\u010dn\u00e9 zhor\u0161enie videnia a pomal\u0161iu adapt\u00e1ciu v&nbsp;tme [17-19].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Kr\u00e1tkozrakos\u0165<\/strong>, zn\u00e1ma aj ako myopia, je o\u010dn\u00e1 vada, ktor\u00e1 obmedzuje schopnos\u0165 vidie\u0165 vzdialen\u00e9 predmety ostro. U kr\u00e1tkozrak\u00fdch jedincov obraz kon\u010d\u00ed pred sietnicou oka, \u010do vedie k&nbsp;rozmazan\u00e9mu videniu na dia\u013eku. To m\u00f4\u017ee sp\u00f4sobi\u0165 probl\u00e9my pri \u010d\u00edtan\u00ed z&nbsp;tabule v&nbsp;\u0161kole alebo viden\u00ed dopravn\u00fdch zna\u010diek na ceste. Kr\u00e1tkozrakos\u0165 m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 sp\u00f4soben\u00e1 genetick\u00fdmi faktormi, ale aj spr\u00e1van\u00edm a \u017eivotn\u00fdm \u0161t\u00fdlom. Nedostatok vonkaj\u0161\u00edch aktiv\u00edt a tr\u00e1venie pr\u00edli\u0161 ve\u013ea \u010dasu pri po\u010d\u00edta\u010di alebo mobiln\u00e9ho telef\u00f3nu m\u00f4\u017eu prispie\u0165 k&nbsp;rozvoju kr\u00e1tkozrakosti. \u010clovek postihnut\u00fd touto vadou by mal nosi\u0165 okuliare s&nbsp;rozptylkou, alebo rozptylnou (konk\u00e1vnou) \u0161o\u0161ovkou [17-19].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>\u010ealekozrakos\u0165<\/strong>, zn\u00e1ma aj ako hyperopia, obmedzuje schopnos\u0165 vidie\u0165 veci zbl\u00edzka. V&nbsp;pr\u00edpade \u010falekozrakosti je obraz za sietnicou oka (tab.\u00a0 1.2), \u010do vedie k&nbsp;\u0165a\u017ekostiam pri \u010d\u00edtan\u00ed alebo pr\u00e1ci na bl\u00edzko umiestnen\u00fdch predmetoch. Pokia\u013e je vada vy\u0161\u0161ia ako zaostrovacia schopnos\u0165 oka, doch\u00e1dza rozmazan\u00e9mu videniu na v\u0161etky vzdialenosti. Jedinci s&nbsp;\u010falekozrakos\u0165ou m\u00f4\u017eu ma\u0165 rodinn\u00fa hist\u00f3riu tejto vady. Na rozdiel od kr\u00e1tkozrakosti neexistuj\u00fa \u017eiadne konkr\u00e9tne d\u00f4kazy, \u017ee by po\u010detn\u00e9 \u010dinnosti mohli priamo sp\u00f4sobova\u0165 \u010falekozrakos\u0165ou. \u010clovek postihnut\u00fd touto vadou by mal nosi\u0165 okuliare so spojkou, alebo spojnou (konvexnou) \u0161o\u0161ovkou [17-19].<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Tab.\u00a0 1.2 Zaostrenie obrazu pri kr\u00e1tkozrakosti a\u00a0\u010falekozrakosti \u00a0[17-19]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table width=\"100%\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th align=\"left\">Zdrav\u00e9 oko<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">Kr\u00e1tkozrakos\u0165<\/th>\n<th align=\"left\">\u010ealekozrakos\u0165<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td align=\"left\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-3 hover-type-none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image003.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Zdrav\u00e9 oko\" data-title=\"image003\" title=\"image003\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"191\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image003-400x191.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-919\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image003-200x96.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image003-400x191.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image003-600x287.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image003.jpg 630w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-4 hover-type-none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image004.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Kr\u00e1tkozrakos\u0165 \" data-title=\"image004\" title=\"image004\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"185\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image004-400x185.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-920\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image004-200x93.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image004-400x185.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image004-600x278.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image004.jpg 630w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/td>\n<td align=\"left\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-5 hover-type-none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image005.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"\u010ealekozrakos\u0165\" data-title=\"image005\" title=\"image005\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"234\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image005-400x234.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-921\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image005-200x117.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image005-400x234.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image005-600x351.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image005.jpg 630w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-8\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Na realiz\u00e1ciu vizu\u00e1lnej kontroly sa o\u010dak\u00e1va, \u017ee in\u0161pektor bude ma\u0165 dostato\u010dn\u00fa ostros\u0165 obrazu ako aj farbocit. Ostros\u0165 videnia na bl\u00edzko sa overuje napr\u00edklad pomocou Jaegerovho testu (obr.\u00a0 1.2), \u010d\u00edtan\u00edm textu zo\u00a0vzdialensoti 30,5 cm (12 palcov).<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-6 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image006.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.2 Tabu\u013eka na test pod\u013ea Jaegera [20]\" data-title=\"image006\" title=\"image006\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image006-800x533.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-922\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image006-200x133.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image006-400x267.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image006-600x400.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image006-800x533.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image006.jpg 990w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-9\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1.2 Tabu\u013eka na test pod\u013ea Jaegera [20]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-10\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ostros\u0165 videnia na dia\u013eku sa overuje pomocou Landoltov\u00fdch kr\u00fa\u017ekov (obr.\u00a0 1.3) v\u00a0tvare p\u00edsmena \u201eC\u201c, \u010d\u00edtan\u00edm zo vzdialenosti 4 a\u017e 6&nbsp;m.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-7 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image007-e1761474073868.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.3 Tabu\u013eka na Landoltov test [21]\" data-title=\"image007\" title=\"image007\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"756\" height=\"900\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image007-e1761474073868.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-923\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image007-e1761474073868-200x238.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image007-e1761474073868-400x476.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image007-e1761474073868-600x714.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image007-e1761474073868.jpg 756w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 756px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-11\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1.3 Tabu\u013eka na Landoltov test [21]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-12\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Farbocit sa kontroluje pre r\u00f4zne farby (spektr\u00e1 vidite\u013en\u00e9ho svetla). Existuje viacero testov na farbocit, pri\u010dom jedn\u00fdm z\u00a0najzn\u00e1mej\u0161\u00edch je Ishiharov test (obr.\u00a0 1.4), ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje stanovi\u0165 \u010diasto\u010dn\u00fa alebo celkov\u00fa poruchu farbocitu.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-8 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image008.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.4 Ishiharov test farbocitu [22]\" data-title=\"image008\" title=\"image008\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image008-800x600.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-924\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image008-200x150.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image008-400x300.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image008-600x450.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image008-800x600.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image008.png 941w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-13\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1.4 Ishiharov test farbocitu [22]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-14\"><h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">1.2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Realiz\u00e1cia vizu\u00e1lnej kontroly<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Norma ISO 17637 kladie d\u00f4raz na systematick\u00fd pr\u00edstup k&nbsp;vizu\u00e1lnej kontrole. V&nbsp;prvom rade je nevyhnutn\u00e9 zabezpe\u010di\u0165 vhodn\u00e9 podmienky a \u010distotu kontrolovan\u00fdch povrchov. Pri vizu\u00e1lnej kontrole treba dodr\u017ea\u0165 nasleduj\u00face podmienky:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Intenzita osvetlenia na povrchu mus\u00ed by\u0165 minim\u00e1lne 350 lx. Pri nosen\u00ed okuliarov s\u00a0in\u00fdmi ako \u010d\u00edrymi sklami sa zvy\u0161uje po\u017eiadavka na intenzitu osvetlenia. Odpor\u00fa\u010dan\u00e1 intenzita osvetlenia je 500 lx a\u00a0je nutn\u00e9 ju pred sk\u00fa\u0161kou overi\u0165 luxmetrom.<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pre priamu vizu\u00e1lnu kontrolu (obr. 1.5) mus\u00ed by\u0165 dostato\u010dn\u00fd priestor pre pozorovanie vo vzdialenosti do 600 mm od kontrolovan\u00e9ho povrchu a pod uhlom nie men\u0161\u00edm ako\u00a0 30\u00b0. Oblas\u0165 \u201ea\u201c na obr. 1.5 je priestor na pozorovanie.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-9 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image009-1024x563.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.5 Priestor pre vizu\u00e1lnu kontrolu \u201ea\u201c\" data-title=\"image009\" title=\"image009\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"330\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image009-600x330.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-925\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image009-200x110.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image009-400x220.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image009-600x330.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image009-800x440.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image009.png 1145w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-15\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1.5 Priestor pre vizu\u00e1lnu kontrolu \u201ea\u201c<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-16\"><p>Ak pr\u00edstup pri kontrole nie je mo\u017en\u00fd, mus\u00ed sa zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 nepriama vizu\u00e1lna kontrola s\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00edm zrkadiel, boroskopov, sklenen\u00fdch optick\u00fdch vl\u00e1kien alebo kamier. Na zv\u00fd\u0161enie kontrastu a\u00a0z\u00a0d\u00f4vodu lep\u0161ej rozl\u00ed\u0161ite\u013enosti medzi chybami a\u00a0pozad\u00edm sa m\u00f4\u017ee pou\u017ei\u0165 dopl\u0148uj\u00faci sveteln\u00fd zdroj. V&nbsp;pr\u00edpade nepreuk\u00e1zate\u013en\u00e9ho v\u00fdsledku pri vizu\u00e1lnej kontrole sa odpor\u00fa\u010da vizu\u00e1lna kontrola doplni\u0165 in\u00fdmi nede\u0161trukt\u00edvnymi met\u00f3dami.<\/p>\n<p>Sk\u00fa\u0161anie by malo by\u0165 vykonan\u00e9 po dokon\u010den\u00ed v\u0161etk\u00fdch po\u017eadovan\u00fdch tepeln\u00fdch spracovan\u00ed. Zvary materi\u00e1lov citliv\u00fdch na vznik vod\u00edkov\u00e9ho praskania (napr. ocele s&nbsp;vysokou pevnos\u0165ou) alebo in\u00e9ho \u010dasovo oneskoren\u00e9ho praskania nesm\u00fa by\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9 pred uplynut\u00edm minim\u00e1lnej po\u017eadovanej doby po zv\u00e1ran\u00ed, alebo ako je definovan\u00e9 v&nbsp;\u0161pecifik\u00e1cii. Pokia\u013e je definovan\u00e9 v&nbsp;\u0161pecifik\u00e1cii, m\u00f4\u017eu osobitn\u00e9 podmienky vy\u017eadova\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161anie pred kone\u010dn\u00fdm tepeln\u00fdm spracovan\u00edm alebo pred uplynut\u00edm ur\u010ditej doby.<\/p>\n<p>Pokia\u013e sa m\u00e1 vykon\u00e1va\u0165 sk\u00fa\u0161anie povrchovou met\u00f3dou, mus\u00ed sa toto sk\u00fa\u0161anie vykona\u0165 pred ak\u00fdmiko\u013evek sk\u00fa\u0161kami na vn\u00fatornej diskontinuite. Pokia\u013e je to uskuto\u010dnite\u013en\u00e9, obvykle by mali by\u0165 zvarov\u00e9 spoje sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00e9 a vyhodnoten\u00e9 vizu\u00e1lnou kontrolou pod\u013ea ISO 17637, alebo inou vhodnou povrchovou met\u00f3dou sk\u00fa\u0161ania pred sk\u00fa\u0161an\u00edm na vn\u00fatorn\u00e9 diskontinuity.<\/p>\n<p>Z\u00a0praktick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska je nutn\u00e9 ma\u0165 na pam\u00e4ti, \u017ee po o\u010disten\u00ed sa realizuje najprv vizu\u00e1lna kontrola, nako\u013eko nepou\u017e\u00edva \u017eiadne prostriedky, ktor\u00e9 by zne\u010distili povrch, ale iba pom\u00f4cky na pozorovanie a\u00a0meranie. V\u00a0pr\u00edpade potreby sa n\u00e1sledne aplikuje penetra\u010dn\u00e1 sk\u00fa\u0161ka, ktor\u00e1 zv\u00fdrazn\u00ed aj ve\u013emi mal\u00e9 trhliny. A\u017e penetra\u010dnej sk\u00fa\u0161ke sa aplikuje magnetick\u00e1 sk\u00fa\u0161ka. D\u00f4vodom je penetrant, ktor\u00fd je mo\u017en\u00e9 relat\u00edvne \u013eahko a\u00a0dobre odstr\u00e1ni\u0165 po penetra\u010dnej sk\u00fa\u0161ke. Ak by sme zaradili magnetick\u00fa sk\u00fa\u0161ku pred penetra\u010dnou sk\u00fa\u0161kou, m\u00f4\u017eu magnetick\u00e9 \u010dastice pr\u00edtomn\u00e9 v\u00a0penetrante zosta\u0165 v\u00a0\u0161trbin\u00e1ch a\u00a0znemo\u017eni\u0165 tak spr\u00e1vnu identifik\u00e1ciu a\u00a0kvantifik\u00e1ciu ch\u00fdb po\u010das penetra\u010dnej sk\u00fa\u0161ky.<\/p>\n<p>Opravovan\u00e9 zvarov\u00e9 spoje sa spravidla hodnotia rovnak\u00fdmi krit\u00e9riami ako p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 zvarov\u00e9 spoje, pri\u010dom pred opravou mus\u00ed by\u0165 skontrolovan\u00e1 spr\u00e1vnos\u0165 odstr\u00e1nenia identifikovan\u00fdch ch\u00fdb.<\/p>\n<h2>1.3\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Rozsah kontroly<\/h2>\n<p>Rozsah kontroly a\u00a0stupne pr\u00edpustnosti ch\u00fdb je nutn\u00e9 stanovova\u0165 v&nbsp;pr\u00edpravnej f\u00e1ze v\u00fdroby. Rozsah vizu\u00e1lnej kontroly mus\u00ed by\u0165 definovan\u00fd pred za\u010dat\u00edm sk\u00fa\u0161ky a\u00a0je stanoven\u00fd dohovorom so z\u00e1kazn\u00edkom. Je potrebn\u00e9 stanovi\u0165, \u010di hodnotenie bude realizovan\u00e9 pod\u013ea normy, pr\u00edpadne modifikovan\u00e9 v\u00a0intern\u00fdch predpisoch, alebo doplnen\u00e9 o\u00a0krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 v\u00fdrobkov\u00fdch noriem. Person\u00e1l realizuj\u00faci a\u00a0vyhodnocuj\u00faci sk\u00fa\u0161ku mus\u00ed ma\u0165 pr\u00edstup k\u00a0hodnotiacim krit\u00e9ri\u00e1m a\u00a0v\u00fdrobnej dokument\u00e1cii za \u00fa\u010delom spr\u00e1vneho vyhodnotenia. Pokia\u013e je mo\u017en\u00fd fyzick\u00fd pr\u00edstup, kontrola sa realizuje pred, po\u010das aj po zvaren\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Pred zv\u00e1ran\u00edm<\/strong> sa spravidla kontroluje stav povrchu, \u010distota (hlavne po rezan\u00ed kysl\u00edkom), zostavenie, at\u010f. Rozmery sa kontroluj\u00fa naj\u010dastej\u0161ie vo\u010di stanoven\u00e9mu postupu zv\u00e1rania, kde by mali by\u0165 zadefinovan\u00e9. V\u00a0pr\u00edpade, \u017ee nie je k\u00a0dispoz\u00edcii WPS, je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 s\u00e9riu noriem ISO 9692 (4 \u010dasti).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Po\u010das zv\u00e1rania<\/strong> sa kontroluje dostato\u010dn\u00e9 \u010distenie zvarov\u00fdch h\u00fasen\u00edc pri viacvrstvov\u00fdch zvaroch, alebo spr\u00e1vnos\u0165 napojenia zvarov\u00fdch h\u00fasen\u00edc, ich rovnomernos\u0165 kresby, ako aj vidite\u013en\u00e9 chyby, ktor\u00e9 je potrebn\u00e9 opravi\u0165.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Po zvaren\u00ed<\/strong> sa kontroluje celkov\u00fd vzh\u013ead povrchu a\u00a0kore\u0148a zvaru, pri\u010dom sa hodnotia v\u0161etky chyby definovan\u00e9 v\u00a0ISO 6520-1 (tavn\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie), pr\u00edpadne ISO\u00a06520-2 (zv\u00e1ranie s\u00a0pou\u017eit\u00edm tlaku) a pod\u013ea definovan\u00fdch krit\u00e9ri\u00ed, naj\u010dastej\u0161ie pod\u013ea normy ISO\u00a05817. Norma ISO\u00a05817 je platn\u00e1 pre zv\u00e1ranie ocel\u00ed, niklu, tit\u00e1nu alebo ich zliatin vyhotoven\u00fdch tavn\u00fdmi sp\u00f4sobmi zv\u00e1rania a\u00a0neplat\u00ed pre zvarov\u00e9 spoje vyhotoven\u00e9 koncentrovan\u00fdmi zdrojmi energie ako je laserov\u00fd alebo elektr\u00f3nov\u00fd l\u00fa\u010d. Zvarov\u00e9 spoje vyhotoven\u00e9 obl\u00fakov\u00fdm zv\u00e1ran\u00edm z&nbsp;hlin\u00edka a jeho zliatin sa hodnotia pod\u013ea normy ISO 10042. Na hodnotenie ch\u00fdb zvarov\u00fdch spojov vyhotoven\u00fdch koncentrovan\u00fdmi zdrojmi energie plat\u00ed norma ISO 13919-1,-2 (1\u00a0\u2013\u00a0oce\u013e, nikel tit\u00e1n a\u00a0ich zliatiny, 2 \u2013 hlin\u00edk, hor\u010d\u00edk,\u00a0ich zliatiny a \u010dist\u00e1 me\u010f).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Norma ISO 17637 odpor\u00fa\u010da kontrolova\u0165 nasleduj\u00face:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Pred zv\u00e1ran\u00edm\n<ul>\n<li>tvar a rozmery pr\u00edpravy zvaru sp\u013a\u0148aj\u00fa po\u017eiadavky stanoven\u00e9ho postupu zv\u00e1rania (WPS),<\/li>\n<li>zvarov\u00e9 plochy a pri\u013eahl\u00e9 povrchy s\u00fa \u010dist\u00e9 a ak\u00e1ko\u013evek po\u017eadovan\u00e1 povrchov\u00e1 \u00faprava bola vykonan\u00e1 v&nbsp;s\u00falade s&nbsp;aplika\u010dnou alebo v\u00fdrobkovou normou,<\/li>\n<li>zv\u00e1ran\u00e9 \u010dasti s\u00fa spr\u00e1vne umiestnen\u00e9 vo vz\u0165ahu k&nbsp;sebe pod\u013ea v\u00fdkresov alebo pokynov.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Po\u010das zv\u00e1rania\n<ul>\n<li>ka\u017ed\u00fd zvar alebo vrstva zvarov\u00e9ho kovu sa pred nanesen\u00edm \u010fal\u0161ieho zvaru vy\u010dist\u00ed, pri\u010dom sa osobitn\u00e1 pozornos\u0165 venuje spojom medzi zvarov\u00fdm kovom a tavnou plochou,<\/li>\n<li>nie s\u00fa \u017eiadne vidite\u013en\u00e9 nedokonalosti, napr. trhliny alebo dutiny; ak sa zistia nedokonalosti, musia sa nahl\u00e1si\u0165, aby sa mohli vykona\u0165 n\u00e1pravn\u00e9 opatrenia pred nanesen\u00edm \u010fal\u0161ieho zvarov\u00e9ho kovu,<\/li>\n<li>prechod medzi zvarmi ako aj medzi zvarom a z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm kovom je vyhotoven\u00fd s\u00a0plynul\u00fdm napojen\u00edm,<\/li>\n<li>h\u013abka a tvar dr\u00e1\u017ekovania s\u00fa v&nbsp;s\u00falade s&nbsp;WPS alebo porovnan\u00e9 s&nbsp;p\u00f4vodn\u00fdm tvarom dr\u00e1\u017eky, aby sa zabezpe\u010dilo \u00fapln\u00e9 odstr\u00e1nenie zvarov\u00e9ho kovu pod\u013ea WPS,<\/li>\n<li>po v\u0161etk\u00fdch potrebn\u00fdch oprav\u00e1ch\/n\u00e1pravn\u00fdch opatreniach zvar sp\u013a\u0148a p\u00f4vodn\u00e9 po\u017eiadavky WPS.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Po zvaren\u00ed\n<ul>\n<li>\u010cistenie a\u00a0\u00faprava povrchu\n<ul>\n<li>odstr\u00e1nenie zvy\u0161kov trosky aby nedo\u0161lo k\u00a0zakrytiu ch\u00fdb pri viacvrstvov\u00fdch zvaroch;<\/li>\n<li>pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 st\u00f4p po n\u00e1strojoch pou\u017eit\u00fdch na \u010distenie povrchu, alebo po zap\u00e1len\u00ed el. obl\u00faka (aj mimo zvarovej h\u00fasenice);<\/li>\n<li>v pr\u00edpade, \u017ee sa po\u017eaduje opracovanie sa mus\u00ed zamedzi\u0165 prehriatiu spoja br\u00fasen\u00edm a \u017ee tie\u017e nedo\u0161lo k&nbsp;vytvoreniu stopy po br\u00fasen\u00ed a nerovnost\u00ed po opracovan\u00ed;<\/li>\n<li>pri k\u00fatov\u00fdch zvaroch a tup\u00fdch zvaroch, ktor\u00e9 sa maj\u00fa br\u00fasi\u0165 do roviny, mus\u00ed by\u0165 plynul\u00fd prechod do z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho kovu, bez podbr\u00fasenia;<br \/>\n<em>(Pokia\u013e s\u00fa zisten\u00e9 chyby (sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 opracovan\u00edm alebo in\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom), musia by\u0165 tieto zaznamenan\u00e9 tak, aby bolo mo\u017en\u00e9 prija\u0165 n\u00e1pravn\u00e9 opatrenia.)<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Profil a rozmery\n<ul>\n<li>profil povrchu zvaru a ve\u013ekos\u0165 ak\u00e9hoko\u013evek prev\u00fd\u0161enia zvarov\u00e9ho kovu mus\u00ed sp\u013a\u0148a\u0165 po\u017eiadavky krit\u00e9ri\u00ed pr\u00edpustnosti;<\/li>\n<li>povrch zvaru mus\u00ed by\u0165 pravideln\u00fd: usporiadanie a rozstup kresby rozkyvu maj\u00fa vykazova\u0165 rovnomern\u00fd a vyhovuj\u00faci vzh\u013ead, vzdialenos\u0165 medzi poslednou vrstvou a z\u00e1kladn\u00fdm kovom alebo umiestnenie h\u00fasenice s\u00fa meran\u00e9, pokia\u013e to vy\u017eaduje WPS;<\/li>\n<li>\u0161\u00edrka zvaru m\u00e1 by\u0165 zhodn\u00e1 po celej d\u013a\u017eke spoja a sp\u013a\u0148a\u0165 po\u017eiadavky uveden\u00e9 vo v\u00fdkresovej dokument\u00e1cii, alebo v&nbsp;krit\u00e9ri\u00e1ch pr\u00edpustnosti;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Kore\u0148 a povrch zvaru\n<ul>\n<li>v pr\u00edpade jednostrann\u00fdch tup\u00fdch zvarov je potrebn\u00e9 kontrolova\u0165, prievar, prepadnutie kore\u0148a a ak\u00e9ko\u013evek prepaly alebo stiahnutiny, v&nbsp;celej d\u013a\u017eke zvaru musia by\u0165 v&nbsp;medziach definovan\u00fdch krit\u00e9riami pr\u00edpustnosti na cel\u00fd spoj;<\/li>\n<li>ak\u00e9ko\u013evek z\u00e1paly musia by\u0165 v&nbsp;medziach pod\u013ea krit\u00e9ri\u00ed pr\u00edpustnosti;<\/li>\n<li>ak\u00e9ko\u013evek chyby na povrchu zvaru alebo teplom ovplyvnen\u00fdch oblastiach, ako s\u00fa trhliny alebo p\u00f3rovitos\u0165, zisten\u00e9, pod\u013ea potreby pomocou optick\u00fdch pom\u00f4cok, sp\u013a\u0148aj\u00fa pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00e9 krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 pr\u00edpustnosti;<\/li>\n<li>ak\u00e9ko\u013evek \u00fachyty do\u010dasne privaren\u00e9 k&nbsp;objektu, ktor\u00e9 u\u013eah\u010duj\u00fa v\u00fdrobu alebo mont\u00e1\u017e a ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa \u0161kodliv\u00e9 pre funkciu objektu alebo obmedzuj\u00fa schopnos\u0165 jeho kontroly, s\u00fa odstr\u00e1nen\u00e9 tak, aby objekt nebol po\u0161koden\u00fd; oblas\u0165, kde boli \u00fachyty pripevnen\u00e9, mus\u00ed by\u0165 skontrolovan\u00e1 na nepr\u00edtomnos\u0165 trhl\u00edn;<\/li>\n<li>ak\u00e9ko\u013evek stopy po dotyku elektr\u00f3dou musia by\u0165 v&nbsp;medziach stanoven\u00fdch krit\u00e9riami pr\u00edpustnosti.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>1.4\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nepr\u00edpustn\u00e9 chyby<\/h2>\n<p>Zvary, ktor\u00e9 boli kontrolovan\u00e9 a prijat\u00e9 ako vyhovuj\u00face, by mali by\u0165 vhodn\u00fdm sp\u00f4sobom ozna\u010den\u00e9 alebo identifikovan\u00e9. V\u00a0pr\u00edpade dohovoru so z\u00e1kazn\u00edkom sa do protokolov zapisuj\u00fa len nevyhovuj\u00face chyby. Pokia\u013e sa vy\u017eaduje vizu\u00e1lny z\u00e1znam kontrolovan\u00e9ho zvaru, odpor\u00fa\u010da sa zhotovi\u0165 fotodokument\u00e1ciu alebo presn\u00e9 n\u00e1\u010drty alebo oboje, so v\u0161etk\u00fdmi jasne vyzna\u010den\u00fdmi chybami.<\/p>\n<p>Ak s\u00fa zisten\u00e9 nepr\u00edpustn\u00e9 indik\u00e1cie vo zvarov\u00fdch spojoch, musia by\u0165 krit\u00e9ri\u00e1 stanoven\u00e9 pr\u00edslu\u0161nou normou (napr. ISO 5817), vo v\u00fdrobkovej norme alebo definovan\u00e9 v\u00a0intern\u00fdch postupoch. Ak sa nepr\u00edpustn\u00e9 diskontinuity opravuj\u00fa, mus\u00ed sa zvar op\u00e4tovne presk\u00fa\u0161a\u0165 aspo\u0148 pod\u013ea po\u017eiadaviek pre p\u00f4vodn\u00fd zvar.<\/p>\n<h2>1.5\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Certifik\u00e1cia person\u00e1lu na vizu\u00e1lnu kontrolu<\/h2>\n<p>Vizu\u00e1lnu kontrolu zvarov a\u00a0vyhodnotenie v\u00fdsledkov m\u00f4\u017ee vykona\u0165 iba kvalifikovan\u00fd person\u00e1l a\u00a0sp\u00f4sobil\u00fd person\u00e1l. V\u00a0pr\u00edpade, \u017ee sa vykon\u00e1va nepriama vizu\u00e1lna kontrola, odpor\u00fa\u010da sa, aby person\u00e1l bol kvalifikovan\u00fd pod\u013ea ISO 9712. T\u00e1to norma definuje, \u017ee sk\u00fa\u0161ku m\u00f4\u017ee realizova\u0165 pracovn\u00edk s\u00a0kvalifika\u010dn\u00fdm stup\u0148om 1. Pre vyhodnotenie sk\u00fa\u0161ky je nutn\u00fd minim\u00e1lne kvalifika\u010dn\u00fd stupe\u0148 2. Kvalifik\u00e1ciu je tie\u017e mo\u017en\u00e9 z\u00edskava\u0165 aj prostredn\u00edctvom zavedenia normy SNT-TC-1A v\u00a0podnikoch, kde je ve\u013ek\u00fd po\u010det zamestnancov na NDT. Ide o\u00a0pravidl\u00e1 pre zamestn\u00e1vate\u013eov na zavedenie vn\u00fatropodnikov\u00fdch kvalifika\u010dn\u00fdch programov. Nev\u00fdhodou tejto kvalifik\u00e1cie je, \u017ee je platn\u00e1 iba v\u00a0r\u00e1mci v\u00fdroby dan\u00e9ho v\u00fdrobcu. Ve\u013emi \u010dasto sa pod\u013ea tejto normy kvalifikuj\u00fa NDT pracovn\u00edci napr\u00edklad v\u00a0leteckom priemysle.<\/p>\n<p>Norma ISO 9712 po\u017eaduje pred certifik\u00e1ciou a n\u00e1sledne ka\u017edoro\u010dn\u00e9 overenie, \u010di je ostros\u0165 videnia na bl\u00edzko v&nbsp;s\u00falade s\u00a0po\u017eiadavkami normy ISO 18490, alebo \u010di umo\u017e\u0148uje \u010d\u00edtanie minim\u00e1lne p\u00edsmen Jaeger testu \u010d\u00edslo 1, pr\u00edpadne Times Roman s\u00a0ve\u013ekos\u0165ou 4.5 px (alebo ekvivalentn\u00fdch p\u00edsmen) zo vzdialenosti najmenej 30 cm jedn\u00fdm alebo oboma o\u010dami, \u010di u\u017e s&nbsp;korekciou alebo bez korekcie.<\/p>\n<p>Pred certifik\u00e1ciou, recertifik\u00e1ciou alebo obnoven\u00edm mus\u00ed kandid\u00e1t\/dr\u017eite\u013e certifik\u00e1tu preuk\u00e1za\u0165, \u017ee v&nbsp;predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facich 5 kalend\u00e1rnych rokoch absolvoval test farebn\u00e9ho videnia. Vy\u017eaduje sa, aby farebn\u00e9 videnie a\/alebo vn\u00edmanie sivej stupnice bolo dostato\u010dn\u00e9 na to, aby jednotlivec dok\u00e1zal rozli\u0161ova\u0165 medzi farbami alebo odtie\u0148mi sivej pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdmi v&nbsp;pr\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch met\u00f3dach\/technik\u00e1ch NDT pod\u013ea \u0161pecifik\u00e1cie zamestn\u00e1vate\u013ea. Test farebn\u00e9ho videnia mus\u00ed bu\u010f potvrdi\u0165, \u017ee jednotlivec m\u00e1 prijate\u013en\u00e9 farebn\u00e9 videnie bez obmedzenia, alebo uvies\u0165 ak\u00e9ko\u013evek obmedzenie farebn\u00e9ho vn\u00edmania. Ak existuje ak\u00e9ko\u013evek obmedzenie farebn\u00e9ho vn\u00edmania, zamestn\u00e1vate\u013e mus\u00ed potvrdi\u0165, \u010di t\u00e1to podmienka vedie k&nbsp;ak\u00e9muko\u013evek obmedzeniu met\u00f3dy alebo techn\u00edk \u0161pecifick\u00fdch pre dan\u00fa aplik\u00e1ciu.<\/p>\n<h2>1.6\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Protokoly vizu\u00e1lnej kontroly<\/h2>\n<p>Protokoly by mali zabezpe\u010di\u0165 podrobn\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie o v\u00fdrobcovi, podmienkach sk\u00fa\u0161ania, kontrolovanej vzorke a v\u00fdsledkoch anal\u00fdzy:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Inform\u00e1cie o v\u00fdrobcovi zv\u00e1ranej vzorky\n<ul>\n<li>n\u00e1zov<\/li>\n<li>adresa<\/li>\n<li>identifika\u010dn\u00e9 \u010d\u00edslo organiz\u00e1cie<\/li>\n<li>\u010d\u00edslo objedn\u00e1vky<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Inform\u00e1cie o norm\u00e1ch\n<ul>\n<li>vykon\u00e1vacie &#8211; normy pre v\u00fdkon sk\u00fa\u0161ky<\/li>\n<li>krit\u00e9ri\u00e1lne &#8211; normy pre hodnotiace krit\u00e9ri\u00e1<\/li>\n<li>intern\u00e9 predpisy upravuj\u00face normat\u00edvne hodnoty a postupy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Identifik\u00e1cia vzorky\n<ul>\n<li>\u010d\u00edslo v\u00fdkresu<\/li>\n<li>typ spoja<\/li>\n<li>predp\u00edsan\u00e1 ve\u013ekos\u0165 spoja<\/li>\n<li>stanoven\u00fd postup WPS<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Inform\u00e1cie o technologickom postupe\n<ul>\n<li>z\u00e1kladnom materi\u00e1li a jeho hr\u00fabke<\/li>\n<li>pou\u017eitej technol\u00f3gii zv\u00e1rania<\/li>\n<li>pr\u00eddavn\u00fdch materi\u00e1loch<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Inform\u00e1cie o pou\u017eit\u00fdch zariadeniach: boroskopy, endoskopy, lupy, mierky at\u010f.<\/li>\n<li>Inform\u00e1cie o priestore: teplota, vlhkos\u0165, osvetlenie at\u010f.<\/li>\n<li>V\u00fdsledky merania:\n<ul>\n<li>ozna\u010denie chyby<\/li>\n<li>poz\u00edcia chyby<\/li>\n<li>nameran\u00e1 hodnota<\/li>\n<li>hodnotenie OK\/NOK<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Identifik\u00e1cia person\u00e1lu, ktor\u00fd vykon\u00e1val a vyhodnocoval sk\u00fa\u0161ku, resp. ich certifik\u00e1cia<\/li>\n<li>D\u00e1tum realiz\u00e1cie sk\u00fa\u0161ky a podpisy z\u00fa\u010dastnen\u00fdch str\u00e1n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Pr\u00edklad protokolu o\u00a0vizu\u00e1lnej kontrole je v\u00a0tab.\u00a0 1.3.<\/p>\n<p><em>Tab.\u00a0 1.3 Pr\u00edklad protokolu o vizu\u00e1lnej kontrole zvarov\u00e9ho spoja<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-10 hover-type-none\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Obrazok1-741x1024.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-title=\"Obr\u00e1zok1\" title=\"Obr\u00e1zok1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"741\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Obrazok1-741x1024.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1066\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Obrazok1-200x276.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Obrazok1-400x553.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Obrazok1-600x829.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Obrazok1-800x1106.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Obrazok1-1200x1658.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Obrazok1-scaled.png 1852w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 741px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-17\"><h2>1.7\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Priama vizu\u00e1lna kontrolu zvarov<\/h2>\n<p>Priama vizu\u00e1lna kontrola je kontrola, pri ktorej nie je preru\u0161en\u00e1 optick\u00e1 dr\u00e1ha medzi okom a kontrolovan\u00fdm povrchom. Kontrola sa vykon\u00e1va bez alebo s\u00a0pom\u00f4ckami. Na vizu\u00e1lnu kontrolu sa odpor\u00fa\u010da vyu\u017ei\u0165 napr\u00edklad meracie prav\u00edtko alebo meracie p\u00e1smo s&nbsp;delen\u00edm 1 mm alebo jemnej\u0161\u00edm, posuvn\u00e9 meradlo, \u0161k\u00e1rov\u00fa mierku, r\u00e1diusov\u00fa mierku, lupu so zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161en\u00edm 2\u00d7 a\u017e 5x; prednos\u0165 sa d\u00e1va lup\u00e1m s&nbsp;meradlom (pozri ISO 3058), alebo svietidl\u00e1. Tie\u017e je mo\u017en\u00e9 pou\u017ei\u0165 zariadenia na meranie profilu s&nbsp;dr\u00f4tikmi s\u00a0priemerom, alebo \u0161\u00edrkou \u2264 1\u00a0mm, pri ktor\u00fdch s\u00fa konce ka\u017ed\u00e9ho dr\u00f4tika zaoblen\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>Pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa sa aj materi\u00e1ly na zhotovenie odtla\u010dku zvaru, napr\u00edklad plasty alebo modelovacia hmota tuhn\u00faca za studena. Na vizu\u00e1lnu kontrolu zvarov s&nbsp;obmedzenou pr\u00edstupnos\u0165ou sa m\u00f4\u017eu pou\u017ei\u0165 zrkadl\u00e1, endoskopy, boroskopy, optick\u00e9 vl\u00e1kna alebo TV kamery. \u010eal\u0161ie meracie zariadenia s\u00fa napr\u00edklad \u0161peci\u00e1lne navrhnut\u00e9 mierky zvarov, mierky na meranie v\u00fd\u0161ky\/h\u013abky, prav\u00edtka alebo uhlomery.<\/p>\n<p>Zv\u00e1racie mierky sa pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa pri priamej vizu\u00e1lnej kontrole na hodnotenie geometrick\u00fdch ch\u00fdb zvarov. Tieto mierky s\u00fa nenahradite\u013en\u00fdm pomocn\u00edkom pri zv\u00e1rac\u00edch pr\u00e1cach a pom\u00e1haj\u00fa zais\u0165ova\u0165 kvalitu spojov. Medzi naj\u010dastej\u0161ie chyby zvarov\u00fdch spojov, ktor\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 pomocou t\u00fdchto mierok identifikova\u0165, patr\u00ed nepravideln\u00e1 kresba krycej vrstvy, nadmern\u00e9 prev\u00fd\u0161enie alebo nedostatok krycej vrstvy, p\u00f3rovitos\u0165 povrchu, z\u00e1paly, nadmern\u00e9 prev\u00fd\u0161enie kore\u0148a, nedostato\u010dne prevaren\u00fd kore\u0148 alebo hrub\u00fd kore\u0148 a line\u00e1rne presadenie. Na meranie zvarov boli vyvinut\u00e9 viacer\u00e9 jednoduch\u00e9 a\u00a0komplexn\u00e9 meradl\u00e1 (mierky).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Mierka Cambridge<br \/>\n<\/strong><br \/>\nIde o\u00a0multifunk\u010dn\u00fa mierku (obr.\u00a0 1.6), kde mo\u017eno od\u010d\u00edta\u0165 hodnoty v&nbsp;milimetroch alebo palcoch. Umo\u017e\u0148uje mera\u0165:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>v\u00fd\u0161ku k\u00fatov\u00fdch zvarov s&nbsp;prev\u00fd\u0161en\u00edm,<\/li>\n<li>odvesnu k\u00fatov\u00fdch zvarov,<\/li>\n<li>prev\u00fd\u0161enie tup\u00fdch zvarov,<\/li>\n<li>v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00fd rozdiel plechov pri V&nbsp;zvaroch,<\/li>\n<li>z\u00e1paly tup\u00fdch zvarov,<\/li>\n<li>uhol skosenia hr\u00e1n,<\/li>\n<li>d\u013a\u017eky do 60 mm metrick\u00fdm prav\u00edtkom [10].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pr\u00edklady merania s\u00fa uvedene na obr.\u00a0 1.7.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-11 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image011.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.6 Mierka Cambridge [10]\" data-title=\"image011\" title=\"image011\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image011-600x450.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-926\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image011-200x150.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image011-400x300.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image011-600x450.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image011.jpg 694w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-18\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1.6 Mierka Cambridge [10]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-12 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image012.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.7 Sp\u00f4soby merania rozmerov Cambridge mierkou [10]\" data-title=\"image012\" title=\"image012\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"486\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image012-600x486.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-927\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image012-200x162.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image012-400x324.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image012-600x486.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image012.jpg 679w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-19\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1.7 Sp\u00f4soby merania rozmerov Cambridge mierkou\u00a0 [10]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:350px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:58.33%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 1\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/_guVtwnjBzg?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-20\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Mierka INOX<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mierka INOX (obr.\u00a0 1.8) je viac\u00fa\u010delov\u00e1 mierka na kontrolu k\u00fatov\u00fdch zvarov. M\u00e1 tri stupnice, pri\u010dom rozsah merania je od 0,2 do 20 mm a\u00a0presnos\u0165 merania 0,2 mm. Pomocou tejto mierky\u00a0dok\u00e1\u017eeme mera\u0165:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">prev\u00fd\u0161enie tup\u00e9ho zvaru,<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">hodnotu &#8222;z&#8220; k\u00fatov\u00e9ho zvaru,<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">menovit\u00fa v\u00fd\u0161ku k\u00fatov\u00e9ho zvaru &#8222;a&#8220; [10].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-13 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image013.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.8 INOX mierka [10]\" data-title=\"image013\" title=\"image013\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"499\" height=\"653\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image013.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-928\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image013-200x262.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image013-400x523.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image013.jpg 499w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 499px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-21\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1.8 INOX mierka [10]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-22\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">V\u00a0z\u00e1vislosti od toho, \u010do chceme mera\u0165 je nutn\u00e9 dba\u0165 na to, z\u00a0akej stupnice je potrebn\u00e9 od\u010d\u00edta\u0165 nameran\u00e9 hodnoty. Je mo\u017en\u00e9 mera\u0165:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>ve\u013ekos\u0165 odvesny \u201ez\u201c \u2013 meran\u00edm hodnoty \u201eb\u201c pod\u013ea prv\u00e9ho obr\u00e1zku a\u00a0od\u010d\u00edtan\u00edm na stupnici B<\/li>\n<li>v\u00fd\u0161ku k\u00fatov\u00e9ho zvaru \u201ea\u201c \u2013 meran\u00edm hodnoty \u201eb\u201c pod\u013ea prv\u00e9ho obr\u00e1zku a\u00a0od\u010d\u00edtan\u00edm hodnoty na stupnici C<\/li>\n<li>v\u00fd\u0161ku k\u00fatov\u00e9ho zvaru \u201ea\u201c \u2013 meran\u00edm hodnoty \u201ea\u201c pod\u013ea spodn\u00e9ho obr\u00e1zku v\u00a0mieste v\u00fd\u0161ky trojuholn\u00edka a\u00a0od\u010d\u00edtan\u00edm hodnoty na stupnici A (plat\u00ed pre zvarov\u00e9 spoje bez prev\u00fd\u0161enia)<\/li>\n<li>dovolen\u00fa v\u00fd\u0161ku k\u00fatov\u00e9ho zvaru \u201ea\u201c pri nes\u00famernom k\u00fatovom zvare v\u00fd\u0161ku k\u00fatov\u00e9ho zvaru \u201ea\u201c \u2013 meran\u00edm hodnoty \u201eb\u201c pod\u013ea prv\u00e9ho obr\u00e1zku a\u00a0od\u010d\u00edtan\u00edm hodnoty na stupnici C<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Mierka AWS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zv\u00e1racia mierka AWS (obr.\u00a0 1.9) pln\u00ed niektor\u00e9 funkcie ako mierka Cambridge, pri\u010dom je mo\u017en\u00e9 mera\u0165:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">hodnotu \u201ez\u201c ve\u013ekosti zvaru,<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">ve\u013ekos\u0165 prev\u00fd\u0161enia\/preh\u013abenia k\u00fatov\u00e9ho zvaru,<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">ve\u013ekos\u0165 prev\u00fd\u0161enia tup\u00e9ho zvaru [10].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-14 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image014.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.9 AWS mierka a z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 meranie rozmerov [10]\" data-title=\"image014\" title=\"image014\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image014-600x600.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-929\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image014-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image014-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image014-600x600.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image014-800x800.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image014.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-23\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1.9 AWS mierka a\u00a0z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 meranie rozmerov [10]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-24\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Mierka s\u00a0n\u00f3niom<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mierka s\u00a0n\u00f3niom (obr.\u00a0 1.10), prez\u00fdvan\u00e1 tie\u017e \u201elastovi\u010dka\u201c, sl\u00fa\u017ei na meranie uhlov rozovretia zvarov\u00fdch pl\u00f4ch 60\u00b0, 70\u00b0, 80\u00b0 a 90\u00b0. Z\u00e1rove\u0148 sl\u00fa\u017ei na meranie prev\u00fd\u0161enia a preh\u013abenia tup\u00fdch a k\u00fatov\u00fdch zvarov [10].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-15 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image015.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.10 Mierka s ni\u00f3nom \u201elastovi\u010dka\u201c [10]\" data-title=\"image015\" title=\"image015\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"352\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image015-600x352.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-930\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image015-200x117.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image015-400x235.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image015-600x352.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image015.jpg 700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-25\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1.10 Mierka s\u00a0ni\u00f3nom \u201elastovi\u010dka\u201c [10]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-26\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Mierka V-Wac<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Je to jednoduch\u00e1 mierka umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00faca vykon\u00e1va\u0165 nieko\u013eko r\u00f4znych typov meran\u00ed a porovn\u00e1va\u0165 chyby zvarov. Mierka je dod\u00e1van\u00e1 so stupnicou v\u00a0milimetroch alebo palcoch. Mierka V-Wac (obr.\u00a0 1.11) meria:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">h\u013abku z\u00e1palu,<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">prev\u00fd\u0161enie tup\u00e9ho zvaru,<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">vonkaj\u0161iu nes\u00faosos\u0165 zv\u00e1ran\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov,<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">p\u00f3rovitos\u0165 na mm,<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">ve\u013ekos\u0165 p\u00f3rov,<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">h\u013abku jamiek [12].<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-16 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image016.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.11V-WAC mierka [12]\" data-title=\"image016\" title=\"image016\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"229\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image016-600x229.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-931\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image016-200x76.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image016-400x152.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image016-600x229.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image016-800x305.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image016.png 932w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:350px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:58.33%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 2\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/qdgnIulWUfg?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-27\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1.11V-WAC mierka [12]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-28\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Mierka Hi-Lo <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mierka Hi-Lo (obr.\u00a0 1.12) sl\u00fa\u017ei hlavne na meranie presadenia a\u00a0ve\u013ekosti zvarovej medzery.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-17 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image017.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.12 Hi-Lo jedno\u00fa\u010delov\u00e1 mierka [12]\" data-title=\"image017\" title=\"image017\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"317\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image017-600x317.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-932\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image017-200x106.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image017-400x211.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image017-600x317.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image017-800x423.jpg 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image017.jpg 908w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-29\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1.12 Hi-Lo jedno\u00fa\u010delov\u00e1 mierka [12]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:350px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:58.33%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 3\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/2q9x_fpsYE4?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-30\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u010eal\u0161ou alternat\u00edvou mierky Hi-Lo (obr.\u00a0 1.13) je verzia, ktor\u00e1 umo\u017e\u0148uje okrem merania presadenia zo strany kore\u0148a, resp. povrchu, mera\u0165 spr\u00e1vnos\u0165 kore\u0148ovej medzery vo\u010di \u0161tandardu ako aj mera\u0165 prev\u00fd\u0161enie tup\u00fdch zvarov a\u00a0ve\u013ekosti odvesny k\u00fatov\u00fdch zvarov. Tie\u017e je mo\u017en\u00e9 skontrolova\u0165 spr\u00e1vnos\u0165 uhla skosenia a\u00a0rozovretia [13].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-18 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image018.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.13 Hi-Lo mierka [12]\" data-title=\"image018\" title=\"image018\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"578\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image018-600x578.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-933\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image018-200x193.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image018-400x385.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image018-600x578.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image018.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-31\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1.13 Hi-Lo mierka [12]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-video fusion-youtube\" style=\"--awb-max-width:600px;--awb-max-height:350px;--awb-align-self:center;--awb-width:100%;\"><div class=\"video-shortcode\"><div class=\"fluid-width-video-wrapper\" style=\"padding-top:58.33%;\" ><iframe title=\"YouTube video player 4\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/8S_f_taG1Z4?wmode=transparent&autoplay=0\" width=\"600\" height=\"350\" allowfullscreen allow=\"autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture;\"><\/iframe><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-32\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Sada \u0161abl\u00f3n pre k\u00fatov\u00e9 zvary<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Mierky obsahuj\u00fa nieko\u013eko \u0161abl\u00f3n \u00a0(obr.\u00a0 1.14), ktor\u00e9 sl\u00fa\u017eia na meranie k\u00fatov\u00fdch zvarov. Pri meran\u00ed sa vyu\u017e\u00edva princ\u00edp dotyku v\u00a0troch bodoch. Na obr.\u00a0 1.15 s\u00fa uveden\u00e9 pr\u00edklady, ako postupova\u0165 pri kontrole konkr\u00e9tnych rozmerov [10].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-2 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-19 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image019.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.14 \u0160abl\u00f3ny pre meranie v\u00fd\u0161ky k\u00fatov\u00fdch zvarov [10]\" data-title=\"image019\" title=\"image019\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"314\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image019-400x314.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-934\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image019-200x157.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image019-400x314.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image019.jpg 413w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-3 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-20 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image020.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.14 \u0160abl\u00f3ny pre meranie v\u00fd\u0161ky k\u00fatov\u00fdch zvarov [10]\" data-title=\"image020\" title=\"image020\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"334\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image020-400x334.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-935\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image020-200x167.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image020-400x334.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image020.jpg 424w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-33\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1.14 \u0160abl\u00f3ny pre meranie v\u00fd\u0161ky k\u00fatov\u00fdch zvarov [10]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-4 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-21 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image021-e1761383576225.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.15 Sp\u00f4sob pou\u017eitia \u0161abl\u00f3ny [10]\" data-title=\"image021\" title=\"image021\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"173\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image021-e1761383576225-400x173.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-936\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image021-e1761383576225-200x87.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image021-e1761383576225-400x173.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image021-e1761383576225-600x260.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image021-e1761383576225.jpg 688w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-5 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-22 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image022-e1761383749851.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.15 Sp\u00f4sob pou\u017eitia \u0161abl\u00f3ny [10]\" data-title=\"image022\" title=\"image022\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"284\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image022-e1761383749851-400x284.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-937\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image022-e1761383749851-200x142.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image022-e1761383749851-400x284.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image022-e1761383749851.jpg 574w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-34\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1.15 Sp\u00f4sob pou\u017eitia \u0161abl\u00f3ny\u00a0 [10]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-35\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><strong>Univerz\u00e1lna mierka na zvary<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Univerz\u00e1lnymi mierkami je mo\u017en\u00e9 hodnoti\u0165 viacero typov zvarov a\u00a0ich rozmerov. Pomocou tejto mierky (obr.\u00a0 1.16) je mo\u017en\u00e9 mera\u0165 uhol skosenia, \u0161\u00edrku kore\u0148ovej medzery, line\u00e1rne presadenie, prev\u00fd\u0161enie zvaru, \u0161\u00edrku zvaru, z\u00e1paly, alebo priemer elektr\u00f3d [13].<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-23 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image023-e1761420593955.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.16 Sp\u00f4sob pou\u017eitia \u0161abl\u00f3ny [13]\" data-title=\"image023\" title=\"image023\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"603\" height=\"430\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image023-e1761420593955.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-938\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image023-e1761420593955-200x143.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image023-e1761420593955-400x285.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image023-e1761420593955-600x428.jpg 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image023-e1761420593955.jpg 603w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 603px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-36\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1.16 Sp\u00f4sob pou\u017eitia \u0161abl\u00f3ny [13]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-37\"><h2>1.8\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nepriama vizu\u00e1lna kontrola pomocou endoskopov<\/h2>\n<p>Nepriama vizu\u00e1lna kontrola je kontrola, pri ktorej je preru\u0161en\u00e1 optick\u00e1 dr\u00e1ha medzi okom a\u00a0kontrolovan\u00fdm povrchom. Kontrola sa vykon\u00e1va s\u00a0r\u00f4znymi pom\u00f4ckami ako zrkadl\u00e1, videoskopy, fotografick\u00e9 zariadenia a pod..<\/p>\n<p><strong>Boroskop<\/strong> (obr.\u00a0 1.17, obr.\u00a0 1.18) je optick\u00fd pr\u00edstroj s\u00a0pevnou kon\u0161trukciou pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd na vizu\u00e1lnu kontrolu \u0165a\u017eko dostupn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed, ako napr. steien rovn\u00fdch r\u00farok, dut\u00edn, profilov, zvarov, tlakov\u00fdch n\u00e1dr\u017e\u00ed a\u00a0pod., zvy\u010dajne v\u00a0priemyseln\u00fdch. Sklad\u00e1 sa z&nbsp;dlhej, tenkej zav\u00e1dzacej trubice s&nbsp;osvet\u013eovac\u00edm syst\u00e9mom a okul\u00e1rom alebo kamerou na sledovanie. Boroskopy sa vyr\u00e1baj\u00fa v\u00a0r\u00f4znych d\u013a\u017ekach a priemeroch in\u0161pek\u010dnej trubice. Boroskop umo\u017e\u0148uje in\u0161pektorom alebo technikom zobrazi\u0165 a pos\u00fadi\u0165 stav, \u010distotu a integritu vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch komponentov, \u0161trukt\u00far alebo syst\u00e9mov bez potreby demont\u00e1\u017ee alebo invaz\u00edvnych kontroln\u00fdch postupov. Obraz je pren\u00e1\u0161an\u00fd klasickou optickou s\u00fastavou. Boroskopy sa vyzna\u010duj\u00fa vysokou rozli\u0161ovacou schopnos\u0165ou [14]. Skladaj\u00fa sa z\u00a0nasledovn\u00fdch \u010dast\u00ed:<\/p>\n<p><u>Zav\u00e1dzacia trubica<\/u> (Insertion Tube): Zav\u00e1dzacia trubica je dlh\u00e1 a \u0161t\u00edhla trubica, ktor\u00e1 sa vklad\u00e1 do kontrolovanej oblasti. Zvy\u010dajne je vyroben\u00e1 z&nbsp;odoln\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov, ako je kor\u00f3ziivzdorn\u00e1 oce\u013e [14].<\/p>\n<p><u>Optika<\/u> (Optics): Optick\u00fd syst\u00e9m pozost\u00e1va zo \u0161o\u0161oviek alebo zost\u00e1v \u0161o\u0161oviek umiestnen\u00fdch na dist\u00e1lnom konci zav\u00e1dzacej trubice. Tieto \u0161o\u0161ovky zachyt\u00e1vaj\u00fa svetlo a obr\u00e1zky z\u00a0kontrolovanej oblasti sa pren\u00e1\u0161aj\u00fa do okul\u00e1ru. Kvalita optiky ur\u010duje \u010distotu a rozl\u00ed\u0161enie vizu\u00e1lneho v\u00fdstupu [14].<\/p>\n<p><u>Osvet\u013eovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m<\/u> (Illumination System): Boroskopy maj\u00fa zabudovan\u00e9 osvet\u013eovacie syst\u00e9my, ktor\u00e9 poskytuj\u00fa dostato\u010dn\u00e9 osvetlenie v&nbsp;kontrolnej oblasti. To zvy\u010dajne zah\u0155\u0148a zv\u00e4zky optick\u00fdch vl\u00e1kien alebo LED svetl\u00e1 umiestnen\u00e9 v&nbsp;bl\u00edzkosti dist\u00e1lneho konca zav\u00e1dzacej trubice. Zdroj osvetlenia osvet\u013euje oblas\u0165 kontroly, \u010do umo\u017e\u0148uje jasn\u00fa vidite\u013enos\u0165 a sn\u00edmanie obrazu [14].<\/p>\n<p><u>Okul\u00e1r <\/u>(Eyepiece): Boroskopy maj\u00fa zvy\u010dajne okul\u00e1r na zachyt\u00e1vanie obrazu alebo vide\u00ed. Okul\u00e1r je pozorovac\u00ed otvor, ktor\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148uje priame vizu\u00e1lne pozorovanie in\u0161pektorom. Alternat\u00edvne maj\u00fa niektor\u00e9 boroskopy doplnenie o modul kamery umiestnen\u00fd v&nbsp;bl\u00edzkosti dist\u00e1lneho konca, ktor\u00fd zachyt\u00e1va obr\u00e1zky alebo vide\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 je mo\u017en\u00e9 zobrazi\u0165 na obrazovke alebo ulo\u017ei\u0165 na neskor\u0161iu anal\u00fdzu [14].<\/p>\n<p><u>Riadiaca jednotka<\/u> (Control Unit): Riadiaca jednotka je hlavn\u00fdm krytom boroskopu, ktor\u00fd zvy\u010dajne dr\u017e\u00ed oper\u00e1tor. Je v&nbsp;\u0148om umiestnen\u00e1 elektronika a ovl\u00e1dacie prvky na ovl\u00e1danie boroskopu. Riadiaca jednotka m\u00f4\u017ee obsahova\u0165 ovl\u00e1dacie prvky, ako napr. tla\u010didl\u00e1 a\u00a0prep\u00edna\u010de, alebo rozhranie dotykovej obrazovky na \u00fapravu nastaven\u00ed, sn\u00edmanie obr\u00e1zkov alebo vide\u00ed a ovl\u00e1danie osvetlenia [14].<\/p>\n<p><u>Displej<\/u> (Display): Boroskopy tie\u017e pon\u00fakaj\u00fa pripojenie k&nbsp;extern\u00fdm zobrazovac\u00edm zariadeniam, ako s\u00fa notebooky, tablety alebo monitory. Displej umo\u017e\u0148uje vizualiz\u00e1ciu oblasti kontroly v&nbsp;re\u00e1lnom \u010dase, \u010do u\u013eah\u010duje anal\u00fdzu a rozhodovanie [14].<\/p>\n<p><u>Zdroj energie<\/u> (Power Source): Boroskopy (obr. 17, 18) s\u00fa nap\u00e1jan\u00e9 bu\u010f dob\u00edjac\u00edmi bat\u00e9riami alebo extern\u00fdmi zdrojmi energie. Zdroj energie poskytuje potrebn\u00fa elektrick\u00fa energiu na prev\u00e1dzku syst\u00e9mu osvetlenia, kamery (ak je k&nbsp;dispoz\u00edcii) a in\u00fdch elektronick\u00fdch komponentov [14].<\/p>\n<p><u>Pr\u00edslu\u0161enstvo<\/u> (Accessories): boroskopy sa \u010dasto dod\u00e1vaj\u00fa s&nbsp;dodato\u010dn\u00fdm pr\u00edslu\u0161enstvom na zlep\u0161enie funk\u010dnosti a prisp\u00f4sobenie sa \u0161pecifick\u00fdm aplik\u00e1ci\u00e1m. M\u00f4\u017eu to by\u0165 vymenite\u013en\u00e9 hroty sond, k\u013abov\u00e9 mechanizmy na dia\u013ekov\u00e9 ovl\u00e1danie zav\u00e1dzacej trubice, predl\u017eovacie k\u00e1ble alebo \u0161pecializovan\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje na manipul\u00e1ciu s&nbsp;predmetmi po\u010das kontroly [14].<\/p>\n<p><strong>Fibroskopy<\/strong> s\u00fa zariadenia podobn\u00e9 endoskopom, av\u0161ak bez mo\u017enosti zobrazovacej jednotky. Je teda mo\u017en\u00e9 len priame pozorovanie v\u00a0re\u00e1lnom \u010dase pomocou okul\u00e1ru. Na rozdiel od boroskopov maj\u00fa podobne ako videoskopy flexibin\u00fd svetlovod.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Videoskopy<\/strong> s\u00fa principi\u00e1lne (obr. 19, 20) podobn\u00e9 boroskopom a\u00a0sl\u00fa\u017eia na kontrolu \u0165a\u017eko dostupn\u00fdch miest, av\u0161ak na rozdiel od boroskopov maj\u00fa flexibilne vedenie pozorovacej jednotky \u010do sa vyu\u017e\u00edva hlavne pri ohyboch potrub\u00ed a\u00a0in\u00fdch miestach bez priameho pr\u00edstupu. Na rozdiel od boroskopov nemaj\u00fa v\u00a0sebe optick\u00fa s\u00fastavu, ale na konci maj\u00fa CCD kameru ktor\u00e1 sign\u00e1l pren\u00e1\u0161a na zobrazovacie jednotky. Svetlo nie je veden\u00e9 zrkadlami ale optick\u00fdmi vl\u00e1knami.<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-24 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image024-1024x635.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.17 Principi\u00e1lna sch\u00e9ma boroskopu [15]\" data-title=\"image024\" title=\"image024\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"496\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image024-800x496.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-939\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image024-200x124.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image024-400x248.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image024-600x372.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image024-800x496.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image024.png 1111w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 800px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-38\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1.17 Principi\u00e1lna sch\u00e9ma boroskopu [15]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-25 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image025.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.18 Boroskop na pozorovanie v priamom smere [16]\" data-title=\"image025\" title=\"image025\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image025.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-940\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image025-200x200.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image025-400x400.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image025.png 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-39\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1.18 Boroskop na pozorovanie v\u00a0priamom smere [16]<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-26 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image026.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.19 Principi\u00e1lna sch\u00e9ma videoskopu \" data-title=\"image026\" title=\"image026\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"747\" height=\"507\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image026.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-941\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image026-200x136.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image026-400x271.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image026-600x407.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image026.png 747w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 747px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-40\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1.19 Principi\u00e1lna sch\u00e9ma videoskopu<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-builder-row fusion-builder-row-inner fusion-row fusion-flex-align-items-flex-start fusion-flex-content-wrap\" style=\"width:104% !important;max-width:104% !important;margin-left: calc(-4% \/ 2 );margin-right: calc(-4% \/ 2 );\"><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-6 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-27 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image027.png\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.20 Nepriama vizu\u00e1lna kontrola videoskopom \" data-title=\"image027\" title=\"image027\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"554\" height=\"554\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image027.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-942\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image027-200x200.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image027-400x400.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image027.png 554w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 554px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-layout-column fusion_builder_column_inner fusion-builder-nested-column-7 fusion_builder_column_inner_1_2 1_2 fusion-flex-column\" style=\"--awb-bg-size:cover;--awb-width-large:50%;--awb-margin-top-large:0px;--awb-spacing-right-large:3.84%;--awb-margin-bottom-large:20px;--awb-spacing-left-large:3.84%;--awb-width-medium:50%;--awb-order-medium:0;--awb-spacing-right-medium:3.84%;--awb-spacing-left-medium:3.84%;--awb-width-small:100%;--awb-order-small:0;--awb-spacing-right-small:1.92%;--awb-spacing-left-small:1.92%;\"><div class=\"fusion-column-wrapper fusion-column-has-shadow fusion-flex-justify-content-flex-start fusion-content-layout-column\"><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:center;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-dropshadow imageframe-28 hover-type-none\" style=\"border:1px solid #e2e2e2;-webkit-box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);box-shadow: 3px 3px 7px rgba(0,0,0,0.3);\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image028.jpg\" class=\"fusion-lightbox\" data-rel=\"iLightbox[viz]\" data-caption=\"Obr. 1.20 Nepriama vizu\u00e1lna kontrola videoskopom \" data-title=\"image028\" title=\"image028\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"521\" height=\"521\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image028.jpg\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-943\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image028-200x200.jpg 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image028-400x400.jpg 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/image028.jpg 521w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 521px\" \/><\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-41\"><h6 style=\"text-align: center;\">Obr.\u00a0 1.20 Nepriama vizu\u00e1lna kontrola videoskopom<\/h6>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-42\"><p>Videoskopy sa okrem priemyseln\u00fdch aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa aj na lek\u00e1rske \u00fa\u010dely, kde do vedenia prib\u00fada aj kan\u00e1l na biopsiu, oplach vodou a\u00a0pod., pri\u010dom vedenie je zvy\u010dajne ten\u0161ie a\u00a0menej robustn\u00e9 v\u00a0porovnan\u00ed s\u00a0vedeniami na priemyseln\u00fa aplik\u00e1ciu. Pri videoskopoch ur\u010den\u00fdch na priemyseln\u00fa aplik\u00e1ciu je po\u017eiadavka na robustnos\u0165 spojen\u00e1 hlavne s\u00a0oteruvzdornos\u0165ou stien vedenia kamery ktor\u00e9 sa \u010dasto tr\u00fa o\u00a0steny potrub\u00ed ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 nerovn\u00e9, ostr\u00e9 a\u00a0m\u00f4\u017eu po\u0161kodi\u0165 zariadenie.<\/p>\n<h2>1.9\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Hodnotenie zvarov\u00fdch spojov<\/h2>\n<p>Norma ISO 6520-1 poskytuje klasifik\u00e1ciu ch\u00fdb (tab.\u00a0 1.3) zvarov\u00fdch spojov pri tavnom zv\u00e1ran\u00ed kovov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov. T\u00e1to klasifik\u00e1cia je z\u00e1kladom pre objekt\u00edvne hodnotenie kvality zvarov, umo\u017e\u0148uje jednotn\u00e9 ozna\u010dovanie ch\u00fdb a\u202fsl\u00fa\u017ei ako referen\u010dn\u00fd r\u00e1mec pre technick\u00e9 kontroly, sk\u00fa\u0161ky a\u202fauditn\u00e9 procesy v\u202fr\u00f4znych priemyseln\u00fdch odvetviach. Ke\u010f\u017ee ide o\u00a0medzin\u00e1rodn\u00fa normu implementovan\u00fa vo v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ine kraj\u00edn sveta, je mo\u017en\u00e9 identifikovan\u00e9 chyby v\u00a0protokoloch ozna\u010dova\u0165 \u010d\u00edseln\u00fdm k\u00f3dom namiesto vypisovania n\u00e1zvov ch\u00fdb.<\/p>\n<p>Norma ISO 6520-1 v\u00e4\u010d\u0161inou popisuje tvar a\u00a0polohu vonkaj\u0161\u00edch aj vn\u00fatorn\u00fdch ch\u00fdb zvarov\u00fdch spojov a\u00a0je platn\u00e1 len pre hodnotenie ch\u00fdb vytvoren\u00fdch tavn\u00fdmi sp\u00f4sobmi zv\u00e1rania. ISO 6520-2 sa venuje chyb\u00e1m vytvoren\u00fdm technol\u00f3giami zv\u00e1rania s\u00a0vyu\u017eit\u00edm tlaku.<\/p>\n<p><em>Tab.\u00a0 1.3 Klasifik\u00e1cia ch\u00fdb pod\u013ea ISO 6520-1 [5, 9]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-29 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"1306\" title=\"TAB3.1\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.1-600x1306.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1084\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.1-200x435.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.1-400x871.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.1-600x1306.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.1-800x1741.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.1.png 832w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-30 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"1715\" title=\"TAB3.2\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.2-600x1715.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1085\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.2-200x572.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.2-400x1143.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.2-600x1715.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.2-800x2287.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.2.png 832w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-31 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"918\" title=\"TAB3.3\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.3-600x918.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1086\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.3-200x306.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.3-400x612.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.3-600x918.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.3-800x1224.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.3.png 832w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-32 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"1281\" title=\"TAB3.4\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.4-600x1281.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1087\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.4-200x427.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.4-400x854.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.4-600x1281.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.4-800x1708.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.4.png 832w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-33 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"2097\" title=\"TAB3.5.1\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.5.1-600x2097.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1090\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.5.1-200x699.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.5.1-400x1398.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.5.1-600x2097.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.5.1-scaled.png 732w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.5.1-800x2796.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-34 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"1775\" title=\"TAB3.5.2\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.5.2-600x1775.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1091\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.5.2-200x592.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.5.2-400x1183.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.5.2-600x1775.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.5.2-800x2366.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.5.2.png 832w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-35 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"1528\" title=\"TAB3.6\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.6-600x1528.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1092\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.6-200x509.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.6-400x1019.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.6-600x1528.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.6-800x2038.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/TAB3.6.png 832w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-43\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 chyby vo zvarovom spoji nemus\u00ed e\u0161te nutne znamena\u0165, \u017ee zvarov\u00fd spoj je nevyhovuj\u00faci. Z\u00e1le\u017e\u00ed na type chyby, na jej ve\u013ekosti a\u00a0na \u00fa\u010dele pou\u017eitia zvarov\u00e9ho spoja. Po\u017eiadavky na pr\u00edpustn\u00fd po\u010det a\u00a0druh ch\u00fdb na stre\u0161n\u00fa kon\u0161trukciu alebo tlakov\u00fa n\u00e1dobu bud\u00fa in\u00e9, ako na tak\u00fd ist\u00fd zvar pou\u017eit\u00fd pri zv\u00e1ranej kon\u0161trukcii kontajnera na odvoz smet\u00ed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Tento pr\u00edstup sa ozna\u010duje ako vhodnos\u0165 na dan\u00fd \u00fa\u010del (fitness on purpose). Vhodnos\u0165 na dan\u00fd \u00fa\u010del je schopnos\u0165 v\u00fdrobku, procesu alebo slu\u017eby sp\u013a\u0148a\u0165 definovan\u00fd \u00fa\u010del za \u0161pecifick\u00fdch podmienok.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Zvarov\u00e9 spoje je potom mo\u017en\u00e9 pod\u013ea normy STN EN ISO 5817 zatriedi\u0165 do 3 kvalitat\u00edvnych\u00a0 stup\u0148ov (tab.\u00a0 1.4), av\u0161ak t\u00e1to norma predpisuje klasifik\u00e1ciu iba p\u00edsmenom. Kvalitat\u00edvnym stup\u0148om pritom rozumieme kvalitu zvaru na z\u00e1klade typu a ve\u013ekosti vybran\u00fdch ch\u00fdb. T\u00e1to norma plat\u00ed pre obl\u00fakov\u00e9 sp\u00f4soby zv\u00e1rania. Pre l\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie plat\u00ed norma STN\u00a0EN\u00a0ISO\u00a013\u00a0919.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><em>Tab.\u00a0 1.4 \u00darovne kvality\u00a0 zvarov<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"table-2\">\n<table style=\"height: 104px;\" width=\"374\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Ozna\u010denie stup\u0148a<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">\u00darove\u0148 kvality<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">D<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Mierna<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">C<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Stredn\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">B<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" align=\"left\">Vysok\u00e1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-44\"><p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Chyby sa hodnotia pod\u013ea ich skuto\u010dn\u00fdch rozmerov a na ich zistenie mo\u017eno pou\u017ei\u0165 viacer\u00e9 sp\u00f4soby nede\u0161trukt\u00edvnej kontroly. Ur\u010denie druhu a rozmerov ch\u00fdb z\u00e1vis\u00ed od sp\u00f4sobov a rozsa\u00adhu kontroly predp\u00edsanej v&nbsp;technick\u00fdch podmienkach alebo v&nbsp;zmluve.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">S\u00fastavn\u00e9 chyby s\u00fa chyby rozmiestnen\u00e9 v\u00a0pravideln\u00fdch vzdialenostiach vo zvare pozd\u013a\u017e jeho d\u013a\u017eky, pri\u010dom ve\u013ekosti t\u00fdchto ch\u00fdb neprekra\u010duj\u00fa maxim\u00e1lne hranice uveden\u00e9 v&nbsp;tab.\u00a0 1.5.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Kr\u00e1tka chyba je definovan\u00e1 ako jedna alebo viac ch\u00fdb s\u00a0celkovou d\u013a\u017ekou men\u0161ou ako 25 mm na ka\u017ed\u00fdch 100 mm d\u013a\u017eky zvaru, alebo s\u00a0najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161ou d\u013a\u017ekou chyby do 25&nbsp;% celkovej d\u013a\u017eky zvaru krat\u0161ieho ako 100 mm, pri\u010dom sa berie za z\u00e1klad oblas\u0165 v\u00a0ktorej sa zistilo najviac ch\u00fdb.<\/p>\n<p><em>Tab.\u00a0 1.5 Medzn\u00e9 hodnoty ch\u00fdb pod\u013ea STN EN ISO 5817 [2, 9]<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-36 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"2191\" title=\"Tab.4.1\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.1-1200x2191.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1101\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.1-200x365.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.1-400x730.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.1-600x1096.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.1-800x1461.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.1-1200x2191.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.1.png 1289w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-37 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1882\" title=\"Tab.4.2\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.2-1200x1882.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1102\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.2-200x314.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.2-400x627.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.2-600x941.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.2-800x1255.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.2-1200x1882.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.2.png 1289w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-38 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1969\" title=\"Tab.4.3\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.3-1200x1969.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1103\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.3-200x328.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.3-400x656.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.3-600x984.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.3-800x1313.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.3-1200x1969.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.3.png 1289w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-39 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"1767\" title=\"Tab.4.4\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.4-1200x1767.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1104\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.4-200x294.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.4-400x589.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.4-600x883.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.4-800x1178.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.4-1200x1767.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.4.png 1289w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-image-element \" style=\"text-align:left;--awb-caption-title-font-family:var(--h2_typography-font-family);--awb-caption-title-font-weight:var(--h2_typography-font-weight);--awb-caption-title-font-style:var(--h2_typography-font-style);--awb-caption-title-size:var(--h2_typography-font-size);--awb-caption-title-transform:var(--h2_typography-text-transform);--awb-caption-title-line-height:var(--h2_typography-line-height);--awb-caption-title-letter-spacing:var(--h2_typography-letter-spacing);\"><span class=\" fusion-imageframe imageframe-none imageframe-40 hover-type-none\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1200\" height=\"2018\" title=\"Tab.4.5\" src=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.5-1200x2018.png\" alt class=\"img-responsive wp-image-1105\" srcset=\"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.5-200x336.png 200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.5-400x673.png 400w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.5-600x1009.png 600w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.5-800x1346.png 800w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.5-1200x2018.png 1200w, https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Tab.4.5.png 1289w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 1200px\" \/><\/span><\/div><div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-45\"><p>Vysvetlivky k&nbsp;tab.\u00a0 1.3:<br \/>\na\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 menovit\u00e1 ve\u013ekos\u0165 k\u00fatov\u00e9ho zvaru (pozri tie\u017e ISO 2553)<br \/>\na<sub>A<\/sub>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 skuto\u010dn\u00e1 ve\u013ekos\u0165 k\u00fatov\u00e9ho zvaru (ve\u013ekos\u0165 dokon\u010den\u00e9ho k\u00fatov\u00e9ho zvaru) (pozri ISO\/TR 25901-1)<br \/>\nA\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 plocha obklopuj\u00faca plynov\u00e9 p\u00f3ry<br \/>\nb\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0161\u00edrka prev\u00fd\u0161enia zvaru<br \/>\nd\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 priemer plynov\u00fdch p\u00f3rov<br \/>\nd<sub>A\u00a0\u00a0<\/sub> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0priemer plochy obklopuj\u00facej plynov\u00e9 p\u00f3ry<br \/>\nh\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 v\u00fd\u0161ka alebo \u0161\u00edrka chyby<br \/>\ni\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 prievar k\u00fatov\u00e9ho zvaru<br \/>\nl\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d\u013a\u017eka chyby v&nbsp;pozd\u013a\u017enom smere zvaru<br \/>\nl<sub>P<\/sub> \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 d\u013a\u017eka premietnutej plochy alebo plochy prierezu<br \/>\nr\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 polomer prechodu zvaru<br \/>\ns\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 menovit\u00e1 hr\u00fabka tup\u00e9ho zvaru<br \/>\nt\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 hr\u00fabka steny r\u00farky alebo hr\u00fabka plechu (menovit\u00fd rozmer)<br \/>\nw<sub>P<\/sub>\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u0161\u00edrka zvaru alebo \u0161\u00edrka alebo v\u00fd\u0161ka plochy prierezu<br \/>\nz\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 d\u013a\u017eka odvesne k\u00fatov\u00e9ho zvaru (pozri tie\u017e ISO 2553)<br \/>\n\u03b1\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 uhol prechodu zvaru<br \/>\n\u03b2\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 uhol uhlov\u00e9ho presadenia<\/p>\n<\/div><div class=\"fusion-separator fusion-full-width-sep\" style=\"align-self: center;margin-left: auto;margin-right: auto;margin-bottom:20px;width:100%;\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"fusion-text fusion-text-46\"><p><strong>Literat\u00fara<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[1]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ISO 17637 Non-destructive testing &#8211; Visual testing of fusion-welded joints (Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie zvarov &#8211; Vizu\u00e1lna kontrola tavn\u00fdch zvarov)<\/p>\n<p>[2]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ISO 5817 Welding &#8211; Fusion-welded joints in steel, nikel, titanium a ich alloys (beam welding excluded) -Quality levels for imperfections (Zv\u00e1ranie &#8211; Zvarov\u00e9 spoje ocel\u00ed, niklu, tit\u00e1nu a ich zliatin zhotoven\u00e9 tavn\u00fdm zv\u00e1ran\u00edm (okrem elektr\u00f3nov\u00e9ho a laserov\u00e9ho zv\u00e1rania) &#8211; Ur\u010dovanie stup\u0148ov kvality)<\/p>\n<p>[3]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ISO 9712 Non-destructive testing &#8211; Qualification and certification of NDT personnel<\/p>\n<p>(Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie &#8211; Kvalifik\u00e1cia a certifik\u00e1cia pracovn\u00edkov NDT)<\/p>\n<p>[4]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ISO 10042 Welding &#8211; Arc-welded joints in aluminium and its alloys &#8211; Quality levels for imperfections (Zv\u00e1ranie &#8211; Zvarov\u00e9 spoje hlin\u00edka a jeho zliatin &#8211; Ur\u010dovanie stup\u0148ov kvality)<\/p>\n<p>[5]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ISO 6520-1 Welding and allied processes \u2014 Classification of geometric imperfections in metallic materials; Part 1: Fusion welding\u00a0(Zv\u00e1ranie a pr\u00edbuzn\u00e9 procesy. Zatriedenie ch\u00fdb zvarov\u00fdch spojov kovov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov. \u010cas\u0165 1: Tavn\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie)<\/p>\n<p>[6]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ISO 9692-1 &#8211; Welding and allied processes \u2014 Types of joint preparation; Part 1: Manual metal arc welding, gas-shielded metal arc welding, gas welding, TIG welding and beam welding of steels\u00a0(Zv\u00e1ranie a pr\u00edbuzn\u00e9 procesy. Odpor\u00fa\u010dania na pr\u00edpravu spojov. \u010cas\u0165 1: Ru\u010dn\u00e9 obl\u00fakov\u00e9 zv\u00e1ranie, zv\u00e1ranie)<\/p>\n<p>[7]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ISO 13919-1 &#8211; Electron and laser-beam welded joints &#8211; Requirements and recommendations on quality levels for imperfections; Part 1: Steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys\u00a0(Zv\u00e1ranie. Zvarov\u00e9 spoje zhotoven\u00e9 elektr\u00f3nov\u00fdm a laserov\u00fdm zv\u00e1ran\u00edm. N\u00e1vod na ur\u010dovanie stup\u0148ov kvality)<\/p>\n<p>[8]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 ISO 3058 &#8211; Non-destructive testing \u2014 Aids to visual inspection \u2014 Selection of low-power magnifiers\u00a0(Nede\u0161trukt\u00edvne sk\u00fa\u0161anie \u2013 Pom\u00f4cky pre vizu\u00e1lnu kontrolu \u2013 V\u00fdber l\u00fap s&nbsp;n\u00edzkym zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161en\u00edm)<\/p>\n<p>[9]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 MAR\u00d4NEK, Milan &#8211; B\u00c1RTA, Jozef. Multimedi\u00e1lny sprievodca technol\u00f3giou zv\u00e1rania. 1.&nbsp;vyd. Trnava : AlumniPress, 2008.&nbsp;340 s. ISBN 978-80-8096-066-7.<\/p>\n<p>[10]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <a href=\"https:\/\/weld.sk\/\">https:\/\/weld.sk\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[11]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <a href=\"http:\/\/www2.physics.umanitoba.ca\/u\/souther\/waves02\/pdf\/mar0402c.pdf\">http:\/\/www2.physics.umanitoba.ca\/u\/souther\/waves02\/pdf\/mar0402c.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[12]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ppkontroltech.sk\/\">https:\/\/www.ppkontroltech.sk\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[13]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hdsoudage.fr\/\">https:\/\/www.hdsoudage.fr\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[14]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <a href=\"https:\/\/ndtmachine.com\/\">https:\/\/ndtmachine.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[15]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[16]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.denios.sk\/\">https:\/\/www.denios.sk\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[17]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <a href=\"https:\/\/doctoroptic.cz\/\">https:\/\/doctoroptic.cz\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[18]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.zdravie.sk\/\">https:\/\/www.zdravie.sk\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[19]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.symptomy.sk\/\">https:\/\/www.symptomy.sk\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[20]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.allaboutvision.com\/\">https:\/\/www.allaboutvision.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[21]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pestel-optik.de\/\">https:\/\/www.pestel-optik.de\/<\/a><\/p>\n<p>[22]\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Dostupn\u00e9 na internete: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.classlifestyle.com\/\">https:\/\/www.classlifestyle.com\/<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1921,"parent":59,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"100-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-916","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/916","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=916"}],"version-history":[{"count":44,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/916\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1489,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/916\/revisions\/1489"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/pages\/59"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1921"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zvaranie.mtf.stuba.sk\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=916"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}